Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure最新文献

Chorioangiomas are benign vascular tumors of the placenta originating from chorionic tissue. They are also known as hemangiomas of the placenta. They occur in approximately 0.5%-1% of all pregnancies. Large chorioangiomas are rare and may lead to serious fetal and maternal complications. Here, we are describing a case of giant placental chorioangioma in a 19-year-old young female (G2A1) who presented to us at 39 weeks of gestation with decreased fetal movements. Ultrasound examination revealed an enlarged placenta with a well-defined 9.4 cm × 9.3 cm heteroechoic area with increased vascularity. Cesarean section was performed in view of fetal distress and a female baby weighing 1.6 kg was delivered. The newborn died within 2 weeks due to pulmonary hypoplasia and hemodynamic failure. The diagnosis of chorioangioma was confirmed with histopathology. This case depicts the necessity of early diagnosis, close fetal monitoring, and timely intervention in achieving a favorable pregnancy outcome.

Context: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a neoplasm of medium-to-large B lymphoid cells with diffuse growth patterns. Although it is a potentially curable disease, around 40% of the cases are either refractory to primary treatment or relapse. Based on gene expression profiling (GEP), DLBCL can be classified as germinal center B-cell subtype (GCB) and activated B-cell subtype (ABC). About 10%-15% of cases do not convincingly fall into either of the two subtypes and hence remain unclassified. Most widely used and suggested by WHO is Hans algorithm comprising immunohistochemical markers CD10, B-cell lymphoma6 (BCL6), and IRF4/MUM1, which classifies CD10+ and CD10-/BCL6+/MUM1-DLBCL as GCB, while CD10-/BCL6+/MUM1 + and BCL6-DLBCL as non-GCB.

Aims: The aim of this study was to classify DLBCL into GCB and non-GCB subtypes using Hans Algorithm.

Settings and design: This was a retrospective study.

Materials and methods: Twenty-eight histologically diagnosed cases of nodal (71.4%), as well as extranodal (28.6%) DLBCL, were taken over the period of 2 years with age ranging between 10 and 65 years with 19 males and 9 females. M: F = 2.1:1. Depending upon the site involved, a primary panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, namely CD20, CD3, LCA, EMA, and CK, followed by a secondary panel comprising CD10, CD19, CD30, LMP1, BCL2, BCL6, MUM1, MYC, and FOXP1 was used.

Results: In this study, it was found that the non-GCB subtype was more common than the GCB subtype in Indian population.

Conclusions: Although the gold standard of GEP to assign cells of origin is using RNA microarray analysis, however, due to resource constraints and other limitations such as long turnaround times, IHC is the next acceptable alternative.

Background: Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) cases are not exiguous for the world. However, their spike as a postCOVID sequelae has alarmed the world, especially India. Adding to the woes is the high mortality rate and poor prognosis associated with acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFR) in such immunocompromised patients. In such a scenario, early and precise diagnosis of AIFR is what a patient and physician banks upon. KOH and histopathology are the two frontline investigations for the diagnosis of FRS. Our study aimed at analyzing the cases of FRS by histopathology and comparing these with KOH.

Study design and materials and methods: Prospective longitudinal study including suspected postCOVID FRS patients over a period of 1.5 months. Their clinical, histopathological, and KOH findings were then correlated.

Results: About 72.5% clinically suspected fungal infection specimens were found to be positive for fungal elements on histopathology. Of these, only 30 cases were positive by KOH mount. Maximum patients belonged to 40-70 years of age; males (67%) more than females. Sites involved were paranasal sinuses (100%), nasal (88%), and orbital (25%). Histopathology revealed mucormycosis (100%) and aspergillosis (16%). Angioinvasion was identified in 38% of the mucormycosis cases.

Conclusion: In a state of crisis, when the gold standard for fungal identification i.e., culture can take as many as 21 days for final report and early and judicious antifungal treatment is sine qua non of recovery, histopathology has proved to be better than KOH as far as early and precise diagnosis of fungal elements and their invasion is concerned.

Background: Diabetes represents a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Several changes in the renal functions had been detected in diabetic patients.

Aim of the work: This study was conducted to compare the possible ameliorative role of both ginger and Echinacea either alone or in combination upon experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy.

Materials and methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into three groups. Control (group I) included 20 rats. Diabetic group (group II) included 10 rats. Group III included 30 rats subdivided into three subgroups 10 animals each: Subgroup IIIa diabetic treated with 100 mg/kg Echinacea for 30 days. Subgroup IIIb diabetic treated with 400 mg/kg ginger for 30 days orally. Subgroup IIIc diabetic treated with both 100 mg/kg Echinacea and 400 mg/kg ginger for 30 days orally. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining, Periodic acid Schiff and Masson trichrome were done. Ultrastructural examination was done. Immunohistochemical markers used were caspase-3 for apoptosis and CD68 for macrophages. Morphometric and statistical analyses were done.

Results: Diabetes caused a significant increase in collagen fibers in the renal cortex, the caspase-3 expression as well as the number of macrophages. Ultrastructurally, there was an irregularly thickened glomerular basement membrane and effacement of podocytes. Ginger treatment alone or in combination with Echinacea exhibited more pronounced improvement of diabetes-induced degenerative changes and a significant decrease in collagen fibers, the caspase-3 expression as well as the number of macrophages compared to Echinacea alone.

Conclusion: Ginger treatment alone or in combination with Echinacea exhibited more pronounced improvement in diabetes nephropathy.

Background: Oral lesions of the jaw has been well explained in the literature through high-quality 2D clinical, radiographic, and histopathological images. But the clinicians and most of the times students too, don't understand the histopathological aspect through the description of text and existing 2D images. This article is preliminary attempt to explain the key events of histopathological aspects of odontoma in third dimension and clay models in a life-like manner which author herself has designed, for better understanding not only by oral and general pathologists, and students but also by patients, which is the unique feature of this short manuscript.

Aim: To create 3D animation video and images of odontoma using various 3D animation softwares and clay models.

Methodology: Preliminary 3D images and videos on histopathological aspect of odontoma were designed by using 3Dmax (Autodesk Media and Entertainment) and Adobe premiere pro 5.5 software which is a video editing software (Adobe Systems). Additionally models were prepared using kids' colourful clay material.

Observation: The clay model and 3D animation videos gave life like picture of a disease.

Conclusion: 3D animation and clay models to explain histopathology has promising future for histology and histopathology.

Introduction: In the mammalian auditory system, the cochlea is the first to attain structural and functional maturity. Although ultrastructural details of the developing cochlea of lower animals have been elucidated in the last few decades, comprehensive studies on human cochlea are lacking.

Materials and methods: In the present investigation we studied the development and maturation of the hair cells of ten human fetal cochlea from gestational weeks (GW) 12 to 37 by scanning electron microscopy.

Result: We observed undifferentiated hair cells possessing numerous surface projections and long kinocilium during GW 14. At GW16, the primitive hair cells were arranged in one inner and four outer rows and had globular apices indicating the initiation of stereocilia formation. By GW 22, the globular apices were replaced by linear stereocilia and occasional kinocillia. Mature hair cells with sterocilia were observed in the basal turn at 30th week of gestation. At GW 37, the stereocilia were arranged in a typical "V" shaped pattern at the middle and apical coil, while the stereocilia of the basal turn were shorter in length resembling the adult cochlea. The inner hair cells were long and slender while outer hair cells were pear shaped, kinocilium were absent and the tunnel of Corti were well formed.

Conclusion: It is concluded that in human, the morphological maturation of the hair cells starts in the basal turn around GW 22 and continues till 37th week in the apical turn indicating that early maturation of the cochlea may have a role on development of the higher auditory pathway connections.

Objectives: Pioglitazone (PIO) is a widely prescribed oral antidiabetic drug that has concerns regarding a potential risk of developing carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The objective of the current study was to assess this potential risk.

Materials and methods: The potential risk of PIO-induced urinary bladder carcinoma was assessed in the current study by examining urinary bladder of rats for urothelial cytokeratin (CK) expression and proliferative activity by Ki67 immunostaining.

Results: Histological examination revealed dysplastic urothelial changes in PIO per se and diabetes mellitus + PIO (diabetic rats receiving PIO). In addition, a significantly (P < 0.05) decreased CK7 and CK8 expression together with a significantly increased CK20 as well as Ki67 expression was detected in the urothelial cells of groups administrated PIO, contrary to those which did not.

Conclusion: The manifestations of urothelial dysplasia evidenced by histological examination as well as by the aberrant expression in CK and Ki67 after PIO administration add supporting evidence at cellular and experimental level to the previous clinical suspicions.