Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献_第3页

Process safety in the era of AI: Assurance, deployment, and measurable risk reduction 人工智能时代的流程安全：保证、部署和可衡量的风险降低

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105956

Christopher Selvam D , Raja T , Kulmani Mehar , Yuvarajan Devarajan , Shwetha A , Sunil Kumar M , Alok Tiwari , Amandeep Gill , Praveen Priyaranjan Nayak

Process safety is a fundamental industrial discipline focused on preventing fires, explosions, and the release of hazardous substances. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has augmented safety management proficiencies by facilitating the early identification of leakage precursors, alleviating alarm saturation, enhancing incident diagnostics, and bolstering risk-informed maintenance of essential assets. Nonetheless, the implementation of AI in safety-critical contexts remains constrained by issues related to data integrity and provenance, model generalization, system resilience, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This review amalgamates recent AI methodologies pertinent to process safety and critically assesses the impediments to their dependable industrial application. Four principal application sectors are scrutinized: (i) Natural Language Processing (NLP) for the analysis of incident and near-miss reports, (ii) multivariate anomaly detection for precursor identification, (iii) adaptive alarm management for dynamic prioritization, and (iv) computer vision for real-time surveillance of hazardous zones and personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance. A structured assurance framework is proposed that encompasses data governance, fault-based validation, model interpretability, compatibility with existing safety systems, and alignment with cybersecurity protocols. A phased deployment roadmap from shadow operation to advisory and controlled execution is delineated, underpinned by performance indicators such as Δ-risk reduction, response latency, false-alarm expense, barrier reliability, and model learning rate. The review further underscores alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9 and SDG 12, by advocating for safer, more resilient, and sustainable industrial operations.

过程安全是一门基本的工业学科，重点是防止火灾、爆炸和有害物质的释放。人工智能（AI）的出现提高了安全管理的熟练程度，促进了泄漏前兆的早期识别，减轻了警报饱和，增强了事件诊断，并加强了对重要资产的风险知情维护。尽管如此，人工智能在安全关键环境中的实施仍然受到数据完整性和来源、模型泛化、系统弹性和网络安全漏洞等问题的限制。这篇综述结合了最近与过程安全相关的人工智能方法，并批判性地评估了它们可靠的工业应用的障碍。四个主要的应用领域被仔细审查：(i)自然语言处理（NLP）用于分析事件和脱险报告，（ii）多变量异常检测用于识别前体，（iii）动态优先级的自适应报警管理，以及（iv）计算机视觉用于实时监视危险区域和个人防护设备（PPE）合规。提出了一个结构化的保证框架，包括数据治理、基于故障的验证、模型可解释性、与现有安全系统的兼容性以及与网络安全协议的一致性。描述了从影子操作到咨询和控制执行的分阶段部署路线图，并以性能指标为基础，如Δ-risk减少、响应延迟、假警报费用、屏障可靠性和模型学习率。审查进一步强调与联合国可持续发展目标保持一致，特别是可持续发展目标9和12，倡导更安全、更有弹性和可持续的工业运营。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the fire behavior of steel welding single disk internal floating roof with the large-scale fire experiment: structural defect and its optimizing strategy in fire 大型火灾试验研究钢制焊接单盘内浮顶的火灾行为：结构缺陷及其火灾优化策略

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105913

Wei Liu , Hang Ye , Shuang Wang , Zejiang Zhang , Ji Xiao

In this study, steel welding single disk IFR arranged with the penetrating damage to the body and partial loss in the rim seal system has been designed as the experimental model at the diameter of 4.7 m according to API Pub 2021A-1998 and API 653, in order to simulate its most adverse situation in the real fire. The large-scale fire experiment has been conducted for the model, so as to investigate the fire development and burning behavior of the IFR, and further determine its structural defect and the optimizing strategy in fire. Fire process and temperature rise of the IFR model have been recorded and monitored as a function of time. Influence of the corrective measures on the fire behavior of IFR has been also analyzed and discussed here. Para-full surface fire has been first discovered and proposed to describe the characteristic burning behavior of this IFR. The results indicate that the traditional model exhibits para-full surface fire in the tank after 20min with the highest maximum temperature rise of 958 °C at 1050s, while the modified model with the corrective measures could prohibit the occurrence of para-full surface fire, restrict the temperature rise of the body and its surroundings below 900 °C, and stop the spread of fire in the storage tank for a period of 2 h, which is 6.0 times higher than the traditional model. And the related optimizing strategy has been proposed for the traditional steel welding single disk IFR in design and use.

本研究按照API Pub 2021A-1998和API 653的要求，设计了直径为4.7 m的钢制焊接单盘IFR，以模拟其在真实火灾中的最不利情况。对该模型进行了大型火灾实验，研究了IFR的火灾发展和燃烧行为，进一步确定了IFR的结构缺陷和火灾中的优化策略。记录和监测了IFR模型的火灾过程和温升作为时间的函数。文中还分析和讨论了纠正措施对IFR燃烧性能的影响。准全面火是第一次被发现并被提出用来描述该IFR的燃烧特性。结果表明,传统的模型展览para-full表面火槽后20分钟最大温升最高的1050年代的958°C,而修改后的模型与纠正措施可能禁止para-full表面火灾的发生,限制身体和周围环境的温度上升低于900°C,并停止在储罐火灾蔓延的一段2 h,这是传统模式的6.0倍。并对传统的钢制焊接单盘IFR在设计和使用中提出了相应的优化策略。

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引用次数: 0

Application of TNT equivalent model to vented explosions in combustion chambers. Validation with CFD simulations TNT当量模型在燃烧室通风爆炸中的应用。CFD仿真验证

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105925

Vicenç Espejo , Joaquim Casal , Eulàlia Planas

Combustion chambers are common equipment used in many industries to retrieve heat from fuels (such as in boilers, furnaces, and other fired heaters). Despite the well-documented explosion hazards associated with this equipment, accidents continue to be reported periodically in industry. Risk assessments should therefore account for these hazards, given their potential to cause severe consequences and trigger domino effects. When explosion relief panels are present, the pressure effects outside the enclosure can be complex and challenging to estimate. Effective plant layout design should also consider vulnerable elements located within the vented explosion's impact zone.

This study evaluates the applicability of the TNT-equivalent model for estimating the consequences of vented explosions in combustion chambers. A total of ten Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) explosion simulations were performed using FLACS and compared with TNT-equivalent model predictions. A strong correlation was observed, and adjusted yield factor correlations were developed specifically for vented combustion chamber explosions. These correlations enable worst-case overpressure estimation based on chamber volume and fuel characteristics.

The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can support key engineering tasks, including the optimal placement of vent panels, definition of safety distances, evaluation of explosion consequences and domino effects in risk analysis, plant layout decisions, and retrofitting existing equipment through a better understanding of explosion effects.

燃烧室是许多工业中用于从燃料中回收热量的常见设备（如锅炉、炉子和其他燃烧的加热器）。尽管有充分的证据表明这种设备有爆炸危险，但在工业中仍定期报告事故。因此，风险评估应考虑到这些危害，因为它们有可能造成严重后果并引发多米诺骨牌效应。当防爆板存在时，外壳外的压力影响可能是复杂的，难以估计。有效的厂房布置设计还应考虑位于排气爆炸影响区内的易损要素。本研究评估tnt等效模型在估计燃烧室通风爆炸后果方面的适用性。使用FLACS进行了10次计算流体动力学（CFD）爆炸模拟，并与tnt等效模型预测结果进行了比较。观察到很强的相关性，并开发了专门用于通风燃烧室爆炸的调整产率因子相关性。这些相关性可以根据燃烧室体积和燃料特性来估计最坏情况下的超压。结果表明，所提出的方法可以支持关键工程任务，包括通风板的最佳放置，安全距离的定义，风险分析中的爆炸后果和多米诺效应评估，工厂布局决策以及通过更好地了解爆炸效应对现有设备进行改造。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic fire suppression of n-heptane pool flames using modified expandable graphite and additive-enhanced water mist 改性可膨胀石墨和添加剂增强水雾对正庚烷池火焰的协同灭火作用

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105883

Xin-Yue Ma , Yan Tang , Fang-Chao Cao , Jun-Cheng Jiang , An-Chi Huang

This study examines the combined suppression of n-heptane pool fires using modified expandable graphite (EGML) and additive-enhanced water mist (WM-APG-ML). EGML, formulated with MgCl₂·6H₂O and inert additives, generates denser carbon layers during expansion, whereas WM-APG-ML demonstrates diminished surface tension (26.82 mN/m) and smaller droplet size, enhancing flame penetration. Fire suppression trials conducted in a 1.5 m³ chamber revealed that the integrated system extinguished flames within 12 s, utilizing merely 68 g of EGML and 2.5 L of water mist. In comparison to the control group (ABC powder and NaCl water mist), this indicates a 59% decrease in the usage of extinguishing agents. The findings demonstrate that the combination of physical isolation, rapid cooling, and free radical quenching markedly enhances fire-extinguishing efficacy and diminishes the danger of re-ignition, offering a novel approach for oil fire suppression.

本研究考察了改性可膨胀石墨（EGML）和添加剂增强水雾（WM-APG-ML）对正庚烷池火灾的联合抑制作用。添加MgCl2·6H2O和惰性添加剂的EGML在膨胀过程中产生更致密的碳层，而WM-APG-ML表面张力降低（26.82 mN/m），液滴尺寸减小，火焰穿透能力增强。在1.5立方米的室内进行的灭火试验表明，集成系统在12秒内熄灭火焰，仅使用68克EGML和2.5升细水雾。与对照组（ABC粉末和NaCl水雾）相比，这表明灭火剂的使用减少了59%。研究结果表明，物理隔离、快速冷却和自由基猝灭相结合可以显著提高灭火效果，降低再燃危险，为石油灭火提供了一种新的途径。

引用次数: 0

Effect of acidic conditions on the thermal hazard of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 酸性条件对1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯热危害的影响

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105851

Tianya Zhang, Hui Hu, Bin Zhang

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) is extensively used as a crucial chemical intermediate in the pharmaceutical, dye, and pesticide industries. The presence of two nitro functional groups in its molecular structure results in substantial heat release during thermal decomposition. An insufficient understanding of its decomposition behavior can lead to severe thermal runaway incidents in industrial production. To investigate the thermal hazard characteristics of CDNB under various acidic environments, this study was designed based on a representative industrial accident scenario. A systematic analysis was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), combined with kinetic modeling, to thoroughly investigate the thermal decomposition behavior and runaway potential of CDNB. Experimental data revealed that the decomposition enthalpy of CDNB exceeds 4000 J/g, demonstrating intense exothermicity and a clear tendency for thermal runaway. Moreover, the time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad) was found to be less than 1 h, with a corrected adiabatic temperature rise (ΔT_ad,f) of 1680.4 K. Based on these thermal safety parameters and risk matrix assessment, the thermal runaway risk level of CDNB was evaluated as Level 3, corresponding to an “unacceptable risk” category. Notably, in the ARC experiment, the addition of sulfuric and nitric acids significantly lowered the initial decomposition temperature of CDNB. Their catalytic effects became more pronounced with increasing acid concentrations, with the temperatures being reduced by up to 40.2 °C and 50.0 °C, respectively. Under different acidic conditions, the activation energy of CDNB decreased by 14.3–99.0 kJ/mol, significantly increasing the likelihood of thermal hazard events. This study provides essential theoretical support for risk assessment and control in the safe industrial handling of CDNB.

1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯（CDNB）作为一种重要的化学中间体广泛应用于制药、染料和农药工业。其分子结构中两个硝基官能团的存在导致热分解过程中大量放热。对其分解行为的不充分了解可能导致工业生产中严重的热失控事件。为了研究不同酸性环境下CDNB的热危害特性，本研究基于一个具有代表性的工业事故场景进行设计。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）和加速量热法（ARC）结合动力学模型，对CDNB的热分解行为和失控势进行了系统分析。实验数据表明，CDNB的分解焓超过4000 J/g，表现出强烈的放热性和明显的热失控倾向。此外，在绝热条件下达到最大速率的时间（TMRad）小于1 h，校正的绝热温升（ΔTad,f）为1680.4 K。基于这些热安全参数和风险矩阵评估，CDNB的热失控风险等级为3级，对应于“不可接受的风险”类别。值得注意的是，在ARC实验中，硫酸和硝酸的加入显著降低了CDNB的初始分解温度。随着酸浓度的增加，它们的催化作用更加明显，温度分别降低了40.2°C和50.0°C。在不同的酸性条件下，CDNB的活化能降低了14.3 ~ 99.0 kJ/mol，显著增加了热危害事件发生的可能性。本研究为CDNB工业安全处理的风险评估与控制提供了必要的理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

From brain to behavior: EEG signatures of unsafe actions in occupational simulations 从大脑到行为：职业模拟中不安全行为的脑电图特征

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105877

Shuhao Zhang , Xiangchun Li , Xiaowei Li , Jianhua Zeng , Yuzhen Long , Baisheng Nie , Mingxiu Xing

Unsafe behaviors in coal mining are a leading cause of accidents, posing significant risks to worker safety and operational efficiency. Understanding the underlying neural mechanisms associated with these behaviors can provide valuable insights for early intervention and prevention. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive method to monitor brain activity and cognitive states in real-time. This study investigates EEG signal patterns linked to unsafe behaviors in coal mine workers within a controlled simulation environment. We focus on power spectral features in key frequency bands—alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ)—including both absolute and relative power, as well as the α/β ratio, to explore their relationship with cognitive load and attentional processes during different task stages. The findings reveal distinct EEG dynamics that reflect shifts in cognitive resource allocation and neural activation when workers engage in potentially hazardous actions. These insights provide a foundation for developing neural-based early warning systems aimed at enhancing safety monitoring and reducing accident risks in mining operations.

煤矿生产中的不安全行为是煤矿事故发生的主要原因，对煤矿职工的安全和生产效率构成重大威胁。了解与这些行为相关的潜在神经机制可以为早期干预和预防提供有价值的见解。脑电图（EEG）提供了一种实时监测大脑活动和认知状态的非侵入性方法。本研究在一个受控的模拟环境中调查了与煤矿工人不安全行为相关的脑电图信号模式。我们研究了关键频段α (α)、β (β)和γ (γ)的功率谱特征，包括绝对功率和相对功率，以及α/β比，以探讨它们与不同任务阶段认知负荷和注意过程的关系。研究结果揭示了不同的脑电图动态，反映了当工人从事潜在危险行为时认知资源分配和神经激活的变化。这些见解为开发基于神经的早期预警系统提供了基础，旨在加强安全监测并降低采矿作业中的事故风险。

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引用次数: 0

Inhibition of presulphided bimetallic catalysts by functional nitrogen compounds 功能氮化合物对预硫化双金属催化剂的抑制作用

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105904

Shuo Liu , Yanan Qian , Yi Yang , Yong Pan , Juncheng Jiang , Bing Sun , Yun-Ting Tsai

The present study examined the ability of varying loadings of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) to inhibit presulphided bimetallic catalysts. Four catalysts containing 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% nitrogen were prepared, and X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to verify ex situ sulphidation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify amino groups (–NH₂); the relative concentrations of these groups increased with MDEA loading, indicating their central role in inhibiting catalysis. Scanning electron microscopy and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption results revealed that MDEA addition promoted microcrystal aggregation and reduced total acidity by 37.9 %, 49.0 %, and 28.9 % after 1, 3, and 5 wt% nitrogen incorporation, respectively. Specifically, weak acid sites were reduced by 27.0 % and 31.9 %, whereas medium-strength acid sites were reduced by 49.7 % and 67.5 % in the 1 and 3 wt% nitrogen-modified catalysts, respectively. These findings suggest that the –NH₂ groups primarily inhibited catalysis by interacting with medium-strength acid sites. The differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that catalyst stability first increased before decreasing with increasing MDEA content, however, it remained consistently higher than that of the catalyst without basic nitrogen compounds, reaching the maximum value at 3 wt% loading. These results demonstrate that the functional nitrogen compounds inhibited the activity and enhanced the stability of the presulphided bimetallic catalysts.

本研究考察了不同负载甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）抑制预硫化双金属催化剂的能力。制备了4种含氮量分别为0、1、3和5 wt%的催化剂，并用x射线衍射和x射线光电子能谱对其进行了验证。傅里叶变换红外光谱法鉴定氨基（-NH2）；这些基团的相对浓度随着MDEA的加载而增加，表明它们在抑制催化作用中起核心作用。扫描电镜和氨程序升温解吸结果显示，添加MDEA促进微晶聚集，总酸度在氮掺入1、3和5 wt%后分别降低了37.9%、49.0%和28.9%。具体来说，在1 wt%和3 wt%的氮改性催化剂中，弱酸位点分别减少了27.0%和31.9%，而中等强度酸位点分别减少了49.7%和67.5%。这些发现表明-NH2基团主要通过与中等强度酸位点相互作用来抑制催化作用。差示扫描量热分析结果表明，随着MDEA含量的增加，催化剂的稳定性先升高后降低，但始终高于不含碱性氮化合物的催化剂，在负载为3wt %时达到最大值。结果表明，功能氮化合物抑制了预硫化双金属催化剂的活性，提高了催化剂的稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Fire risk analysis of working items during nuclear power plant decommissioning in Taiwan 台湾核电厂退役工作物件火灾风险分析

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105911

Yu-Hsiang Huang , Tzu-Sheng Shen , Ming-Yu Kuo , Chi-Min Shu

This research comprehensively analysed domestic and foreign laws and regulations, case studies, and site surveys of Unit One of the First Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan to conduct a risk analysis of fire prevention in the decommissioning task. It initially proposed and summarised the following principles of fire protection for relevant authorities during the decommissioning process. At the end of this study, six recommendations in Tabble 5 are summarised as follows: (1) Safety of combustibles management, (2) Safety of ventilation and dust collection equipment, (3) Electrical safety, (4) Fire safety, (5) Construction safety, and (6) Personnel safety.

本研究综合分析了台湾第一核电站1号机组的国内外法律法规、案例研究和现场调查，对退役任务中的防火风险进行了分析。它初步提出并总结了有关当局在退役过程中的下列防火原则。在本研究的最后，表5总结了6项建议：(1)可燃物管理安全，(2)通风集尘设备安全，(3)电气安全，(4)消防安全，(5)建筑安全，(6)人员安全。

引用次数: 0

Thermal hazard assessment and critical safety thresholds of AIBN-initiated styrene polymerization via calorimetry and Aspen plus simulation 用量热法和Aspen +模拟评价aibn引发苯乙烯聚合的热危害和临界安全阈值

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105872

Xuhai Pan , Andong Yu , Yongjia Chen , Yuqi Liu , Min Hua

Styrene polymerization is a highly exothermic and thermally sensitive process prone to thermal runaway under inadequate heat removal, posing severe safety hazards in industrial operations. In this work, a combined experimental–simulation approach was adopted to investigate the thermal hazard characteristics of styrene polymerization initiated by AIBN and the influence of key operational parameters. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), adiabatic calorimetry (ARC), and reaction calorimetry (RC1e) were employed to systematically examine the effects of initiator concentration, ethylbenzene dilution, and reaction temperature on heat release behavior, onset temperature, and runaway propensity. The results revealed that higher initiator concentrations markedly increased heat release intensity and accelerated runaway onset, while ethylbenzene addition effectively suppressed temperature rise through dilution and enhanced heat capacity. Elevated reaction temperatures intensified exothermicity, reduced thermal buffering time, and impaired heat removal efficiency. Aspen Plus simulations show that when the cooling factor increases from 2000 to 3000 kcal m⁻² h⁻¹ K⁻¹, the peak temperature drops sharply by approximately 97 K; however, when the jacket temperature exceeds about 377–379 K, the system undergoes a rapid and uncontrollable temperature rise. The integration of calorimetric experiments with process simulations not only validated the modeling approach but also provided mechanistic insights into runaway behavior. The findings offer quantitative safety criteria and operational guidelines for mitigating thermal hazards in industrial-scale styrene polymerization.

苯乙烯聚合是一个高度放热和热敏的过程，在散热不充分的情况下容易发生热失控，在工业操作中存在严重的安全隐患。采用实验与模拟相结合的方法，研究了AIBN引发苯乙烯聚合的热危害特性及关键操作参数的影响。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、绝热量热法（ARC）和反应量热法（RC1e）系统考察了引发剂浓度、乙苯稀释度和反应温度对放热行为、起效温度和失控倾向的影响。结果表明，较高的引发剂浓度显著增加了热释放强度，加速了失控的发生，而乙苯的加入通过稀释和增强热容有效地抑制了升温。升高的反应温度增强了放热性，减少了热缓冲时间，降低了排热效率。Aspen Plus模拟表明，当冷却因子从2000 kcal m−2 h−1 K−1增加到3000 kcal m−2 h−1 K−1时，峰值温度急剧下降约97 K；然而，当夹套温度超过377-379 K时，系统会经历一个快速且不可控的温升。量热实验与过程模拟的结合不仅验证了建模方法，而且提供了对失控行为的机理见解。研究结果为减少工业规模苯乙烯聚合的热危害提供了定量的安全标准和操作指南。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing the safety of lithium-ion batteries: synthesis and performance evaluation of APP@UF microcapsule electrolyte additives 提高锂离子电池的安全性：APP@UF微胶囊电解质添加剂的合成与性能评价

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105906

Tianyu Zhou, Zhixiang Xing, Longtai Qi, Yecheng Liu

Ammonium polyphosphate was successfully encapsulated within a urea-formaldehyde resin shell via in-situ polymerization, yielding flame-retardant microcapsules. The synthesized microcapsules exhibited effective flame retardancy, as confirmed by various characterization techniques and ignition tests. The synthesized flame-retardant microcapsules (APP@UF) were uniformly integrated into the electrolyte matrix and subsequently assembled into electrochemical cells for performance evaluation. During thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, the internal temperature escalates. Upon reaching 210 °C, the microcapsule shell undergoes rupture, releasing APP to suppress the thermal runaway reactions within the battery, thereby achieving lithium-ion battery safety based on the concept of active protection. Furthermore, the microcapsules demonstrated stable dispersion in commercial lithium-ion electrolytes. Coin cells were assembled using electrolyte mixtures containing varying mass fractions of the microcapsules. At an addition level of 2 wt%, the battery retained 85.52 % of its capacity after 100 cycles under constant current charge-discharge conditions. The incorporation of microcapsules enhances battery safety without compromising electrochemical performance, presenting a viable strategy for improving the initial safety of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway.

通过原位聚合，成功地将聚磷酸铵包封在脲醛树脂壳内，制备了阻燃微胶囊。通过各种表征技术和点火试验证实，合成的微胶囊具有良好的阻燃性能。将合成的阻燃微胶囊（APP@UF）均匀地整合到电解质基质中，然后组装成电化学电池进行性能评估。在锂离子电池的热失控过程中，内部温度会升高。当温度达到210℃时，微胶囊外壳发生破裂，释放APP抑制电池内部热失控反应，从而实现基于主动保护理念的锂离子电池安全。此外，微胶囊在商用锂离子电解质中表现出稳定的分散性。硬币电池是用含有不同质量分数的微胶囊的电解质混合物组装的。当添加量为2wt %时，在恒流充放电条件下，电池在100次循环后保持了85.52%的容量。微胶囊的加入在不影响电化学性能的前提下提高了电池的安全性，为提高锂离子电池在热失控时的初始安全性提供了一种可行的策略。

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引用次数: 0