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Room-temperature single-step production of ultrafine-grained bulk metallic sheets from Al powder 室温下用铝粉一步法制备超细晶粒大块金属板材
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062582
A. Pariyar, Viet Q Vu, S. Kailas, L. Toth
Obtaining fully dense products with high strength in one step at room temperature by powder metallurgy (PM) is generally not possible. However, doing so would reduce manufacturing and energy costs substantially. In this work, we have attempted to achieve this on commercially pure aluminum by utilizing the friction-assisted lateral extrusion process (FALEP) which has the capability of producing sheets from bulk or powder metal in a single step, by applying large shear strain. The texture, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the fully compacted powder sample were examined and compared to the bulk-sheet's properties obtained also by FALEP. The powder-FALEP sample showed a smaller grain size and significantly higher strength. Simulations carried out by the Taylor-type lattice-curvature-based polycrystal model shed light on the texture characteristics of the obtained materials and were in good agreement with the experiments.
通过粉末冶金(PM)在室温下一步获得具有高强度的完全致密的产品通常是不可能的。然而,这样做将大大降低制造和能源成本。在这项工作中,我们试图通过利用摩擦辅助横向挤压工艺(FALEP)在商业纯铝上实现这一点,该工艺具有通过施加大的剪切应变在一步中从大块或粉末金属生产板材的能力。对完全压实的粉末样品的织构、微观结构和机械性能进行了检查,并与同样通过FALEP获得的大块片材的性能进行了比较。粉末FALEP样品显示出较小的晶粒尺寸和显著较高的强度。基于泰勒型晶格曲率的多晶体模型进行的模拟揭示了所获得材料的织构特征,并与实验结果吻合良好。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling Variation in Multi-station Compliant Assembly using Parametric Space Envelope 基于参数化空间包络的多工位柔性装配变化建模
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062579
C. Luo, Jiaqi Nie, P. Franciosa, D. Ceglarek
Non-rigid compliant parts are widely used in industries today. One of the biggest challenges facing the industries is geometric variation management of these compliant parts, which directly impacts product quality and functionality. Existing rigid body based variation modeling is not suitable for compliant assembly while finite element analysis based methods have the disadvantage of requiring heavy computation efforts. In view of that, this paper develops a novel methodology to evaluate geometric variation propagation in multi-station compliant assembly based upon parametric space envelope (i.e. variation tool constructed from parametric curves). Three sources of variation: location-led positional variation, assembly deformation-induced variation and station transition caused variation are analyzed. Under proposal, geometric variations are modeled indirectly through a compact set of boundary control points. Compared with existing methods where geometric variation is modeled through targeting key feature points on the manufacturing part, the proposed approach brings modeling accuracy and computation efficiency. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated and verified through an industrial case study on a multi-station compliant panel assembly. The developed method provides industries a new way to manage geometric variation from compliant assembly.
非刚性柔顺零件在当今工业中被广泛使用。行业面临的最大挑战之一是对这些合规零件进行几何变化管理,这直接影响产品质量和功能。现有的基于刚体的变分建模不适合柔顺装配,而基于有限元分析的方法具有计算量大的缺点。有鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于参数空间包络(即由参数曲线构建的变异工具)的多工位柔顺装配几何变异传播评估方法。分析了三种变化来源:位置引起的位置变化、装配变形引起的变化和工位转换引起的变化。根据提议,几何变化是通过一组紧凑的边界控制点间接建模的。与现有的通过瞄准制造零件上的关键特征点来建模几何变化的方法相比,该方法提高了建模精度和计算效率。通过一个多工位柔性面板组件的工业案例研究,说明并验证了该方法的有效性。所开发的方法为行业提供了一种新的方法来管理来自柔顺装配的几何变化。
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引用次数: 0
Process-Structure-Property Relationships of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Lattice Structures 激光粉末床聚变晶格结构的工艺结构与性能关系
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062580
E. Jost, J. Pegues, D. Moore, C. Saldana
Lattice structure metamaterials offer a variety of unique and tailorable properties, yet industrial adoption is slowed by manufacturability and inspection-related difficulties. Despite recent advances in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM), the sub-millimeter features of lattices are at the edge of process capabilities and suffer from low geometric quality. To better understand their complex process-structure-property (PSP) relationships, octahedron structures were manufactured across a power spectrum, inspected, and mechanically tested. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to characterize lattice geometry, and demonstrated that lattice strut geometry measures, increased significantly as a function of laser power. Furthermore, lattices are shown to exhibit a direct correlation between laser power and mechanical performance metrics. Performance variations up to 60% are shown as a function of process parameters despite nominally identical geometry. Significant geometry variations are found to be the cause of performance variation, while material properties as measured by microindentation hardness are constant across the studied parameter range. PSP relationships are modeled, and the limitations of these models are explored. It was found that resulting models can predict mechanical performance based on geometric characteristics with R2 values of up to 0.86. Finally, mechanistic causes of observed performance changes are discussed.
晶格结构超材料提供了各种独特和可定制的特性,但由于可制造性和检测相关的困难,工业应用缓慢。尽管近年来在激光粉末床融合(LPBF)增材制造(AM)方面取得了进展,但晶格的亚毫米特征处于工艺能力的边缘,并且几何质量较低。为了更好地理解它们复杂的工艺-结构-性能(PSP)关系,在功率谱上制造了八面体结构,进行了检查和机械测试。x射线计算机断层扫描(CT)用于表征晶格几何形状,并证明了晶格支柱几何尺寸随激光功率的增加而显著增加。此外,晶格显示出激光功率和机械性能指标之间的直接相关性。性能变化高达60%显示为工艺参数的函数,尽管名义上相同的几何形状。发现显著的几何变化是性能变化的原因,而通过微压痕硬度测量的材料性能在所研究的参数范围内是恒定的。建立了PSP关系模型,并探讨了这些模型的局限性。结果表明,所建立的模型可以基于几何特征预测力学性能,R2值高达0.86。最后,讨论了观察到的性能变化的机理原因。
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引用次数: 0
Vision guided dynamic synchronous path tracking control of dual manipulator cooperative system 双机械手协作系统视觉引导动态同步路径跟踪控制
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062546
Q. Bai, Pengcheng Li, W. Tian, Jianxin Shen, Bo Li, Junshan Hu
Compared with a single manipulator manufacturing cell, a dual manipulator cooperative system has more advantages in reconfigurability and flexibility. However, there are calibration errors and multi-source disturbances in the collaborative process, which lead to the processing trajectory accuracy defects of large-scale associated machining features. To solve the above problems, a practical path tracking synchronous control algorithm is proposed based on position based visual servoing (PBVS) in this paper for the dual manipulator cooperative system, the proposed dynamic cross-coupled sliding mode controller (DCSMC) scheme can realize dynamic paths correction while executing the pre-planned paths. Moreover, since the cross-coupled technology is integrated into the proposed control algorithm for dynamic path tracking based on the real-time feedback of the highly repeatable 3D visual measurement instrument (VMI), both the tracking and synchronous errors of the dual manipulators converge to zero. Finally, the stability of the proposed controller has been verified by the Lyapunov method. In the end, the real-time line and circle path tracking experimental results using two industrial manipulators demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve better synchronous tracking accuracy than the independent control scheme.
与单机械手制造单元相比,双机械手协同系统在可重构性和灵活性方面具有更大的优势。然而,协作过程中存在校准误差和多源扰动,导致大规模关联加工特征的加工轨迹精度存在缺陷。针对上述问题,本文针对双机械手协同系统,提出了一种基于位置视觉伺服(PBVS)的实用路径跟踪同步控制算法,该算法可以在执行预先规划的路径的同时实现动态路径校正。此外,由于交叉耦合技术被集成到所提出的基于高度可重复三维视觉测量仪器(VMI)实时反馈的动态路径跟踪控制算法中,因此双机械手的跟踪和同步误差都收敛到零。最后,用李雅普诺夫方法验证了该控制器的稳定性。最后,使用两个工业机械手的实时直线和圆路径跟踪实验结果表明,该方案比独立控制方案能够获得更好的同步跟踪精度。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental investigation and modelling of the kerf profile in submerged milling by macro abrasive waterjet 大磨料水射流埋铣切口轮廓的实验研究与建模
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062547
R. Ravi, Deepu Kumar T. N., D. Srinivasu
Towards achieving control over the kerfing through abrasive waterjet submerged milling, there is a need to (i) understand the influence of the water column height on the kerf quality and (ii) develop a model for the prediction of the kerf characteristics. This study performs detailed experimentation to assess the kerf quality enhancement in submerged milling relative to the in-air on Al6061. From the modelling perspective, there are very limited efforts in developing a comprehensive model that includes both the jet flow dynamics and material removal models - this is the missing link. Towards this, a comprehensive model is proposed and validated for the prediction of kerf in in-air and submerged conditions by considering (i) jet dynamics and (ii) jet-material interaction. From the experimental results, it is observed that by adopting the submerged milling, the damaged region, top kerf width and edge radius got reduced by 20.3%, 13.53%, and 22.7%, respectively. However, this enhancement in the kerf quality is associated with a reduction in the centreline erosion depth (hmax) by 12.33% and a material removal rate by 24.52%. The material removal mechanism is more uniform and directed in the submerged milling, whereas in-air is random. The proposed model predicted the kerf cross-sectional profile in submerged milling and in-air with a mean absolute error of 60 μm and 57 μm, squared Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97 and 0.99, and the hmax with a maximum error of 1.3% and 1.4%.
为了通过磨料水射流浸没式铣削实现对切口的控制,需要(i)了解水柱高度对切口质量的影响,以及(ii)开发用于预测切口特性的模型。本研究进行了详细的实验,以评估在Al6061上相对于空气中铣削的切口质量增强。从建模的角度来看,开发一个包括射流动力学和材料去除模型的综合模型的努力非常有限——这是缺失的一环。为此,通过考虑(i)射流动力学和(ii)射流-材料相互作用,提出并验证了一个综合模型,用于预测空气和水下条件下的切口。实验结果表明,采用浸没铣削,损伤区域、切口宽度和边缘半径分别减少了20.3%、13.53%和22.7%。然而,切口质量的提高与中心线侵蚀深度(hmax)减少12.33%和材料去除率减少24.52%有关。材料去除机制在浸没式铣削中更为均匀和直接,而在空气中则是随机的。所提出的模型预测了埋铣和空气中的切口截面轮廓,平均绝对误差分别为60μm和57μm,Pearson平方相关系数分别为0.97和0.99,hmax最大误差分别为1.3%和1.4%。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Manufacture of Power Skiving Cutter from Target Circular Spline Geometry 基于目标圆样条几何的动力刨削刀具的设计与制造
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062496
Yun-Hao Cheng, Yi-Cheng Chen
In this study, a novel design scheme for a power skiving cutter and its grinding wheel profile is proposed based on the geometry of a target circular spline (CS) workpiece. First, a generalized mathematical model of a target CS tooth profile is expressed using a B-spline curve. Subsequently, the nominal cutting edge of the skiving cutter for generating an error-free CS is derived based on power-skiving kinematics. In addition, the axial profile of the grinding wheel for generating the derived nominal cutting edge is resolved based on lengthwise-reciprocating grinding kinematics. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed design process for the skiving cutter and its grinding wheel. The profile accuracy of the CS yielded by the designed nominal cutting edge is computed to validate the proposed design processes. Moreover, errors of the skived CS profile resulting from various resharpening depths by grinding back the stepped rake face of the skiving cutter are investigated. Finally, to effectively extend the tool life of the skiving cutter, a compensation rolling angle is introduced into the CS skiving process.
在本研究中,基于目标圆花键(CS)工件的几何形状,提出了一种新的动力刮削刀具及其砂轮轮廓的设计方案。首先,使用B样条曲线表示目标CS齿廓的广义数学模型。随后,基于动力刮削运动学推导出用于生成无误差CS的刮削刀具的标称切削刃。此外,基于纵向往复磨削运动学,求解了用于生成导出的标称切削刃的砂轮的轴向轮廓。通过算例说明了所提出的刮削刀具及其砂轮的设计过程。计算了由设计的标称切削刃产生的CS的轮廓精度,以验证所提出的设计过程。此外,还研究了通过对铣刀的阶梯前刀面进行回磨而产生的不同再磨深度所导致的切屑CS轮廓的误差。最后,为了有效地延长刀具寿命,在CS刮削过程中引入了补偿滚动角。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning tools for flow-related defects detection in friction stir welding 用于搅拌摩擦焊中流动相关缺陷检测的机器学习工具
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062457
D. Ambrosio, V. Wagner, G. Dessein, J. Vivas, O. Cahuc
Flow-related defects in friction stir welding are critical for the joints affecting their mechanical properties and functionality. One way to identify them, avoiding long and sometimes expensive destructive and non-destructive testing, is using machine learning tools with monitored physical quantities as input data. In this work, artificial neural network and decision tree models are trained, validated, and tested on a large dataset consisting of forces, torque, and temperature in the stirred zone measured when friction stir welding three aluminum alloys such as 5083-H111, 6082-T6, and 7075-T6. The built models successfully classified welds between sound and defective with accuracies over 95%, proving their usefulness in identifying defects on new datasets. Independently from the models, the temperature in the stirred zone is found to be the most influential parameter for the assessment of friction stir weld quality.
搅拌摩擦焊中与流动相关的缺陷对影响其机械性能和功能的接头至关重要。识别它们的一种方法是使用机器学习工具,将监测到的物理量作为输入数据,从而避免漫长且有时昂贵的破坏性和非破坏性测试。在这项工作中,人工神经网络和决策树模型在由搅拌摩擦焊接三种铝合金(如5083-H111、6082-T6和7075-T6)时测量的搅拌区的力、扭矩和温度组成的大型数据集上进行了训练、验证和测试。所建立的模型成功地将焊缝分为完好焊缝和缺陷焊缝,准确率超过95%,证明了它们在新数据集上识别缺陷的有用性。与模型无关,搅拌区的温度是评估搅拌摩擦焊接质量的最有影响的参数。
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引用次数: 0
A Vision-based Human Digital Twin Modelling Approach for Adaptive Human-Robot Collaboration 一种基于视觉的人机自适应协作数字孪生建模方法
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062430
Junming Fan, Pai Zheng, Carman K. M. Lee
Human-robot collaboration (HRC) has been regarded as one of the most promising paradigms for human-centric smart manufacturing in the context of Industry 5.0. To improve human well-being and robotic flexibility in HRC, a plethora of works around human body perception have emerged over the years, but most of them only considered a specific facade of human recognition while lacking a holistic perspective of the human operator. To this end, this study proposes an exemplary vision-based Human Digital Twin (HDT) model for highly dynamic HRC applications. The model mainly consists of a convolutional neural network that can simultaneously model the hierarchical human status including 3D human posture, action intention, and ergonomic risk. Then, on the basis of the constructed HDT, a robotic motion planning strategy is further introduced with the aim of adaptively optimizing the robotic motion trajectory. Further experiments and case studies are conducted in an HRC scenario to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
人机协作(HRC)被认为是工业5.0背景下以人为中心的智能制造最有前途的范例之一。为了提高HRC中的人类福祉和机器人灵活性,多年来出现了大量围绕人体感知的工作,但其中大多数只考虑了人类识别的特定外观,而缺乏人类操作员的整体视角。为此,本研究提出了一个典型的基于视觉的人类数字孪生(HDT)模型,用于高度动态的HRC应用。该模型主要由卷积神经网络组成,该网络可以同时对三维人体姿态、动作意图和人体工程学风险等分层人体状态进行建模。然后,在构建的HDT基础上,进一步引入机器人运动规划策略,以自适应优化机器人运动轨迹。在HRC场景中进行了进一步的实验和案例研究,以证明我们的方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Bubble Effects on Manufacturing of Silicon Nanowires by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching 金属辅助化学刻蚀制备硅纳米线的气泡效应
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062392
Pee-Yew Lee, C. Weng, H. Huang, Li-Yan Wu, Guo-Hao Lu, Chao-Feng Liu, Cheng-You Chen, Ting-Yu Li, Yung-Sheng Lin
Micro/nano-textured Si wafers manufactured using metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) have been the focus of several studies, but the mechanism of bubble generation during the MACE process affecting textured surfaces has rarely been reported. This study investigated the bubble effect due to the different placement patterns of the Si wafer (face-up, stirred face-down, and face-down). The results indicated that the placement pattern of the Si wafer notably influences the uniformity of outward appearance. However, no significant differences were noted in the scanning electron microscopy images of Si nanowires (SiNWs) at 0.5 h of etching. At 2 h of etching, the outward appearance uniformity of face-up etching was more homogeneous than that of stirred face-down and face-down patterns, and the SiNWs processed through face-up etching were longer (41 μm) than those subjected to stirred face-down etching (36 μm) and face-down etching (32 μm). Therefore, the placement pattern of Si wafer can affect the uniformity and properties of SiNWs because of bubbles trapped inside cavities or between SiNWs.
使用金属辅助化学蚀刻(MACE)制造的微/纳米织构Si晶片一直是一些研究的焦点,但很少报道MACE过程中气泡产生对织构表面的影响机制。本研究调查了硅晶片不同放置模式(面朝上、搅拌面朝下和面朝下)引起的气泡效应。结果表明,硅片的放置方式对其外观的均匀性有显著影响。然而,在蚀刻0.5小时时,在Si纳米线(SiNWs)的扫描电子显微镜图像中没有观察到显著差异。在蚀刻2小时时,面朝上蚀刻的外观均匀性比搅拌面朝下和面朝下图案更均匀,并且通过面朝上蚀刻处理的SiNW比经过搅拌面朝下蚀刻(36μm)和面朝下蚀刻的SiNW长(41μm)。因此,硅晶片的放置图案会影响SiNWs的均匀性和性能,因为气泡被困在空腔内或SiNWs之间。
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引用次数: 0
A study on converging-diverging nozzle design for supersonic spraying of liquid droplets toward nanocoating applications 用于纳米涂层应用的液滴超声喷涂的会聚-发散喷嘴设计研究
IF 4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062351
Semih Akin, Puyuan Wu, Chandra Nath, Jun Chen, M. Jun
Supersonic cold spraying of liquid droplets containing functional nanomaterials is of particular interest in advanced thin-film coating, that enabling high-adhesion strength particle deposition. In cold spraying, the optimum design of the supersonic nozzle is essential for accelerating particles to desired velocities. However, research on the supersonic nozzle design for liquid droplets is limited. Thus, we thoroughly investigate the influence of nozzle geometrical parameters (i.e., throat diameter, exit diameter, divergent length) on droplets acceleration by numerical modeling followed by experimental validation, and a case study on surface coating application. Two-phase flow modeling was used to predict droplets' behavior in continuous gas flow for different nozzle configurations. The results show that the nozzle expansion ratio - a function of throat and exit diameters - has a significant influence on droplet velocity, followed by divergent length. In particular, to correctly accelerate “low-inertia liquid droplets”, optimum nozzle expansion ratio for an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle is found to be in a range of 1.5-2.5 for different sets of parameters, which is different than the recommended expansion ratio (i.e., 5-9) for cold spraying of conventional “metal” particles. Based on the simulation results, an optimal design of supersonic nozzle is selected and prototyped for the experimental studies. Numerical modeling results are validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Moreover, coating experiments confirm the adaptability of the optimized nozzle for supersonic cold spraying of droplets containing nanoparticles, which thereby has the potential for rapid production of advanced thin films.
含有功能性纳米材料的液滴的超音速冷喷涂在先进的薄膜涂层中尤其令人感兴趣,这种涂层能够实现高粘附强度的颗粒沉积。在冷喷涂中,超音速喷嘴的优化设计对于将颗粒加速到所需速度至关重要。然而,对液滴超音速喷嘴设计的研究是有限的。因此,我们通过数值建模、实验验证和表面涂层应用的案例研究,深入研究了喷嘴几何参数(即喉部直径、出口直径、发散长度)对液滴加速的影响。两相流模型用于预测不同喷嘴配置下连续气流中液滴的行为。结果表明,喷嘴膨胀比(喉部和出口直径的函数)对液滴速度有显著影响,其次是发散长度。特别是,为了正确加速“低惯性液滴”,对于不同的参数组,轴对称收敛-发散喷嘴的最佳喷嘴膨胀比在1.5-2.5的范围内,这与传统“金属”颗粒冷喷涂的推荐膨胀比(即5-9)不同。基于仿真结果,选择了超声速喷嘴的优化设计方案,并对其进行了实验研究。数值模拟结果通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量得到验证。此外,涂层实验证实了优化喷嘴对含有纳米颗粒的液滴的超音速冷喷涂的适应性,从而具有快速生产先进薄膜的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-transactions of The Asme
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