Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

Research on the diffusion and control of unsafe behaviors among chemical industry park enterprises based on the SEIR evolutionary game model 基于 SEIR 演化博弈模型的化工园区企业不安全行为扩散与控制研究

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105456

In order to control the diffusion of unsafe behaviors among chemical industrial park enterprises, a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) evolutionary game model is constructed based on the theory of epidemiology and evolutionary game theory. By exploring the game relationship between emergency management departments and safety assessment agencies, the paper analyzes the diffusion paths and evolutionary patterns of unsafe behaviors in chemical industrial park enterprises under different behavioral strategies adopted by both parties. Furthermore, it examines the process and patterns of system evolution to a positive stable state, and conducts multi-scenario simulation and analysis. The results indicate that the interactive behaviors of "strict regulation" by emergency management departments and "high-quality safety assessment" by safety assessment agencies are more conducive to controlling the diffusion of unsafe behaviors among chemical industrial park enterprises. Improving the efficiency of emergency management departments, establishing an attractive and constraining reward and punishment system to guide safety assessment agencies in conducting high-quality safety assessments, and stimulating the initiative of chemical industrial park enterprises in safety behaviors will be more conducive to forming an integrated, coordinated, and mutually constraining mechanism for work safety governance.

为了控制化工园区企业不安全行为的扩散，本文基于流行病学理论和进化博弈论，构建了易感-暴露-感染-恢复（SEIR）进化博弈模型。本文通过探讨应急管理部门与安全评估机构之间的博弈关系，分析了在双方采取不同行为策略的情况下，化工园区企业不安全行为的扩散路径和演化模式。此外，本文还研究了系统向正向稳定状态演化的过程和模式，并进行了多情景模拟和分析。结果表明，应急管理部门的 "严格监管 "和安全评估机构的 "高质量安全评估 "的互动行为更有利于控制化工园区企业不安全行为的扩散。提高应急管理部门的工作效率，建立具有吸引力和约束性的奖惩制度，引导安全评估机构开展高质量的安全评估，激发化工园区企业安全行为的主动性，将更有利于形成统筹协调、相互制约的安全生产治理机制。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on hydrogen pipeline leakage: Negative pressure wave characteristics and inline detection method 氢气管道泄漏实验研究：负压波特性和在线检测方法

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105452

This paper presents an experimental study on a potential safety system for hydrogen fuel cells. It focuses on early leakage detection and localization. This would enable effective system response to avoid the effects of catastrophic loss of containment. Experimental results are presented from a pipeline setup wherein the leak is identified utilizing inline pressure sensors and flowmeters. The investigations involve recorded data at two leak locations at different initial pressures, mass flow rates, and leak diameters. The leak detection technique is based on analysis of the negative pressure wave (NPW) intensity and propagation duration, denoted as peak-to-peak amplitude (Δh) and oscillation period (Δτ). They are extracted from filtered pressure records' first derivative (dp/dt). Δh and Δτ increase as the initial mass flow rate and leak diameter decrease. Therefore, this approach is advantageous for detecting leaks from tiny cross-sections. Δh and Δτ measured at two leak positions at different lengths from the system inlet increase at a higher initial flow rate of 1.0 g/s, but they exhibit opposite behavior at a lower rate (0.42 g/s). Increasing the sampling rate in the dp/dt-time graphs enhances the precision of leak localization. Calculation results show an effective leakage localization with an accuracy of 15 mm (2.5%). The leak flow rate during nitrogen leakage tests is about three times that of hydrogen, and it has higher Δh (about two times at 10 bar).

本文介绍了一项关于氢燃料电池潜在安全系统的实验研究。其重点是早期泄漏检测和定位。这将使系统能够做出有效反应，避免安全壳灾难性泄漏的影响。实验结果来自管道设置，其中利用在线压力传感器和流量计识别泄漏。研究涉及两个泄漏位置在不同初始压力、质量流量和泄漏直径下的记录数据。泄漏检测技术基于对负压波（NPW）强度和传播持续时间的分析，用峰峰值振幅（Δh）和振荡周期（Δτ）表示。它们是从滤波压力记录的一阶导数（dp/dt）中提取的。随着初始质量流量和泄漏直径的减小，Δh 和 Δτ 会增大。因此，这种方法有利于检测微小截面的泄漏。在距离系统入口不同长度的两个泄漏位置测量到的 Δh 和 Δτ 在较高的初始流速（1.0 克/秒）下会增加，但在较低的流速（0.42 克/秒）下则表现相反。提高 dp/dt 时间图的采样率可提高泄漏定位的精度。计算结果显示，有效的泄漏定位精度为 15 毫米（2.5%）。氮气泄漏测试中的泄漏流速约为氢气的三倍，Δh 较高（10 巴时约为氢气的两倍）。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of ambient pressure on the fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery energy storage container 环境压力对锂离子电池储能容器火灾特性的影响

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105459

As lithium-ion battery energy storage gains popularity and application at high altitudes, the evolution of fire risk in storage containers remains uncertain. In this study, numerical simulation is employed to investigate the fire characteristics of lithium-ion battery storage container under varying ambient pressures. The findings reveal that the peak heat release rate of fires at normal pressure is significantly higher than at lower pressure. Specifically, the heat release rate at 100 kPa is 9215 kW, exceeding the value at 40 kPa by 42%, which is only 3900 kW. This peak heat release rate also demonstrates a power function relationship with ambient pressure. In addition, fires tend to last longer in lower pressure, where high-temperature areas expand and spread rates increase. Moreover, higher pressures produce elevated peak concentrations of CO and CO₂, while smoke spreads faster in lower pressure, despite lower peak smoke concentrations. The study findings can serve as a foundation for assessing the fire hazards and designing fire protection measures for lithium-ion battery storage containers exposed to varying ambient pressures.

随着锂离子电池储能在高海拔地区的普及和应用，储能容器的火灾风险演变仍具有不确定性。本研究采用数值模拟方法研究了锂离子电池储能容器在不同环境压力下的火灾特性。研究结果表明，常压下火灾的峰值热释放率明显高于低压下。具体来说，100 kPa 时的热释放率为 9215 kW，比 40 kPa 时的值高出 42%，后者仅为 3900 kW。这一峰值热释放率也表明了与环境压力之间的功率函数关系。此外，在较低气压下，火灾往往持续时间更长，高温区域扩大，蔓延速度加快。此外，较高的压力会产生较高的一氧化碳和二氧化碳峰值浓度，而在较低的压力下，尽管烟雾峰值浓度较低，但烟雾扩散速度较快。研究结果可作为评估锂离子电池储存容器在不同环境压力下的火灾危险和设计防火措施的基础。

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引用次数: 0

A dynamic system reliability analysis model on safety instrumented systems 安全仪表系统的动态系统可靠性分析模型

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105455

This paper introduces a novel hybrid dynamic model for complex systems reliability assessment. The model synergizes expert knowledge elicitation and an enhanced Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) with Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) modeling, aiming to surmount the limitations such as uncertainty and static modeling inherent in traditional methods. The proposed model is deployed on a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) designed to prevent runaway reactions within a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), considering factors such as system degradation, human interventions, and proof testing on system reliability. The analysis pinpointed the logic solver subsystem as the principal vulnerability within the assessed SIS, leading to targeted recommendations to bolster system reliability. The outcomes offer insights for a wide range of safety-critical systems aiming to augment the safety and efficacy of SISs, thereby advancing safety and resilience management across various complex engineering systems, particularly in contexts where field data is scant.

本文介绍了一种用于复杂系统可靠性评估的新型混合动态模型。该模型将专家知识征询和增强型 Dempster-Shafer 理论（DST）与动态贝叶斯网络（DBN）建模相结合，旨在克服传统方法固有的不确定性和静态建模等局限性。考虑到系统退化、人为干预和系统可靠性验证测试等因素，提出的模型被部署在一个安全仪表系统（SIS）上，该系统旨在防止连续搅拌槽反应器（CSTR）内的失控反应。分析指出，逻辑解算子系统是所评估的 SIS 系统中的主要薄弱环节，从而为提高系统可靠性提出了有针对性的建议。分析结果为各种安全关键型系统提供了启示，旨在增强 SIS 的安全性和有效性，从而推进各种复杂工程系统的安全和弹性管理，尤其是在现场数据稀缺的情况下。

引用次数: 0

Influence of ammonia-water fog formation on ammonia dispersion from a liquid spill 氨水雾的形成对液体溢出氨扩散的影响

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105446

Ammonia is expected to play an important role in the green transition, both as a hydrogen carrier and a zero-emission fuel. The use of refrigerated ammonia is attractive due to its relatively high volumetric energy density and increased safety compared to pressurized solutions. Ammonia is highly toxic, and with new applications and increased global demand come stricter requirements for safe handling. Cold gaseous ammonia following a spill of refrigerated ammonia will in contact with humid air cause fog formation. In an environment rich in ammonia, these droplets will due to ammonia’s strong hygroscopicity consist of considerable amounts of liquid ammonia as well as water. Fog formation affects the ammonia-air density and thus influences the dispersion dynamics, with a potentially significant impact on hazardous zones. In this work, we present a CFD model including an ammonia-water fog formation model based on accurate thermodynamics. This includes modeling the vapor–liquid equilibrium and accounting for the exothermic mixing of ammonia and water. We apply this CFD model to relevant cases and demonstrate the significant impact of the fog. We analyze the effect of varying relative humidity, fog visibility, influence of wind, and pool evaporation rate. Finally, we model the Red Squirrel test 1F and show how the fog formation could have influenced the dispersion behavior.

氨作为氢载体和零排放燃料，有望在绿色转型中发挥重要作用。与加压解决方案相比，冷冻氨的体积能量密度相对较高，安全性更高，因此具有吸引力。氨具有剧毒，随着新应用的出现和全球需求的增加，对安全处理的要求也越来越严格。冷冻氨泄漏后的冷气态氨与潮湿空气接触会形成雾。在富含氨的环境中，由于氨具有很强的吸湿性，这些液滴中会含有大量的液氨和水。雾的形成会影响氨气密度，从而影响扩散动力学，对危险区域可能产生重大影响。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种 CFD 模型，其中包括基于精确热力学的氨水雾形成模型。其中包括汽液平衡模型和氨水混合放热模型。我们将该 CFD 模型应用于相关案例，并证明了雾的重大影响。我们分析了不同相对湿度、雾能见度、风力影响和水池蒸发率的影响。最后，我们建立了红松鼠试验 1F 的模型，并展示了雾的形成如何影响扩散行为。

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引用次数: 0

Incident investigation of hydrogen explosion and fire in a residue desulfurization process 残渣脱硫过程中氢气爆炸和火灾事故调查

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105458

A large hydrogen explosion and fire occurred on October 27, 2022 in a residue desulfurization (RDS) process in a refinery in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. RDS is an important process that use hydrogen to convert the sulfur in the fuel into hydrogen sulfide for producing low sulfur fuel. The incident occurred during pressurization of the RDS reactors and downstream coolers by hydrogen. The incident led to significant damages to the downstream coolers and some part of the RDS reactors. Detailed incident investigation was carried out. A reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) in the downstream of RDS reactors was found to be ruptured in the rectangular header box. With security videos, process DCS data, leak and dispersion modelling, and actual damage on the process, it is possible to reproduce the leak rate, size of the initial fireball and damages done to the process. It is also found that the hydrogen leak was accompanied by prompt ignition which is commonly encountered in high-pressure hydrogen services. Recommendations are made to prevent and mitigate any future incident from the RDS process.

2022 年 10 月 27 日，台湾高雄市一家炼油厂的残留物脱硫 (RDS) 过程发生大规模氢气爆炸和火灾。残渣脱硫是利用氢气将燃料中的硫转化为硫化氢以生产低硫燃料的重要工艺。事故发生在用氢气对 RDS 反应器和下游冷却器加压的过程中。事故导致下游冷却器和 RDS 反应器的某些部分严重受损。对事故进行了详细调查。发现 RDS 反应堆下游的一个反应堆出水空气冷却器（REAC）在矩形集箱中破裂。通过安全视频、工艺 DCS 数据、泄漏和扩散模型以及工艺上的实际损坏，可以再现泄漏率、初始火球大小以及对工艺造成的损坏。研究还发现，氢气泄漏伴随着高压氢气服务中常见的迅速点火现象。为防止和减轻今后在 RDS 过程中发生任何事故提出了建议。

引用次数: 0

A novel methodology for dynamic vulnerability assessment of storage tank exposed to technological hazards 对遭受技术危害的储罐进行动态脆弱性评估的新方法

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105457

Storage tanks are vulnerable to catastrophic technological hazards such as fires or explosions. Although many attempts have been made to assess the tank vulnerability exposed to a certain fire or explosion, little attention has been paid to the uncertainties of diverse accident scenarios and time-dependent damage effects. In this paper, a novel methodology is developed to dynamically estimate the vulnerability of chemical storage tank, while the static and dynamic factors related to tank vulnerability are studied in a unified framework. The uncertainties in the evolution of technological hazard are discretized and assessed using the dynamic event tree, in which the dynamic possibility of ignition and potential scenario transition are taken into account. Furthermore, a detailed study of the dynamic consequence and time-dependent damage behavior of physical effects is conducted, supporting a more accurate assessment of tank vulnerability. The case study demonstrates that the developed methodology could simulate the stochastic process of spatio-temporal evolution of technological hazards and enable a comprehensive analysis of damage patterns over time. Besides, the protection and mitigation effects of different safety barriers are evaluated and discussed, the results are valuable for reducing the risks of tank farms.

储油罐很容易受到火灾或爆炸等灾难性技术危害的影响。虽然人们已多次尝试评估储罐在特定火灾或爆炸情况下的脆弱性，但却很少关注不同事故情景的不确定性和随时间变化的损害效应。本文开发了一种新方法来动态估算化学品储罐的易损性，并在统一的框架内研究了与储罐易损性相关的静态和动态因素。利用动态事件树对技术危险演变过程中的不确定性进行了离散化和评估，其中考虑了点火的动态可能性和潜在的情景转换。此外，还对物理效应的动态后果和随时间变化的破坏行为进行了详细研究，为更准确地评估坦克脆弱性提供了支持。案例研究表明，所开发的方法可以模拟技术危险的时空随机演变过程，并能对随时间变化的损害模式进行全面分析。此外，还对不同安全屏障的保护和缓解效果进行了评估和讨论，其结果对降低油库风险具有重要价值。

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引用次数: 0

An ontological approach increasing the knowledge about equipment ageing including the effects of current transitions 采用本体论方法增加对设备老化的了解，包括当前过渡的影响

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105453

Ageing management of critical equipment is essential for major accident hazard prevention. In European Union, the Seveso Directive explicitly refers to equipment ageing and specific procedures and tools have been developed in some countries to verify the adequacy of ageing management plans. Ageing management requires up-to-date knowledge of damage mechanisms, failure rates, and inspection techniques. Although the energy transition is moving towards innovative and low-impact processes, the issue of equipment ageing remains a concern for the future due to several factors as many existing petroleum industries will be kept operating for years and green fuels will partially use existing plants. The use of digital technologies, such as inspection robots and pervasive sensors, is increasing in order to optimize maintenance costs and extend the useful lifetime of critical equipment. This poses challenges for stakeholders in the establishment, control bodies, and competent authorities, which need to effectively manage knowledge in the face of digital and energy transitions. Ontologies represent a fundamental methodology for organizing and integrating information throughout the equipment life cycle. These are beneficial for activities with high cognitive content such as incident analysis, risk assessment, maintenance management, and inspection planning. This work aims to strengthen an ontology for ageing management by making it able to incorporate emerging digital inspection technologies and damage mechanisms related to green fuels; finally, through the developed web-application, the ontology is available to establishment operators and auditors for the evaluation of the adequacy of ageing management.

关键设备的老化管理对于预防重大事故危害至关重要。在欧盟，Seveso 指令明确提到了设备老化问题，一些国家还制定了具体的程序和工具来验证老化管理计划的适当性。老化管理需要对损坏机制、故障率和检查技术有最新的了解。尽管能源转型正朝着创新和低影响工艺的方向发展，但设备老化问题仍是未来的一个关注点，这是由多种因素造成的，因为许多现有的石油工业将继续运行多年，而绿色燃料将部分使用现有的工厂。为了优化维护成本和延长关键设备的使用寿命，检测机器人和无处不在的传感器等数字技术的使用越来越多。这对企业、控制机构和主管当局的利益相关者提出了挑战，他们需要在数字化和能源转型过程中有效地管理知识。本体论是在设备生命周期内组织和整合信息的基本方法。这对事故分析、风险评估、维护管理和检查规划等认知含量较高的活动大有裨益。这项工作旨在加强老化管理本体论，使其能够纳入新兴的数字检查技术和与绿色燃料有关的损坏机制；最后，通过开发的网络应用程序，本体论可提供给机构运营商和审计人员，用于评估老化管理的适当性。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of porous non-metallic balls on detonation propagation in hydrogen–oxygen mixtures 多孔非金属球对氢氧混合物中引爆传播的影响

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105454

In this study, the influence of porous non-metallic balls on the dynamics of detonation propagation in hydrogen–oxygen mixtures is studied in stainless steel tubes with square cross-sections. The effect of the length and thickness of the balls is considered in detail. Four pressure transducers are used to record the detonation time-of-arrival, and the average velocity of detonation propagation is calculate. The smoked foil technique is performed to register the detonation cellular structures. The results indicate that increasing the filling length and thickness of the balls leads to a significant increase in velocity loss, critical pressure, and re-initiation distance during detonation propagation. Two propagation modes are observed near the critical pressure. In sub-critical mode, the detonation wave is attenuated and failed eventually, propagating to the end of the tube in the form of a low-speed deflagration wave. In super-critical mode, the detonation propagation can be promoted by inducing a vertical transverse wave generated by the detonation wave passing through a group of small balls. It is worth noting that the increase in filling thickness of the small balls leads to a greater velocity loss compared to the increase in filling length. However, an increase in the filling length will cause the detonation wave to undergo a longer and more sustained weakening process as it passes through the small balls, thereby resulting in a longer re-initiation distance and a lower average velocity over a short distance after re-initiation. By increasing the filling length of the small balls to 312 mm, the transition of the detonation wave from multi-head detonation to double-head detonation can be observed, and then successfully turns into stable detonation. However, when filling double-layer small balls, even in super-critical conditions, the attenuated detonation wave cannot achieve re-initiation over a short distance.

在本研究中，研究了多孔非金属球对氢氧混合物中爆炸传播动力学的影响。详细考虑了球的长度和厚度的影响。使用四个压力传感器记录起爆到达时间，并计算起爆传播的平均速度。采用熏箔技术记录起爆蜂窝结构。结果表明，增加爆破球的填充长度和厚度会导致爆破传播过程中的速度损失、临界压力和再起爆距离显著增加。在临界压力附近观察到两种传播模式。在亚临界模式下，起爆波被衰减并最终失效，以低速爆燃波的形式传播到管道末端。在超临界模式下，可通过诱导引爆波穿过一组小球产生的垂直横波来促进引爆传播。值得注意的是，与填充长度的增加相比，小球填充厚度的增加会导致更大的速度损失。然而，填充长度的增加会使爆轰波在通过小球时经历更长、更持久的减弱过程，从而导致再起爆距离更长，再起爆后短距离内的平均速度更低。将小球的装填长度增加到 312 毫米时，可以观察到起爆波从多头起爆过渡到双头起爆，然后成功转为稳定起爆。然而，当装填双层小球时，即使在超临界条件下，衰减的起爆波也无法在短距离内实现再起爆。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing hazardous materials transportation network: A bi-level programming approach considering road blocking 优化危险品运输网络：考虑道路阻塞的双层方案编制方法

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105451

Road transportation serves as the primary mode for hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation in China. However, the current academic literature lacks sufficient exploration of optimizing transportation networks through road-blocking strategies. This research proposed a bi-level programming model, where the government acts as the decision-maker in the upper-level programming, and the transportation enterprise operates at the lower level. Road-blocking strategies are employed by the government to mitigate transportation risks. We developed exact solution algorithms for the upper programming and employed genetic algorithms for the lower model separately. Finally, using a real road network in Beijing as a case study, we showcased the effectiveness of our approach. We computed government decision schemes and enterprise transportation routes for 13 scenarios, and conducted a further discussion and analysis on scenarios with road service levels of 83% and 80.9%. The method and results presented in our study can adeptly dissect the transportation of hazmat in city areas, offering insightful perspectives and robust support for devising more streamlined management strategies.

公路运输是中国危险品运输的主要方式。然而，目前的学术文献缺乏对通过道路阻断策略优化运输网络的充分探讨。本研究提出了一个双层规划模型，即政府作为上层规划的决策者，运输企业在下层运作。政府采用道路封锁策略来降低运输风险。我们为上层程序设计开发了精确求解算法，并为下层模型分别采用了遗传算法。最后，我们以北京的真实路网为案例，展示了我们方法的有效性。我们计算了 13 种情景下的政府决策方案和企业运输路线，并对道路服务水平为 83% 和 80.9% 的情景进行了进一步的讨论和分析。我们在研究中提出的方法和结果能够很好地剖析城市区域的危险品运输，为制定更合理的管理策略提供了深刻的视角和有力的支持。

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引用次数: 0