Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure最新文献

Multifocal tumors are usually reported within the same cerebral hemisphere due to widespread dissemination along the white matter tracts. This case report describes the magnetic resonance imaging appearances of multifocal anaplastic oligodendroglioma in a 28-year-old adult male that showed three discrete heterogeneously enhancing cortical-based lesions in the left frontoparietal lobes. Left frontal craniotomy was performed and biopsy of the lesion was obtained, histopathology of which showed features of anaplastic oligodendroglioma.

Salivary gland tumors are known for its rarity and almost 30%-40% occur in the minor salivary glands, out of which, pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is rated to be the most common benign salivary gland neoplasm. This term was first termed by Willis and is called so, because of the ability of the cells of this tumor to differentiate into epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, which gives it an unusual histologic pattern. Literature reports most PAs to be associated with parotid salivary glands and palatal salivary glands, the latter being the most common intraoral site of origin. Interestingly, no case reports have been published of a palatal PA in an immunocompromised individual. We report a unique case of a PA arising on the hard palate of a 54-year-old male human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient.

Background: Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug most commonly used for the treatment of arthritis. Meloxicam decreases prostaglandin E2 resulting in an increase in free radical concentration within the cell. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced normally by the fetal liver in hepatoblasts. In inflammatory conditions, the adult liver synthesizes AFP by regenerating cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the medical field, represent one of the most commonly studied metal nanoparticles which have antioxidant properties.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects of AuNPs on Meloxicam induced degenerative changes in rat liver.

Materials and methods: fifty adult male albino rats were divided into 8 groups: The first group (control); the AuNPs group was treated with AuNPs daily for 2 weeks. The MEL 2w& MEL 2m groups were treated with meloxicam daily for 2 weeks and 2 months respectively. The MEL2w+AuNPs & MEL2m+AuNPs groups received AuNPs for 2 weeks after meloxicam injection daily for 2 weeks and 2 months respectively. The MEL2w+SAL & MEL2m+SAL groups were given meloxicam for 2 weeks and 2 months respectively followed by saline injection for 2 weeks. Histological changes, AuNPs localization in the liver by silver nitrate stain, and AFP immunoexpression were studied.

Results: Time dependent Degenerative changes and increased AFP expression were observed in the liver after meloxicam injection. However, AuNPs ameliorated these changes and decreased AFP expression. AuNPs were detected in Kupffer cells.

Conclusion: AuNPs could ameliorate meloxicam-induced toxicity in the liver and decrease AFP expression because AuNPs act as free radical scavengers which accumulate in Kupffer cells.

Approximately 5%-10% of soft-tissue tumor comprised synovial sarcoma (SS) and are commonly found in close proximity of large joints affecting young adults. However, SS of the kidney is extremely unusual (1%) and has a poor prognosis. There are three subtypes of primary renal SS (PRSS). The monophasic variant is the most common and shares the same clinical, molecular, and ultrastructural features with other subtypes. Histomorphology with immunohistochemistry (IHC) differentiates it from other sarcomas of kidney and sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. Genetic analysis reveals specific SYT-SSX2 (X, 18) translocation. Herein, a case of PRSS (monophasic variant) is presented in a 31-year-old female with right-sided loin pain and huge mass of size (11.9 cm × 9.3 cm × 10 cm) without associated hematuria. It was clinically thought to be renal cell carcinoma. Radical nephrectomy was performed, followed by histopathology and IHC which suggested PRSS. Then, combined chemotherapy of doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide was rendered, and on follow-up, she is doing well with an uneventful course.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the third most frequent cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients with diabetes exhibit a variety of oral symptoms, and hence the early detection of this condition can be addressed by a dentist.

Aim: The current study aimed to study the cytomorphometric alterations of buccal exfoliated cells in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus.

Methodology: The study included thirty diabetics and thirty healthy controls. The smears were obtained from the buccal mucosa and stained with Papanicolaou stain and hematoxylin and eosin stain. The presence of inflammatory cells, microbial carriage, nuclear enlargement, and perinuclear halo and binucleation were examined on the slides. Cellular and nuclear parameters were quantitatively measured using Image J software. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, and the Student's t-test was employed.

Results: No inflammatory cells or microbes were observed in Group I individuals; however, the perinuclear halo was observed in 16.6% and binucleated cells in 3.3% of the controls. Inflammatory cells, consisting mainly of neutrophils and lymphocytes were seen in 40%, microbial carriage in 26.6%, perinuclear halo in 73.3%, and binucleated cells in 36.6% of the diabetic patients. The mean nuclear diameter, area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio were significantly high in diabetic patients when compared to healthy controls.

Conclusion: Oral exfoliated mucosal cells of patients with diabetes mellitus exhibit distinct cytomorphometric alterations such as increased nuclear diameter, nuclear area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.

For rapid and successful treatment of infectious diseases, detection of the presence of microorganisms is essential. Traditional culture-based approaches are limiting and time consuming for microbial identification. The most popular staining technique for identifying Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms in various tissues is called Gram staining. This method is utilized in both clinical practice and research. Gram staining of the oral smears is the preliminary step in the identification of any pathological shift in normal oral microbiota. This review discusses the principle of gram stain emphasizing its significance in diagnostic utility for oral smears.

Background: The basic biology of the Platelet Rich Fibrin lies in the fact that they have platelets with enclosed granules in them and fibrin with the ability to release growth factors.

Aims and objective: The platelet rich fibrin electron microscopic structure has been characterized in the present cross-sectional novel study. This unique biologic material being vastly used since four decades is not microscopically analyzed amongst type II diabetes mellitus subjects, using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The present novel work employs the transmission electron microscope use to reveal the characteristics of cells in order to correlate the growth factor release.

Materials and methods: Venous blood samples drawn were subjected to analysis of HbA1c, CBC, platelet indices, and PRF membrane preparation. Platelet rich fibrin membranes were prepared from healthy, well-controlled, and poorly-controlled diabetic individuals following the protocols for Advanced-Platelet Rich Fibrin+ (1,300 rpm, 8 min) and subjected to assessment of morphological analysis using a light microscope, transmission electron microscopy and growth factor release.

Results: A denser network of fibrin with highest growth factor release was seen in the present study.

Conclusion: Hence, with the highest growth factors release and a denser network of fibrin, this novel study finds promising biomaterial in diabetics.

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. It has become clear that signaling pathways that are implicated in prostatic carcinoma (PCa) initiation and propagation evolved through interactions of several factors. Alpha Thalassemia/Intellectual Disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX) is a chromatin remodeling protein that has an essential role in telomere stability. The androgen receptor (AR) and growth factors especially the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) seem not to function independently in PCa proliferation. This work aimed to study the expression of ATRX in primary prostatic adenocarcinoma in relation to AR and EGFR expression and the significance of biomarkers expression to the known clinicopathological factors.

Materials and methods: Eighty-two primary prostatic adenocarcinoma paraffin blocks were stained immunohistochemically with AR, ATRX, and EGFR polyclonal antibodies. PCa was divided into AR^+/hi and AR^-/lo depending on the percentage and intensity of stained cells regardless of AR heterogeneity. ATRX immunostaining was categorized into ATRX preserved expression or ATRX loss. EGFR expression was grouped into low and high expression according to the staining percentage and intensity.

Results: AR^+/hi and preserved ATRX expression significantly were linked to low pT stage, low-grade group, and absence of lymph node invasion. While significant EGFR high expression was related to the high-grade group and the presence of lymph node invasion.

Conclusion: ATRX preserved expression varies significantly between AR^+/hi and AR^-/lo PCa which is related to favorable clinicopathological factors. However, the loss of ATRX expression correlated significantly with AR^-/low, high EGFR expression, and adverse clinicopathological factors.

Background: Fluoxetine (FLX) is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, it is widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, but high doses can cause several adverse effects. Fisetin (FIS), a bioactive flavonoid presents in vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.

Aim: To evaluate the possible ameliorating effect of FIS on the hepatic alterations induced by FLX in adult male albino rats.

Materials and methods: Our study was done, for 3-weeks, on 48 rats that were divided into four groups: Group I (control), Group II received FIS orally (100 mg/kg/day), Group III received FLX orally (10 mg/kg/day), and Group IV concomitantly received FLX and FIS at the same dose and manner of groups II and III. Blood and liver samples were obtained and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies.

Results: FLX group revealed disturbed liver architecture, hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, inflammatory cellular infiltration, blood extravasation, and congestion of blood vessels in addition to, a significant increase in the area percentage of caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase and the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells as well as a significant decrease in the area percentage of periodic acid-Schiff stain. Moreover, FLX significantly increased aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase levels in the serum. In addition, FLX increased malondialdehyde level and decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and reduced GSH levels in liver tissue. The concomitant administration of FIS ameliorated these alterations.

Conclusions: Administration of FIS ameliorated the histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations induced by FLX in the liver of adult male albino rats.

Background: Long-term khat consumption is associated with significant neurocognitive changes, which have been elucidated in behavioral studies. With current research showing the centrality of astrocytes and other glial cells in neuronal signaling, there is possibility that these cells are also affected by chronic khat use. There is little literature on the structural changes in the prefrontal cortex neuronal and astrocytic cytoarchitecture and morphometry in chronic khat users.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the changes in astrocyte morphometry and structure in rats after long-term use of khat (miraa).

Materials and methods: Adult male Wistar rats, aged 2-3 months, weighing 200-300 g were randomized into four groups of 10 each (control, Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3) to correspond with those used as controls and those that received 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg body weight khat extracts, respectively. Fresh khat leaves were purchased from Maua market in Meru, and crude extract was prepared using lyophilization. The control rats were fed on normal diet, while the experimental groups were fed on normal diet and khat extracts using oral gavage for 6 weeks. The animals were sacrificed and their brains were removed. We performed immunohistochemical visualization of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein. Photomicrographs of the stained sections were transferred to ImageJ Fiji software to study the astrocyte density and astrocytic processes. We used Kruskal-Wallis test to correlate the four animal groups in terms of astrocyte densities.

Results: We observed an increase in the average number of astrocytes with increasing doses of khat compared to controls, with those in Group 3 (2000 mg/kg) having an exuberant reactive astrocytosis. Further, escalating khat doses resulted in increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the nuclei and astrocytic processes, gliotic changes, and increased complexity of astrocytic processes.

Conclusion: Chronic khat use, especially at high doses, results in reactive astrocytosis and astrogliosis, which may be part of the mechanisms involved in the cognitive changes associated with its use.