Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure最新文献

Introduction: Foldscope is an origami-based portable paper microscope, developed in 2014, that can provide up to 2000 times magnification. It has the potential use as a low-cost diagnostic alternative in areas with limited resources. Oral cancer screening camps rely on visual examination of the patients' oral cavity. In-field diagnosis of cytological smears can be very beneficial, although it requires more resources. Therefore, we designed a study to compare the accuracy of Foldscope in the identification of features in cytology smears, when compared with light microscope.

Methodology: Two examiners with adequate experience evaluated 35 oral cytology smears. The Foldscope was used twice for evaluation by each examiner, with a gap of 15 days between the two evaluations. Both examiners also evaluated the same set of slides using a light microscope. Accuracy of identification of cells using Foldscope, when compared with the light microscope was evaluated. Interobserver agreement in the identification of various features was also determined using kappa statistics, for light microscope examination, and two Foldscope examinations.

Results: We found that both examiners could identify epithelial cells accurately using the Foldscope. Mucous cells, inflammatory cells, and microorganisms could also be identified, with slightly lesser accuracy. Interobserver agreement was good in the light microscope. However, with the Foldscope, especially after the second sitting, the interobserver agreement was found to be comparably good.

Conclusion: With adequate training and practice, Foldscopes could be valuable tools for rapid and immediate diagnosis of exfoliative cytology smears in mass oral cancer screening camps.

Background: Nephrectomies and nephroureterectomies specimen with neoplastic diagnosis provide a great opportunity to examine the background kidney parenchyma. This will help in exploring any microscopic abnormality that may affect the functional capacity of the residual renal tissue and assess the possible need for nephrologist intervention in maximizing the function of the residual renal parenchyma.

Aim: Evaluation of this part of the kidney is overlooked in different centers around the world.

Method: A total of 124 specimens of nephrectomies and nephroureterectomies performed at King Abdulaziz University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2019 were reviewed. The microscopic findings in the nonneoplatic parenchyma were documented. Furthermore, the extent to which these findings were initially identified, investigated, and reported was measured.

Results: Hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy were among the most common findings in the diseased kidney. The nonneoplastic kidney was well sampled in 95% of the cases and mentioned in the report in 25% of the cases.

Conclusion: Although, the evaluation of this part of the kidney is essential, and of great help for the patient prognosis, and quality of kidney function, it is overlooked in different centers around the world, and the causes behind this requires further exploration.

Ectopic adrenal rests (EAT) are rare lesions comprising predominantly adrenocortical tissue in various locations. Here, we report a case of EAT in the paratubal location which was incidentally detected in a salpingo-oophorectomy specimen from a 21-year-old female. The identification of these lesions is extremely essential as it can be associated with hyperplasia and neoplasia.

Introduction: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst of the jaws that causes extensive destruction even before the clinical manifestations are evident. It is a well-known entity among private practitioners as it has a high recurrence rate and requires meticulous treatment planning. Unfortunately, clinicians have less understood its basic histopathology.

Objective: This article highlights the preliminary attempt of an author in designing third dimension of histopathological aspect of OKC so that it is easily understood by oral pathologists, general pathologists, nonpathologists, students, and even patients too.

Methodology: Preliminary three-dimensional (3D) images and videos on histopathological aspect of OKC were designed by the author using 3DMax (Autodesk Media and Entertainment) and Adobe Premiere Pro 5.5 software which is a video editing software (Adobe Systems) based on two-dimensional descriptions mentioned in the literature.

Results: Internal cellular architecture of OKC was created in a lifelike manner through 3D animation video and images.

Conclusion: Histopathological aspect of all oral lesions should be explained in third dimension too.

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is potentially malignant disorder known to transform into oral cancer. The malignant transformation is often associated with changes at the genetic level that in turn is reflected by the altered expression of proteins related to cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis. Expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene is one of the common findings in human cancers including the oral cancer. Therefore, the early detection of potentially malignant OSMF has been crucial in the inhibition of oral cancer.

Aim and objectives: To determine the main pathological logical factors and expression of aberrant p53 in OSMF, oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and in normal patients, to study correlation between p53 expression with clinical staging and histological grading of OSMF.

Materials and methods: An immunohistochemical (IHC) study was performed for p53 expression on 35 cases of OSMF, 10 cases of OSCC with history of habits and 10 normal patients without any habits.

Results: The expression of p53 showed a significant difference between normal oral mucosa, OSMF and OSCC samples.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high incidence of p53 over expression in OSMF and OSCC. The results indicate that p53 over expression may play a role in pathogenesis of OSMF and in the development of Oral squamous cell carcinoma. With early detection of the high-risk patients with OSMF, we can expect to develop more intensive treatment modalities, leading to the reduction in cancer transformation rate from OSMF.

Background information: Leeches are widely distributed worldwide in a diversity of habitats, such as freshwater, seas, desert, and oases. Since literature does not have an elaborate study on histology of leeches, thus emphasis is given to study the histology.

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the histology of free-living leeches Haemadipsa zeylanica under light microscopy and extended to ultrastructural study under transmission electron microscopy.

Materials and methods: Tissue was fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated with alcohol, infiltrated and embedded in wax, and thin section was cut using a rotary microtome. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results: The epithelial layer of cells in H. zeylanica had a thin layer of cuticles covering it. In light microscopy, the epidermis has three types of epidermal cells, namely, glandular cells (Type I, Type II, and Type III), supporting cells (Type IV), and pigment cells (Type V). When the three glandular cells of the body wall of H. zeylanica epidermis were examined under an electron microscope, three types of distinct electron-dense granules were identified. Type I cells with granules, Type II cells with course granules close to the dermis were identified as pear-shaped secretory cells, and Type III cells with electron-dense granules.

Background and objectives: Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are serious challenges to pathologists. Herein, we aimed to assess epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of SGTs among Sudanese patients.

Materials and methods: This retrospective descriptive study was undertaken at The pathology department in Khartoum State between 2008 and 2018. Patient records, histopathological reports, and slides were retrieved; and re-examined by two histopathologists. Diagnoses were reclassified according to the 2017 WHO classification of SGTs.

Results: Overall, 150 cases of Sudanese patients with SGT were included (90 [60%] males and 60 [40%] females). Among these, 105 were benign (70%) and 45 were malignant (30%). The parotid glands were the most common site for both benign and malignant tumors (77/150; 51%: 59 benign (76.6%) and 18 malignant [23.4%]). The next common site was the submandibular gland (54 [36%]: 38 benign [70.3%] and 16 malignant [29.7%]), followed by minor salivary glands (19 [12.7%]: 8 benign and 11 malignant [57.9%]). Benign gland entities included pleomorphic adenoma (88/105; 83.7%), oncocytoma (5/105; 4.8%), myoepithelioma (4/105; 3.8%), Whartin tumors (3/105; 2.9%), basal cell adenoma (3/105; 2.9%), and sialolipoma (2/105; 1.9%). Malignant gland entities included adenoid cystic carcinoma (12; 26.7%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10; 22,2%), acinic cell carcinoma (6; 13.3%), poorly differentiated carcinoma (4; 8.9%), adenocarcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) (4; 8.9%), basal cell adenocarcinoma (3; 6.7%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (3; 6.7%), polymorphous adenocarcinoma (2; 4.4%), salivary duct carcinoma (1; 2.2%), and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (2.2%).

Conclusions: SGTs shared several epidemiological and histopathological features, exhibiting high incidence in the parotid and submandibular glands, lower prevalence in minor glands, and greater male predominance.

Context: We undertook this study in view of the rising interest in the interactions between tumor cells and mast cells in the tumor microenvironment and the mounting evidence of the role of mast cells in the prognosis of various cancers.

Aims: The aim of the study is to determine the prognostic utility of mast cells and their mediators in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Settings and design: This is a cross-sectional analytical study. A total of 41 cases were studied for determining the correlation of mast cell counts with histopathological prognostic variables and 29 cases for determining the serum histamine levels and to further correlate the values with the histopathologic determinants.

Subjects and methods: Mast cell assessment was done using Toluidine blue stain on tissue sections while histopathological prognostic factors were evaluated with routine stains. The serum histamine levels were obtained by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test the difference between parameters and a Spearman correlation coefficient was used. P < 0.05 was considered significant for statistical analysis.

Results: We found statistically significant correlations between increased median mast cell counts and higher grade of tumor, presence of lymphovascular invasion, greater depth of invasion, and presence of regional lymph node involvement. The serum histamine values correlated only with the depth of tumor invasion.

Conclusions: Hence, as per our results, we suggest the use of mast cell counts in OSCC cases as a prognostic indicator in conjunction with other clinicopathological factors. At the same time, we acknowledge the fact that extensive studies are required to establish the role of mast cell mediators in the prognostic curve of oral cancer patients.

Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid, with antioxidant and autophagy-modulating activities. Cisplatin is one of the platinum-based anticancer drugs. Early development of peripheral neuropathy as an adverse effect of cisplatin interferes with the continuation of therapy. Oxidative stress and autophagy impairment may play a role.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the possible protective effects of quercetin against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (control group) and Group 2 (cisplatin group) where peripheral neuropathy was induced using single ip injection of cisplatin. Group 3 (cisplatin + quercetin group) received single ip injection of cisplatin and was then treated with quercetin for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, nociception was evaluated by tail immersion test, and then, blood was collected for analysis of nerve growth factor. Sciatic nerve was used to assess histopathological changes and light chain 3-II by immunohistochemical staining. Reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, mTOR, and caspase-3 were estimated in sciatic nerve tissue homogenate.

Results: This research work revealed that quercetin significantly improved cisplatin-induced nociceptive impairment, attenuated cisplatin-induced oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis to protect against neuronal death.

Conclusion: From the current study, quercetin can act as a promising protective agent against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.