Burning velocity is a key parameter of main flame propagation models. However, its experimental determination while studying propagating dust flame is still challenging. In this work, aluminum flame propagation in a vertical tube is studied. Two aluminum powders with median diameters of 6.2 and 20.7 μm are analyzed for different equivalence ratios with air. The main objective of this work is to compare the methods commonly used in the literature to determine the burning velocity in the case of propagating flames. One of these methods is based on the estimation of the thermal expansion coefficient. This article focuses first on the estimation of this coefficient and presents the limits of considering the adiabatic flame temperature for its estimation. As detailed in the paper, these methods have some limitations and are therefore compared with an innovative method based on a local direct determination of the burning velocity. This local method is based on the measurement of the unburned flow velocity just ahead of the propagating flame front by Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV). The methods commonly used in the literature mainly underestimate the burning velocity when compared with the local method. The local method is then used to study the influence of the particle size distribution and the equivalence ratio on the turbulent burning velocity. Firstly, we observe that the turbulent burning velocity increases while the flame is propagating in the vertical tube. Furthermore, the turbulent burning velocity with the 6-μm powder is higher than with the 20-μm powder.
{"title":"Direct determination of turbulent burning velocity during aluminum flame propagation: A comparison of three experimental methods","authors":"Clement Chanut , Farès Saad Al Hadidi , Frédéric Heymes , Ernesto Salzano","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burning velocity is a key parameter of main flame propagation models. However, its experimental determination while studying propagating dust flame is still challenging. In this work, aluminum flame propagation in a vertical tube is studied. Two aluminum powders with median diameters of 6.2 and 20.7 μm are analyzed for different equivalence ratios with air. The main objective of this work is to compare the methods commonly used in the literature to determine the burning velocity in the case of propagating flames. One of these methods is based on the estimation of the thermal expansion coefficient. This article focuses first on the estimation of this coefficient and presents the limits of considering the adiabatic flame temperature for its estimation. As detailed in the paper, these methods have some limitations and are therefore compared with an innovative method based on a local direct determination of the burning velocity. This local method is based on the measurement of the unburned flow velocity just ahead of the propagating flame front by Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV). The methods commonly used in the literature mainly underestimate the burning velocity when compared with the local method. The local method is then used to study the influence of the particle size distribution and the equivalence ratio on the turbulent burning velocity. Firstly, we observe that the turbulent burning velocity increases while the flame is propagating in the vertical tube. Furthermore, the turbulent burning velocity with the 6-μm powder is higher than with the 20-μm powder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increase of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage capacity, the number of storage tanks in LNG tank farms increases, which makes the possibility of domino effect higher, so it is important to analyze the risk of domino effect in LNG tank farms. However, the traditional domino effect risk assessment only considers a single accident type, which is not consistent with reality. Therefore, a Bayesian network-based risk assessment method for the domino effect of fire and explosion accidents in LNG storage tank farm is proposed in this study. The method utilizes the Bayesian network approach to model the propagation of domino accidents and calculate the failure probability of domino effects under fire and explosion accidents. The most likely sequence of accidents and the critical tank in the LNG storage tank farm can also be defined through the Bayesian network inference. Finally, the reliability of the proposed method is proved by a real case. Compared with only considering a single accident type, mixed accident types lead to a more reasonable result in the domino effect probabilistic analysis. It is believed that the developed approach has great theoretical significance for domino accident prevention and control in LNG storage tank farms.
{"title":"Risk assessment of domino effects under fire and explosion accidents in LNG storage tank farms based on Bayesian network","authors":"Jianxing Yu , Hongyu Ding , Shibo Wu , Qingze Zeng , Wentao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increase of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage capacity, the number of storage tanks in LNG tank farms increases, which makes the possibility of domino effect higher, so it is important to analyze the risk of domino effect in LNG tank farms. However, the traditional domino effect risk assessment only considers a single accident type, which is not consistent with reality. Therefore, a Bayesian network-based risk assessment method for the domino effect of fire and explosion accidents in LNG storage tank farm is proposed in this study. The method utilizes the Bayesian network approach to model the propagation of domino accidents and calculate the failure probability of domino effects under fire and explosion accidents. The most likely sequence of accidents and the critical tank in the LNG storage tank farm can also be defined through the Bayesian network inference. Finally, the reliability of the proposed method is proved by a real case. Compared with only considering a single accident type, mixed accident types lead to a more reasonable result in the domino effect probabilistic analysis. It is believed that the developed approach has great theoretical significance for domino accident prevention and control in LNG storage tank farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 105507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105501
Anastacio Pinto Goncalves Filho , Fernanda de Cássia Borges Freitas , Manoel Rivelino Gomes de Oliveira , Adonias Magdiel Silva Ferreira
{"title":"Learning from incidents in petrochemical companies in Brazil","authors":"Anastacio Pinto Goncalves Filho , Fernanda de Cássia Borges Freitas , Manoel Rivelino Gomes de Oliveira , Adonias Magdiel Silva Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 105501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105504
Fan Zhang , Xinrong Pu , Xi Huang , Yuanqiao Wen , Junyu Liu , Zhongyi Sui
Accidents involving the transportation of flammable liquids on waterways often lead to severe consequences, highlighting the importance of effective risk assessment under conditions of uncertainty. This paper presents a novel methodology for evaluating the risk associated with the spatiotemporal evolution of flammable liquid transportation on waterways. By leveraging ontology models and dynamic Bayesian networks, the approach involves analyzing factors that impact risk, constructing a standardized knowledge representation model, and mapping this onto a dynamic Bayesian network for comprehensive risk assessment. The methodology incorporates fuzzy theory and the Best-Worst Method to calculate probabilities within the Bayesian framework, enabling detailed analysis of factor impacts on transportation risk. A practical application is illustrated through the development of a dynamic risk evaluation model for octane transportation in the Yangtze River, demonstrating the model's capability to predict risk under varying conditions. This ontology-driven Bayesian network model provides a robust foundation for making informed management decisions in the transportation of flammable liquids, effectively addressing the challenges of semantic expression and inferencing under uncertainty to enhance safety in waterway transportation.
{"title":"Risk assessment of flammable liquid transportation on waterways: An ontology-driven dynamic Bayesian network approach","authors":"Fan Zhang , Xinrong Pu , Xi Huang , Yuanqiao Wen , Junyu Liu , Zhongyi Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accidents involving the transportation of flammable liquids on waterways often lead to severe consequences, highlighting the importance of effective risk assessment under conditions of uncertainty. This paper presents a novel methodology for evaluating the risk associated with the spatiotemporal evolution of flammable liquid transportation on waterways. By leveraging ontology models and dynamic Bayesian networks, the approach involves analyzing factors that impact risk, constructing a standardized knowledge representation model, and mapping this onto a dynamic Bayesian network for comprehensive risk assessment. The methodology incorporates fuzzy theory and the Best-Worst Method to calculate probabilities within the Bayesian framework, enabling detailed analysis of factor impacts on transportation risk. A practical application is illustrated through the development of a dynamic risk evaluation model for octane transportation in the Yangtze River, demonstrating the model's capability to predict risk under varying conditions. This ontology-driven Bayesian network model provides a robust foundation for making informed management decisions in the transportation of flammable liquids, effectively addressing the challenges of semantic expression and inferencing under uncertainty to enhance safety in waterway transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 105504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105493
Shi-yi Li , Zong-hou Huang , Fan-liang Ge , Wei-dong Lin , Fu-qiang Yang
The occurrence of urban gas pipeline network accidents will pose a great threat to people's lives and property. To protect the lives and property of urban residents and ensure the normal operation of the city, this paper studied the influencing factors of urban gas pipeline network accidents. Firstly, the influencing factors of urban gas pipeline network accidents were summarized and the corresponding fishbone diagram was constructed following the data from the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Secondly, based on the determined accident number model, the corresponding Bayesian network model was constructed to calculate the state probability and the sensitivity value. Finally, according to the relevant information of urban gas pipeline network management, combined with the numerical results of priori probability and sensitivity, an emergency linkage system based on the urban gas pipeline network was constructed. The calculation results of state probability and the sensitivity analysis indicate that corrosion is the most influential factor contributing to accidents in the urban gas pipeline network. The temperature change has the greatest influence on the occurrence of urban gas pipeline network accidents. Special attention should be paid to the prevention and management of these two aspects of the emergency linkage system. Besides, in order to verify the effectiveness of the system, this paper also uses AHP to evaluate the application of the system. This study aims to provide valuable insights for enhancing the safety management of urban gas pipeline networks, thereby elevating their safety management standards.
{"title":"An emergency linkage system of urban gas pipeline network based on Bayesian network","authors":"Shi-yi Li , Zong-hou Huang , Fan-liang Ge , Wei-dong Lin , Fu-qiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of urban gas pipeline network accidents will pose a great threat to people's lives and property. To protect the lives and property of urban residents and ensure the normal operation of the city, this paper studied the influencing factors of urban gas pipeline network accidents. Firstly, the influencing factors of urban gas pipeline network accidents were summarized and the corresponding fishbone diagram was constructed following the data from the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Secondly, based on the determined accident number model, the corresponding Bayesian network model was constructed to calculate the state probability and the sensitivity value. Finally, according to the relevant information of urban gas pipeline network management, combined with the numerical results of priori probability and sensitivity, an emergency linkage system based on the urban gas pipeline network was constructed. The calculation results of state probability and the sensitivity analysis indicate that corrosion is the most influential factor contributing to accidents in the urban gas pipeline network. The temperature change has the greatest influence on the occurrence of urban gas pipeline network accidents. Special attention should be paid to the prevention and management of these two aspects of the emergency linkage system. Besides, in order to verify the effectiveness of the system, this paper also uses AHP to evaluate the application of the system. This study aims to provide valuable insights for enhancing the safety management of urban gas pipeline networks, thereby elevating their safety management standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105492
Stefan H. Spitzer , Adrián Pandal , Manuel Velasco Rodríguez , Martin Schmidt , Enrico Danzi , Olivier Dufaud , Bretislav Janovsky
The determination of several safety characteristics for dusts requires the dispersion of it in air. This is normally conducted using two vessels, one with an overpressure holding the dust and dispersing it into the second one, where the explosion takes place, through a nozzle. This procedure has the disadvantage that some dusts cannot be conveyed through the nozzle properly. Another disadvantage is that the pressure balancing between the two vessels depends on the dust loading and especially for heavy dusts and high loadings the initial pressure inside the explosion vessel might be reduced.
Flocky dusts or dusts that might be dangerous to convey through a thin nozzle with an overpressure (nanopowders, zirconium) are also difficult to test according to the extisting standards andmay not be tested with the standard nozzles, that are so far used for the determination of safety characteristics. One very recent example, testing nitrocellulose, raised the question, whether some dusts even pose a risk being distributed and pressed through a nozzle for the testing device and, in worst case, for the operator.
Previous researchers have developed alternative types of nozzles for specific types of dust, but provide limited evaluation of their performance relative to standard nozzles. Additionally researchers have not provided sufficient geometry so that they can be reproduced by others. One alternative nozzle for the dispersion of flocky or coarse dusts is stated in the ISO standard but not described there either.
This article investigates four types of nozzles: The two standard ones that are widely used already, an alternative type, that got introduced into the international standard in 2016 but is still seldomly used and one that was constructed to overcome some of the observed disadvantages. The injection curves are compared with and without dust loadings as well as the explosion characteristics. Eventually, a suggestion is given for different types of dusts.
{"title":"Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere","authors":"Stefan H. Spitzer , Adrián Pandal , Manuel Velasco Rodríguez , Martin Schmidt , Enrico Danzi , Olivier Dufaud , Bretislav Janovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The determination of several safety characteristics for dusts requires the dispersion of it in air. This is normally conducted using two vessels, one with an overpressure holding the dust and dispersing it into the second one, where the explosion takes place, through a nozzle. This procedure has the disadvantage that some dusts cannot be conveyed through the nozzle properly. Another disadvantage is that the pressure balancing between the two vessels depends on the dust loading and especially for heavy dusts and high loadings the initial pressure inside the explosion vessel might be reduced.</div><div>Flocky dusts or dusts that might be dangerous to convey through a thin nozzle with an overpressure (nanopowders, zirconium) are also difficult to test according to the extisting standards andmay not be tested with the standard nozzles, that are so far used for the determination of safety characteristics. One very recent example, testing nitrocellulose, raised the question, whether some dusts even pose a risk being distributed and pressed through a nozzle for the testing device and, in worst case, for the operator.</div><div>Previous researchers have developed alternative types of nozzles for specific types of dust, but provide limited evaluation of their performance relative to standard nozzles. Additionally researchers have not provided sufficient geometry so that they can be reproduced by others. One alternative nozzle for the dispersion of flocky or coarse dusts is stated in the ISO standard but not described there either.</div><div>This article investigates four types of nozzles: The two standard ones that are widely used already, an alternative type, that got introduced into the international standard in 2016 but is still seldomly used and one that was constructed to overcome some of the observed disadvantages. The injection curves are compared with and without dust loadings as well as the explosion characteristics. Eventually, a suggestion is given for different types of dusts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105489
Jun Wang , He Li , Hui Feng , Xiong Liu , Cheng Lu
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a widely acknowledged technique for mitigating global warming. High-pressure pipelines emerge as the most efficient and economical means to transport Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from source to storage sites. Given the hazardous nature of CO2 and the potential for catastrophic consequences in an unplanned release, ensuring safe operation of CO2 pipelines is paramount. This necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the potential consequences of CO2 pipeline failures. This paper presents experimental measurements of CO2 dispersion profiles following a full-scale burst test, simulating a real-world CO2 pipeline failure scenario. The experimental setup comprised an 82.7 m buried pipeline test section with a diameter of 324 mm, connected at both ends to 60 m reservoirs. The rupture of the pipeline was initiated at the middle of the test section using an explosive charge. Measurements were carried out for the transient downwind CO2 concentrations and temperatures following the explosive release. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models employing proposed numerical methods were used to simulate the experimental scenario. The performance of these methods was validated through comparisons with experimental measurements. The validated numerical methods were then employed to predict consequence distances for full-scale CO2 pipeline failures in real-world scenarios.
{"title":"Consequence of high-pressure CO2 pipeline failure: Full-scale burst test and numerical simulation","authors":"Jun Wang , He Li , Hui Feng , Xiong Liu , Cheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a widely acknowledged technique for mitigating global warming. High-pressure pipelines emerge as the most efficient and economical means to transport Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) from source to storage sites. Given the hazardous nature of CO<sub>2</sub> and the potential for catastrophic consequences in an unplanned release, ensuring safe operation of CO<sub>2</sub> pipelines is paramount. This necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the potential consequences of CO<sub>2</sub> pipeline failures. This paper presents experimental measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> dispersion profiles following a full-scale burst test, simulating a real-world CO<sub>2</sub> pipeline failure scenario. The experimental setup comprised an 82.7 m buried pipeline test section with a diameter of 324 mm, connected at both ends to 60 m reservoirs. The rupture of the pipeline was initiated at the middle of the test section using an explosive charge. Measurements were carried out for the transient downwind CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and temperatures following the explosive release. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models employing proposed numerical methods were used to simulate the experimental scenario. The performance of these methods was validated through comparisons with experimental measurements. The validated numerical methods were then employed to predict consequence distances for full-scale CO<sub>2</sub> pipeline failures in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105490
Jiajun Zou , Tianming Ma , Yuan He , Hong Zhao , Yanyu Chu , Dongyao Zhang , Chuyuan Huang
Damage to atmospheric storage tanks from flooding may lead to severe natural-technological (Natech) accidents. In addition, subjected to escalation vectors such as thermal radiation or overpressure, neighboring tanks may fail and even cause new fire and explosion accidents, known as domino accidents. In this study, a new procedure is developed to quantify the risk of flood-induced Natech accidents on storage tanks by incorporating the potential domino effect into the same quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the flow velocity field by numerical software effectively corrected the flood loads imposed on the storage tanks at different locations. The developed whole-process procedure was applied in a liquor storage tank farm. The propagation rule of domino effects for a single primary accident storage tank versus multiple primary accident storage tanks were discussed separately in the case study. The results showed that the scenario with two storage tanks as primary accidents required less cascades and a shorter time to end the domino propagation than a single storage tank. Moreover, in all scenarios discussed, the accident risk indices with domino effects considered were always higher than when it was not.
{"title":"Quantitative risk analysis of domino effect and natech accidents triggered by flood in liquor storage tank farms","authors":"Jiajun Zou , Tianming Ma , Yuan He , Hong Zhao , Yanyu Chu , Dongyao Zhang , Chuyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Damage to atmospheric storage tanks from flooding may lead to severe natural-technological (Natech) accidents. In addition, subjected to escalation vectors such as thermal radiation or overpressure, neighboring tanks may fail and even cause new fire and explosion accidents, known as domino accidents. In this study, a new procedure is developed to quantify the risk of flood-induced Natech accidents on storage tanks by incorporating the potential domino effect into the same quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the flow velocity field by numerical software effectively corrected the flood loads imposed on the storage tanks at different locations. The developed whole-process procedure was applied in a liquor storage tank farm. The propagation rule of domino effects for a single primary accident storage tank versus multiple primary accident storage tanks were discussed separately in the case study. The results showed that the scenario with two storage tanks as primary accidents required less cascades and a shorter time to end the domino propagation than a single storage tank. Moreover, in all scenarios discussed, the accident risk indices with domino effects considered were always higher than when it was not.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105487
Jiao Qu , Rong Wang , Jun Deng , Zhenmin Luo , Fangming Cheng , Tao Wang , Ting Zhou , Huali Zhao
Hydrogen energy has a promising future as a novel energy source in the 21st century. Resource exploitation and utilization of hydrogen energy are considered as crucial methods to achieve the medium and long-term goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, hydrogen explosions are extremely destructive and can lead to severe consequences, making the effective suppression of hydrogen explosions a focal point in the field of hydrogen safety technology research. In this paper, the research equipment was a 20 L spherical explosion device used to analyze the hydrogen explosion characteristics under the synergistic effect of N2-KHCO3. Based on this, CHEMKIN was utilized to study the kinetic parameters of hydrogen explosion under the influence of suppressants. The results showed that single-phase N2 suppressed hydrogen explosion. With the increase of N2 volume fraction, the explosion pressure decreased. Specifically speaking, 30 vol% N2 reduced the hydrogen explosion pressure by 32.51%. Besides, single-phase KHCO3 had an inhibitory impact, but it had little effect on the reduction of explosion pressure. In the study of synergistic effect, 25 vol% N2 and 750 g/m3 KHCO3 could completely suppress hydrogen explosion, and 30 vol% N2 combined with 250 g/m3 KHCO3 could also completely suppress hydrogen explosion. Therefore, the synergistic effect of N2-KHCO3 in the experiment remarkably inhibited hydrogen explosion. In the study of kinetic parameters in this paper, N2-KHCO3 significantly reduced the formation rate and sensitivity of H and OH, and reduced the explosion temperature sensitivity coefficient. Taken together, the two-phase synergistic effect of N2-KHCO3 effectively reduced the sensitivity and intensity of hydrogen explosion and inhibited the chain reaction of hydrogen explosion. This paper provides the theoretical basis for broadening the direction of potassium salt development. Furthermore, it offered technical guidance for the application of gas-solid two-phase explosion suppression technology. The future research direction is to optimize the type and ratio of two-phase explosion suppressants, achieve the reduction purpose and efficiency of explosion suppressants, and enhance their practical application effect.
{"title":"Synergistic inhibition characteristics and kinetics of hydrogen explosion by two-phase suppressant N2-KHCO3","authors":"Jiao Qu , Rong Wang , Jun Deng , Zhenmin Luo , Fangming Cheng , Tao Wang , Ting Zhou , Huali Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen energy has a promising future as a novel energy source in the 21st century. Resource exploitation and utilization of hydrogen energy are considered as crucial methods to achieve the medium and long-term goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, hydrogen explosions are extremely destructive and can lead to severe consequences, making the effective suppression of hydrogen explosions a focal point in the field of hydrogen safety technology research. In this paper, the research equipment was a 20 L spherical explosion device used to analyze the hydrogen explosion characteristics under the synergistic effect of N<sub>2</sub>-KHCO<sub>3</sub>. Based on this, CHEMKIN was utilized to study the kinetic parameters of hydrogen explosion under the influence of suppressants. The results showed that single-phase N<sub>2</sub> suppressed hydrogen explosion. With the increase of N<sub>2</sub> volume fraction, the explosion pressure decreased. Specifically speaking, 30 vol% N<sub>2</sub> reduced the hydrogen explosion pressure by 32.51%. Besides, single-phase KHCO<sub>3</sub> had an inhibitory impact, but it had little effect on the reduction of explosion pressure. In the study of synergistic effect, 25 vol% N<sub>2</sub> and 750 g/m<sup>3</sup> KHCO<sub>3</sub> could completely suppress hydrogen explosion, and 30 vol% N<sub>2</sub> combined with 250 g/m<sup>3</sup> KHCO<sub>3</sub> could also completely suppress hydrogen explosion. Therefore, the synergistic effect of N<sub>2</sub>-KHCO<sub>3</sub> in the experiment remarkably inhibited hydrogen explosion. In the study of kinetic parameters in this paper, N<sub>2</sub>-KHCO<sub>3</sub> significantly reduced the formation rate and sensitivity of H and OH, and reduced the explosion temperature sensitivity coefficient. Taken together, the two-phase synergistic effect of N<sub>2</sub>-KHCO<sub>3</sub> effectively reduced the sensitivity and intensity of hydrogen explosion and inhibited the chain reaction of hydrogen explosion. This paper provides the theoretical basis for broadening the direction of potassium salt development. Furthermore, it offered technical guidance for the application of gas-solid two-phase explosion suppression technology. The future research direction is to optimize the type and ratio of two-phase explosion suppressants, achieve the reduction purpose and efficiency of explosion suppressants, and enhance their practical application effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105485
Antonio Miranda , Ana Sánchez , Isabel Martón , Sebastián Martorell
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) has recently been used as a new fuel in the maritime sector. Besides the preceptive studies related to the safety in the use of LNG and its consequences on people, infrastructure, and the environment, recent studies have addressed the reliability of bunkering operations. These studies do not include aspects which influence the reliability of the bunkering operation such as the effect of environmental conditions and human behavior as key factors for the reliability of the whole process. This paper presents a reliability model for bunkering operations which includes both effects. A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the results obtained is also included. Results and important findings are supported by an application example focused on bunkering truck to ship operation performed in a Spanish port. The results show that BURI is normally high close to 97% but it can decrease to a value close to 25% for adverse environmental conditions or 68% depending on human stress, experience and motivation.
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