Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105603
Petra Roupcová , Jan Slaný , Jana Suchánková , Melánie Barabášová , Kateřina Smutná , Michaela Skřížovská , Karel Klouda
At the time of COVID-19, the production and consumption of respiratory protection products, as well as the amount of waste generated from these products, was huge. A part of this amount got into the free landscape. This study addresses the toxicity of two materials that have been used to manufacture respiratory protection products, these are mainly laminated and non-laminated nonwovens. Three bearing experiments were carried out. (1) Ecotoxicity testing the inhibition test on Lactuca sativa seeds, (2) Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests, and (3) Avoidance test with earthworms Eisenia andrei. All experiments are a part of a broader framework of environmental toxicity assessments, particularly focused on soil health. These tests, though different in their specific procedures, share common goals of evaluating the effects of chemicals or contaminated environments on organisms and ecosystem functioning. Although acute toxicity has not been confirmed, avoidance behaviour of the earthworms was evident and nonwoven material mechanically adhered to their tissue. Moreover, the lack of demonstration of acute toxicity does not mean that nonwoven micro(nano)plastics cannot accumulate in the organisms and cause negative long-term effects.
{"title":"Nonwovens used for the production of respiratory protective equipment and its ecotoxicological impact on specific soil samples","authors":"Petra Roupcová , Jan Slaný , Jana Suchánková , Melánie Barabášová , Kateřina Smutná , Michaela Skřížovská , Karel Klouda","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At the time of COVID-19, the production and consumption of respiratory protection products, as well as the amount of waste generated from these products, was huge. A part of this amount got into the free landscape. This study addresses the toxicity of two materials that have been used to manufacture respiratory protection products, these are mainly laminated and non-laminated nonwovens. Three bearing experiments were carried out. (1) Ecotoxicity testing the inhibition test on <em>Lactuca sativa</em> seeds, (2) Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests, and (3) Avoidance test with earthworms <em>Eisenia andrei</em>. All experiments are a part of a broader framework of environmental toxicity assessments, particularly focused on soil health. These tests, though different in their specific procedures, share common goals of evaluating the effects of chemicals or contaminated environments on organisms and ecosystem functioning. Although acute toxicity has not been confirmed, avoidance behaviour of the earthworms was evident and nonwoven material mechanically adhered to their tissue. Moreover, the lack of demonstration of acute toxicity does not mean that nonwoven micro(nano)plastics cannot accumulate in the organisms and cause negative long-term effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pipeline failures can lead to interruptions in natural gas supply, incur downtime and maintenance costs, and easily trigger major accidents. Corrosion has been identified as a major cause of pipeline failure. The consequences of pipeline corrosion vary depending on the characteristics of the pipeline laying area. However, accident consequence assessment models that can address the randomness in pipeline corrosion are limited. We evaluated the random risk of natural gas pipelines, while considering the failure probabilities and consequences, and constructed a non-periodic preventive maintenance decision model based on the corrosion state and potential risk. First, we developed a random process model for simulating the corrosion of natural gas pipelines; a random risk assessment model was established by considering the failure probability with respect to the random corrosion depth and failure consequence with respect to the random corrosion length. Second, based on the results of random risk assessment, a preventive maintenance policy was developed pertaining to the corrosion conditions and future risks. Third, a maintenance decision model, with the aim of minimising the average maintenance cost in a finite horizon, was established to determine the optimal preventive maintenance risk threshold and inspection cycle for natural gas pipelines. Finally, we conducted an experiment while considering the corrosion data of a real pipeline. The results indicated that the proposed policy can effectively control pipeline failure risk during operation and reduce maintenance costs.
{"title":"Random risk assessment model and risk-based maintenance decisions for natural gas pipelines","authors":"Yujia Zheng , Zengshou Dong , Xiaohong Zhang , Hui Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pipeline failures can lead to interruptions in natural gas supply, incur downtime and maintenance costs, and easily trigger major accidents. Corrosion has been identified as a major cause of pipeline failure. The consequences of pipeline corrosion vary depending on the characteristics of the pipeline laying area. However, accident consequence assessment models that can address the randomness in pipeline corrosion are limited. We evaluated the random risk of natural gas pipelines, while considering the failure probabilities and consequences, and constructed a non-periodic preventive maintenance decision model based on the corrosion state and potential risk. First, we developed a random process model for simulating the corrosion of natural gas pipelines; a random risk assessment model was established by considering the failure probability with respect to the random corrosion depth and failure consequence with respect to the random corrosion length. Second, based on the results of random risk assessment, a preventive maintenance policy was developed pertaining to the corrosion conditions and future risks. Third, a maintenance decision model, with the aim of minimising the average maintenance cost in a finite horizon, was established to determine the optimal preventive maintenance risk threshold and inspection cycle for natural gas pipelines. Finally, we conducted an experiment while considering the corrosion data of a real pipeline. The results indicated that the proposed policy can effectively control pipeline failure risk during operation and reduce maintenance costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105590
Marek Miskay , Karla Barcova , Miriam Kadlubcova , Michal Lesnak , Lucie Kralova , Dominik Jursa
Water mist systems are being increasingly used in nowadays and these systems can be found in wide range of applications. Water is a cheap, effective and environmentally friendly extinguishing medium based on water mechanisms. Mechanisms are divided into primary and secondary mechanisms. One of the primary mechanisms is capability of water in reducing ambient, flame and fuel temperature. Water is capable to displace oxygen and flammable gases from fire area and attenuate radiant heat. Water is also capable of wetting the fuel and preventing the spread of flames to unburned fuel. Secondary mechanism is ability of trapping toxic particles and other smoke or dust particles from the air. Kinetic and dilution effect should also be mentioned. Due to these mechanisms, water mist systems are considered effective in fire suppression and extinguishing. In practice, we can encounter water mist systems from commercial buildings, historical buildings to marine vessels. Water mist can also be used in other applications beyond fire protection. Water mist systems are used in industry, where the water's ability to reduce temperature and dust in the workplace is exploited or in agriculture, where are used to humidify operation of poultry and cattle breeding. The mechanisms of water and the use of water mist are described in this paper.
{"title":"Mechanisms of water mist and their use in practice","authors":"Marek Miskay , Karla Barcova , Miriam Kadlubcova , Michal Lesnak , Lucie Kralova , Dominik Jursa","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water mist systems are being increasingly used in nowadays and these systems can be found in wide range of applications. Water is a cheap, effective and environmentally friendly extinguishing medium based on water mechanisms. Mechanisms are divided into primary and secondary mechanisms. One of the primary mechanisms is capability of water in reducing ambient, flame and fuel temperature. Water is capable to displace oxygen and flammable gases from fire area and attenuate radiant heat. Water is also capable of wetting the fuel and preventing the spread of flames to unburned fuel. Secondary mechanism is ability of trapping toxic particles and other smoke or dust particles from the air. Kinetic and dilution effect should also be mentioned. Due to these mechanisms, water mist systems are considered effective in fire suppression and extinguishing. In practice, we can encounter water mist systems from commercial buildings, historical buildings to marine vessels. Water mist can also be used in other applications beyond fire protection. Water mist systems are used in industry, where the water's ability to reduce temperature and dust in the workplace is exploited or in agriculture, where are used to humidify operation of poultry and cattle breeding. The mechanisms of water and the use of water mist are described in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105592
Stanislav Lichorobiec , Miroslav Mynarz , Jakub Zdebski
This study presents an experimental investigation of the deflagration characteristics of selected industrial dusts during large-scale testing. The aim of the research was to assess the ignition and explosion behaviours of various dust samples commonly encountered in industrial environments, such as metal, coal, and organic dusts. Large-scale tests were conducted in a controlled environment using a standard explosion chamber and in particular experimental adits stamped in the limestone massif equipped by pressure sensors and flame monitoring devices. The tests focused on key parameters, including pressure rise and flame propagation velocity to understand the deflagration properties of the dusts.
The materials mentioned below, which are found in powder form in production industrial operations, either as a finished product or as a layer of settled dust, were tested in turn. The tests were aimed at determining the explosion parameters of the selected materials in a confined space with predominantly 1D propagation. Specifically, the parameters studied were the lower explosive limit, the maximum flame front range, the maximum flame front velocity and the maximum pressure wave velocity. The materials that were tested are found in certain types of industrial operations. This is mainly the field of energy, food industry, metal processing industry, wood industry or agriculture. Brown coal, flour, aluminium dust and wood dust were used as samples. Explosion parameters were determined for all substances.
The experiments have highlighted how, from the point of view of dust explosion prevention and the study of dust explosiveness, different environments, geometries and combustible systems (mixtures) cause different manifestations and, with that, consequences on the surroundings. The findings contribute to a better understanding of dust explosion risks in industrial settings, highlighting the importance of tailored safety measures and dust control strategies to mitigate hazards. This study provides valuable insights for improving explosion prevention and protection systems in industries handling combustible dusts.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of deflagration of selected industrial dusts during large-scale tests","authors":"Stanislav Lichorobiec , Miroslav Mynarz , Jakub Zdebski","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimental investigation of the deflagration characteristics of selected industrial dusts during large-scale testing. The aim of the research was to assess the ignition and explosion behaviours of various dust samples commonly encountered in industrial environments, such as metal, coal, and organic dusts. Large-scale tests were conducted in a controlled environment using a standard explosion chamber and in particular experimental adits stamped in the limestone massif equipped by pressure sensors and flame monitoring devices. The tests focused on key parameters, including pressure rise and flame propagation velocity to understand the deflagration properties of the dusts.</div><div>The materials mentioned below, which are found in powder form in production industrial operations, either as a finished product or as a layer of settled dust, were tested in turn. The tests were aimed at determining the explosion parameters of the selected materials in a confined space with predominantly 1D propagation. Specifically, the parameters studied were the lower explosive limit, the maximum flame front range, the maximum flame front velocity and the maximum pressure wave velocity. The materials that were tested are found in certain types of industrial operations. This is mainly the field of energy, food industry, metal processing industry, wood industry or agriculture. Brown coal, flour, aluminium dust and wood dust were used as samples. Explosion parameters were determined for all substances.</div><div>The experiments have highlighted how, from the point of view of dust explosion prevention and the study of dust explosiveness, different environments, geometries and combustible systems (mixtures) cause different manifestations and, with that, consequences on the surroundings. The findings contribute to a better understanding of dust explosion risks in industrial settings, highlighting the importance of tailored safety measures and dust control strategies to mitigate hazards. This study provides valuable insights for improving explosion prevention and protection systems in industries handling combustible dusts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105586
Runzhao Zhang, Qiong Li, Xiaole Liu, Chen Zhao, Yujie Wang
Gas safety is an important part of the urban safe operation. The gas safety entropy (GSE) model and urban gas accident risk factor index are built in this paper based on an analysis of 101 published reports of major urban gas safety accidents in China from 2011 to 2023. Furthermore, the safety entropy of the gas system is analyzed year by year using the entropy weight method, taking into account personal, object, environmental, and management factors. The GSE shows a periodic variation pattern with an average value of 0.082 and a period of 3–4 years. This result can provide a quantitative evaluation method for the urban gas accidents identification of hidden dangers and risk assessment.
{"title":"Gas safety entropy model research in Chinese urban gas system","authors":"Runzhao Zhang, Qiong Li, Xiaole Liu, Chen Zhao, Yujie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas safety is an important part of the urban safe operation. The gas safety entropy (GSE) model and urban gas accident risk factor index are built in this paper based on an analysis of 101 published reports of major urban gas safety accidents in China from 2011 to 2023. Furthermore, the safety entropy of the gas system is analyzed year by year using the entropy weight method, taking into account personal, object, environmental, and management factors. The GSE shows a periodic variation pattern with an average value of 0.082 and a period of 3–4 years. This result can provide a quantitative evaluation method for the urban gas accidents identification of hidden dangers and risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105589
Vincent Blanchetière , Adam Armstrong , Yanshu Wang , Romain Jambut , Brian Wilkins , Nicolas Salaün
Before operating its first hydrogen transmission pipelines, GRTgaz is developing methods and engineering models for risk assessment and consequences analysis. In this framework, GRTgaz decided in 2022 to launch an experimental campaign to understand the consequences of delayed ignition of high-pressure pure hydrogen releases, in open field. The tests also included ignited releases of methane-hydrogen mixture, with 2% and 20% of hydrogen. GRTgaz was associated with Storengy to fund this campaign performed by Gexcon AS. The tests took place at the test facility of Gexcon in Sotra island, close to Bergen (Norway).
The campaign was divided in two test series. The phase 1 aimed at characterising gas concentration in the release axis to provide validation data for simple models and to facilitate the positioning of igniter for the explosion tests, in phase 2. In this second phase, the releases were ignited by chemical devices or electrical sparks, located in the axis at different equivalence ratio. The release system designed by Gexcon enabled to perform 40 barg releases through calibrated orifices of 4 and 6 mm. In total, 15 tests were performed for the first phase with unignited releases and 29 explosion tests for the second phase. All tests are steady-state horizontal releases.
The test results provide comprehensive data to better understand hydrogen jet explosion and challenge engineering models. The maximal overpressures were well above the blind predictions, with records over 650 mbar close to ignition region, where about 200 mbar were expected. High-speed videos showed a tremendous acceleration around the ignition source that cause these intense overpressures coupled with very short-duration positive pulses. These results tend to indicate that the overpressure is produced in a limited volume compared to the flammable plume.
Then, simulations with the PERSEE + software are compared to the experiments. Dispersion results are in good agreement with the recorded concentration with a relative deviation around ± 30%. For overpressures, the prediction in the far field is also acceptable, whereas effects in the near field are often underpredicted. The article finally discusses about improvement of engineering models to estimate consequences of a delayed ignition of high-pressure hydrogen releases.
{"title":"Delayed ignition of high-pressure hydrogen releases – Experiments and engineering models","authors":"Vincent Blanchetière , Adam Armstrong , Yanshu Wang , Romain Jambut , Brian Wilkins , Nicolas Salaün","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Before operating its first hydrogen transmission pipelines, GRTgaz is developing methods and engineering models for risk assessment and consequences analysis. In this framework, GRTgaz decided in 2022 to launch an experimental campaign to understand the consequences of delayed ignition of high-pressure pure hydrogen releases, in open field. The tests also included ignited releases of methane-hydrogen mixture, with 2% and 20% of hydrogen. GRTgaz was associated with Storengy to fund this campaign performed by Gexcon AS. The tests took place at the test facility of Gexcon in Sotra island, close to Bergen (Norway).</div><div>The campaign was divided in two test series. The phase 1 aimed at characterising gas concentration in the release axis to provide validation data for simple models and to facilitate the positioning of igniter for the explosion tests, in phase 2. In this second phase, the releases were ignited by chemical devices or electrical sparks, located in the axis at different equivalence ratio. The release system designed by Gexcon enabled to perform 40 barg releases through calibrated orifices of 4 and 6 mm. In total, 15 tests were performed for the first phase with unignited releases and 29 explosion tests for the second phase. All tests are steady-state horizontal releases.</div><div>The test results provide comprehensive data to better understand hydrogen jet explosion and challenge engineering models. The maximal overpressures were well above the blind predictions, with records over 650 mbar close to ignition region, where about 200 mbar were expected. High-speed videos showed a tremendous acceleration around the ignition source that cause these intense overpressures coupled with very short-duration positive pulses. These results tend to indicate that the overpressure is produced in a limited volume compared to the flammable plume.</div><div>Then, simulations with the PERSEE + software are compared to the experiments. Dispersion results are in good agreement with the recorded concentration with a relative deviation around ± 30%. For overpressures, the prediction in the far field is also acceptable, whereas effects in the near field are often underpredicted. The article finally discusses about improvement of engineering models to estimate consequences of a delayed ignition of high-pressure hydrogen releases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105588
David Javier Castro Rodriguez, Antonello A. Barresi, Micaela Demichela
NaTech events involve technological disasters triggered by natural hazards, leading to hazardous material releases. Their multi-risk nature necessitates comprehensive vulnerability assessments to enhance system preparedness. This research presents a further step towards a multi-risk NaTech vulnerability assessment for industrial plants, refining a previous methodology with reference to a case study. A wide flexible selection of natural hazards is proposed, emphasizing the need for a “location priority factor” that considers hazard spatial influence, the conditional probability of NaTech events based on industrial macro-sectors, and cascading effects between hazards. Additionally, interactions among neighboring infrastructures are introduced as an extra hazard factor. To ensure consistency with prior research and historical NaTech data, a broader set of harmonized industrial item categories is defined. The study highlights the dynamic vulnerability of critical items within a plant, considering their layout proximity and functional interconnections. Moreover, multi-risk assessment is improved by integrating quantitative criteria for ratings derived from historical NaTech analyses. An enhanced index for assessing major industrial accident potential based on hazardous substance criteria is proposed in alignment with European legislation. The proposed decision matrix combining independent evaluations of infrastructure and substance-related factors may support risk assessment through varying levels of tolerance, guiding preparedness strategies for industrial systems.
{"title":"“Multi-risk NaTech vulnerability indicator: A step further”","authors":"David Javier Castro Rodriguez, Antonello A. Barresi, Micaela Demichela","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NaTech events involve technological disasters triggered by natural hazards, leading to hazardous material releases. Their multi-risk nature necessitates comprehensive vulnerability assessments to enhance system preparedness. This research presents a further step towards a multi-risk NaTech vulnerability assessment for industrial plants, refining a previous methodology with reference to a case study. A wide flexible selection of natural hazards is proposed, emphasizing the need for a “location priority factor” that considers hazard spatial influence, the conditional probability of NaTech events based on industrial macro-sectors, and cascading effects between hazards. Additionally, interactions among neighboring infrastructures are introduced as an extra hazard factor. To ensure consistency with prior research and historical NaTech data, a broader set of harmonized industrial item categories is defined. The study highlights the dynamic vulnerability of critical items within a plant, considering their layout proximity and functional interconnections. Moreover, multi-risk assessment is improved by integrating quantitative criteria for ratings derived from historical NaTech analyses. An enhanced index for assessing major industrial accident potential based on hazardous substance criteria is proposed in alignment with European legislation. The proposed decision matrix combining independent evaluations of infrastructure and substance-related factors may support risk assessment through varying levels of tolerance, guiding preparedness strategies for industrial systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105584
Liu Xiao-Man , Qian Ji-Fa , Gao Yuan , Li Hui , Kong Sheng-Li , Zhang Shao-Jie
With the widespread use of gas, gas safety accidents occur frequently. Especially, the occurrence of serious and extraordinarily serious accidents has seriously threatened the safety of people's lives and property. In order to better understand the causes of urban gas accidents, a statistical analysis of urban residential gas accidents in 2016∼2022 was conducted to analyze the characteristics of gas accidents. The study examined various aspects such as accident overview, month, geographical location, gas type, and accident subject to identify the common characteristics of gas accidents. The semi-quantitative Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is introduced to construct a semi-quantitative analysis model of the gas accident process from a systemic perspective. This method illustrates the interaction and coordination among multiple elements. By quantifying the upstream and downstream coupling variability of the system's functional units, it was found that the occurrence of accidents was related to multiple potential factors, with the human factor playing a crucial role. Finally, based on the conclusions of accident law and semi-quantitative functional resonance analysis, targeted countermeasures are proposed from four aspects: man-machine-environment-management. This is to prevent the impact of functional resonance variation from exceeding the tolerance range of the urban gas safety responsibility system, effectively reduce the incidence of urban gas accidents, ensure the safety of life and property of urban residents, and promote social harmony, stability, and sustainable economic development.
{"title":"The analysis of urban gas accidents in China in recent years based on the semi-quantitative FRAM","authors":"Liu Xiao-Man , Qian Ji-Fa , Gao Yuan , Li Hui , Kong Sheng-Li , Zhang Shao-Jie","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the widespread use of gas, gas safety accidents occur frequently. Especially, the occurrence of serious and extraordinarily serious accidents has seriously threatened the safety of people's lives and property. In order to better understand the causes of urban gas accidents, a statistical analysis of urban residential gas accidents in 2016∼2022 was conducted to analyze the characteristics of gas accidents. The study examined various aspects such as accident overview, month, geographical location, gas type, and accident subject to identify the common characteristics of gas accidents. The semi-quantitative Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is introduced to construct a semi-quantitative analysis model of the gas accident process from a systemic perspective. This method illustrates the interaction and coordination among multiple elements. By quantifying the upstream and downstream coupling variability of the system's functional units, it was found that the occurrence of accidents was related to multiple potential factors, with the human factor playing a crucial role. Finally, based on the conclusions of accident law and semi-quantitative functional resonance analysis, targeted countermeasures are proposed from four aspects: man-machine-environment-management. This is to prevent the impact of functional resonance variation from exceeding the tolerance range of the urban gas safety responsibility system, effectively reduce the incidence of urban gas accidents, ensure the safety of life and property of urban residents, and promote social harmony, stability, and sustainable economic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105584"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105587
Annelot Van den Bogaert , Filip Verplaetsen , Maarten Vanierschot , Leen Braeken , M. Enis Leblebici
Recent research proved the potential of aerosol reactors for post-combustion capture of CO2 with highly concentrated monoethanolamine (MEA). However, aerosol flammability in a continuous aerosol reactor has not been studied before. Safety cannot be guaranteed when processing oxygen-containing flue gases. The goal of this work is to develop a continuous aerosol safety testing method to investigate aerosol flammability. The proposed method is validated by determining the safe operating window of MEA aerosols by changing parameters on the aerosol and gas side. The relation between aerosol properties and flammability is investigated via high-speed camera. Safe operating conditions in air were found for MEA solutions up to of 70 wt%, suggesting that these solutions are safe to use with any flue gas. However, 80 wt% MEA and higher were flammable. 80 wt% MEA was only flammable at low liquid flow rates. This can be attributed to the increased droplet velocity at higher liquid flow rates, which results in shorter evaporation times. Therefore, the lower flammability limit (LFL) cannot be reached. Overall, MEA concentration and liquid flow rate appear to be the most influential parameters on aerosol flammability. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated. Maximum LOCs were identified as 13.5% and 15% for 100 and 90 wt% MEA, respectively. This information is crucial for matching appropriate flue gases with compatible aerosol reactor configurations. By developing and validating the method for MEA aerosols, this work narrows the gap between aerosol reactors for carbon capture and safely processing oxygen-containing flue gas streams.
{"title":"Carbon capture with pure monoethanolamine aerosols: Method development for assessing safety hazards and identifying a safe operating window using oxygen-containing flue gas streams","authors":"Annelot Van den Bogaert , Filip Verplaetsen , Maarten Vanierschot , Leen Braeken , M. Enis Leblebici","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research proved the potential of aerosol reactors for post-combustion capture of CO<sub>2</sub> with highly concentrated monoethanolamine (MEA). However, aerosol flammability in a continuous aerosol reactor has not been studied before. Safety cannot be guaranteed when processing oxygen-containing flue gases. The goal of this work is to develop a continuous aerosol safety testing method to investigate aerosol flammability. The proposed method is validated by determining the safe operating window of MEA aerosols by changing parameters on the aerosol and gas side. The relation between aerosol properties and flammability is investigated via high-speed camera. Safe operating conditions in air were found for MEA solutions up to of 70 wt%, suggesting that these solutions are safe to use with any flue gas. However, 80 wt% MEA and higher were flammable. 80 wt% MEA was only flammable at low liquid flow rates. This can be attributed to the increased droplet velocity at higher liquid flow rates, which results in shorter evaporation times. Therefore, the lower flammability limit (LFL) cannot be reached. Overall, MEA concentration and liquid flow rate appear to be the most influential parameters on aerosol flammability. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated. Maximum LOCs were identified as 13.5% and 15% for 100 and 90 wt% MEA, respectively. This information is crucial for matching appropriate flue gases with compatible aerosol reactor configurations. By developing and validating the method for MEA aerosols, this work narrows the gap between aerosol reactors for carbon capture and safely processing oxygen-containing flue gas streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105583
Gang Fu, Kai Ma, Juncheng Jiang, Lei Ni
In this study, pendimethalin synthesis was carried out in a microreactor to reduce its thermal risk. First, the nitration reaction was conducted in a semi-batch mode in the micro calorimeter. It was found the process was highly exothermic with a high adiabatic temperature rise (>133 °C). Then the reaction was transformed to a continuous flow mode in a microreactor. Effects of molar ratio, residence time and reaction temperature on the thermal behavior of the nitration process as well as the yield of pendimethalin were investigated and analyzed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction condition. The results showed that under the optimum condition in the microreactor, the yield reached 54.32%. The space-time yield in the microreactor was 1.38 g⋅L−1∙s−1, which was two orders of magnitude higher than that in the batch reactor. Further, a risk assessment using a recently developed method (m-ITHI) was carried out to compare the thermal hazards of the nitration process in the microreactor and the batch reactor. The index for the continuous flow mode was 3.77, corresponding to a risk level of Class I, which was safer than the batch mode with a risk level of Class II. Overall, this paper showcased an inherently safer design with the microreactor and provided a theoretical basis for the one-step synthesis of pendimethalin.
{"title":"Continuous flow synthesis of pendimethalin in a microreactor for thermal risk reduction","authors":"Gang Fu, Kai Ma, Juncheng Jiang, Lei Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, pendimethalin synthesis was carried out in a microreactor to reduce its thermal risk. First, the nitration reaction was conducted in a semi-batch mode in the micro calorimeter. It was found the process was highly exothermic with a high adiabatic temperature rise (>133 °C). Then the reaction was transformed to a continuous flow mode in a microreactor. Effects of molar ratio, residence time and reaction temperature on the thermal behavior of the nitration process as well as the yield of pendimethalin were investigated and analyzed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction condition. The results showed that under the optimum condition in the microreactor, the yield reached 54.32%. The space-time yield in the microreactor was 1.38 g⋅L<sup>−1</sup>∙s<sup>−1</sup>, which was two orders of magnitude higher than that in the batch reactor. Further, a risk assessment using a recently developed method (m-ITHI) was carried out to compare the thermal hazards of the nitration process in the microreactor and the batch reactor. The index for the continuous flow mode was 3.77, corresponding to a risk level of Class I, which was safer than the batch mode with a risk level of Class II. Overall, this paper showcased an inherently safer design with the microreactor and provided a theoretical basis for the one-step synthesis of pendimethalin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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