Journal of memory and language最新文献_第9页

Toddlers’ looking behaviours during referent selection and relationships with immediate and delayed retention 幼儿在指称选择过程中的注视行为及其与即时记忆和延迟记忆的关系

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104596

Emma L. Axelsson , Jessica S. Horst , Samantha L. Playford , Amanda I. Winiger

The current study investigates whether children’s attempts to solve referential ambiguity is best explained as a process-of-elimination or a novelty bias. We measured 2.5-year-old children’s pointing and eye movements during referent selection trials and assessed whether this changes across repeated exposures. We also tested children’s retention of novel words and how much focusing on novel targets during referent selection supports immediate and delayed retention as well as the effect of hearing the words ostensively named after referent selection. Time course analyses of children’s looking during referent selection indicated that soon after noun onsets, in familiar target trials there was a greater focus on targets relative to chance, but in novel target trials, children focussed on targets less than chance, suggesting an initial focus on competitors. Children also took longer to focus on and point to novel compared to familiar targets. Thus, this converging evidence suggests referent selection is best described as a process-of-elimination. Ostensive naming also led to faster pointing at novel targets in subsequent trials and better delayed retention than the non-ostensive condition. In addition, a greater focus on novel targets during referent selection was associated with better immediate retention for the ostensive naming condition, but better delayed retention for the non-ostensive condition. Therefore, a focus on novelty may supplement weaker encoding, facilitating later retention.

目前的研究调查了儿童解决指称歧义的尝试是否最好解释为消除过程或新颖性偏见。我们在参照选择试验中测量了2.5岁儿童的指向和眼球运动，并评估了这种运动是否会在重复暴露中发生变化。我们还测试了儿童对新单词的记忆，以及在指称选择过程中对新目标的关注程度对即时和延迟记忆的支持程度，以及听到指称选择后的假名单词的影响。对儿童在指称物选择过程中寻找的时间过程分析表明，名词出现后不久，在熟悉的目标试验中，儿童对目标的关注程度高于对偶然的关注，而在新颖的目标试验中，儿童对目标的关注程度低于偶然的关注，这表明儿童最初关注的是竞争对手。与熟悉的目标相比，孩子们也需要更长的时间来关注和指向新的目标。因此，这些趋同的证据表明，参照选择最好被描述为一个淘汰的过程。在随后的试验中，与非明示条件相比，所指命名还能更快地指向新目标，并能更好地延迟记忆。此外，在指称选择过程中，对新目标的更多关注与在实指条件下更好的即时记忆有关，而在非实指条件下更好的延迟记忆有关。因此，对新颖性的关注可能会补充较弱的编码，促进以后的记忆。

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引用次数: 0

Retention of grammatical information by L1 and L2 readers: The role of form and meaning 第一语言和第二语言读者对语法信息的保留：形式和意义的作用

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104605

Denisa Bordag , Andreas Opitz

In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated how aspects of form and meaning influence the retention of grammatical information. Native (N = 64) and non-native (N = 63) German speakers read sentence pairs. The second sentence was presented after 12–16 intervening sentences and was either identical to the first sentence or changed in one grammatical feature (tense, number). For both types of grammatical alternations, we controlled for formal and meaning aspects involved in their processing. Longer reading times in the changed condition compared to the identical condition indicated retention of the grammatical information conveyed in the first sentence. Non-native participants showed stronger retention effects when salient formal changes were involved, whereas native speakers were more sensitive to changes based on conceptual/meaning differences. Our study provides novel insights into which components of grammatical features drive their retention in the memory of non-native and native readers.

在两个眼动追踪实验中，我们研究了形式和意义方面如何影响语法信息的保留。母语为德语的人（N = 64）和非母语为德语的人（N = 63）阅读句子对。第二个句子在12-16个中间句子之后出现，要么与第一个句子相同，要么改变了一个语法特征（时态、数字）。对于这两种类型的语法变化，我们控制了其处理过程中涉及的形式和意义方面。与相同条件下相比，改变条件下的阅读时间较长表明第一句所传达的语法信息得到了保留。当涉及显著的形式变化时，非母语参与者表现出更强的记忆效应，而母语人士对基于概念/意义差异的变化更为敏感。我们的研究对语法特征的哪些组成部分在非母语和母语读者的记忆中驱动它们的保留提供了新颖的见解。

引用次数: 0

The phonology of letter shapes: Feature economy and informativeness in 43 writing systems 字母形状的音韵：43种文字系统的特征、经济性和信息量

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104620

Yoolim Kim , Marc Allassonnière-Tang , Helena Miton , Olivier Morin

Differentiating letter shapes accurately is a core competence for any reader. Are letter shapes as distinctive as they could be? The visual shapes of letters, contrary to the phonemes of spoken languages, lack a unified description — an equivalent of the phonological features that describe most phonemes in the world’s languages. Using a gamified crowdsourcing approach, we elicited thousands of letter descriptions from lay people for the sets of letter shapes (the scripts) used in 43 diverse writing systems. Using 19,591 letter classifications, contributed by 1,683 participants, who were asked to sort the letters of each script repeatedly into two groups, we extracted a sufficient number of binary classifications (features) to provide a unique description for all letters in the 43 scripts. We show that scripts, compared to phoneme inventories, use more features to produce similar sets of distinct elements. Compared to the phoneme inventories of a large sample of the world’s languages dataset (the P-base dataset, collected by another team), our 43 scripts have lower feature economy (fewer symbols for a given number of features) and lower feature informativeness (a less balanced distribution of feature values). Compared to phonemes, letter shapes require more binary features for a complete description. These features are also less informative in letters than in phonemes: the chances that two random letters in a script differ on any given feature are low. Letter shapes, which have more degrees of freedom than speech sounds, use those degrees of freedom less efficiently.

准确区分字母的形状是任何读者的核心能力。字母的形状有那么独特吗？与口头语言的音素相反，字母的视觉形状缺乏统一的描述——这相当于世界上大多数语言中描述音素的音位特征。使用游戏化的众包方法，我们从外行人那里收集了成千上万的字母描述，用于43种不同的书写系统中。使用由1,683名参与者提供的19,591个字母分类，他们被要求将每个脚本的字母重复分为两组，我们提取了足够数量的二元分类（特征），以提供43个脚本中所有字母的唯一描述。我们表明，与音素清单相比，脚本使用更多的特征来产生相似的不同元素集。与世界语言数据集（p基数据集，由另一个团队收集）的大量样本的音素清单相比，我们的43个脚本具有较低的特征经济性（给定数量的特征较少的符号）和较低的特征信息性（特征值的不平衡分布）。与音素相比，字母形状需要更多的二进制特征来完成完整的描述。与音素相比，字母的这些特征提供的信息量更少：一个文字中两个随机字母在任何给定特征上不同的几率很低。字母形状比语音有更多的自由度，但使用这些自由度的效率较低。

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引用次数: 0

The contribution of learning and memory processes to verb-specific syntactic processing 学习和记忆过程对动词特定句法加工的贡献

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104595

Lewis V. Ball , Matthew H.C. Mak , Rachel Ryskin , Adam J. Curtis , Jennifer M. Rodd , M. Gareth Gaskell

Certain aspects of lexical knowledge can be primed by recent usage, with effects observed up to 24 h later in some circumstances. Here, we used syntactically ambiguous sentences (“The man hit/chose the dog with the stick”) to explore the longevity of priming of syntactic structure. Some verbs provide a bias towards an instrument interpretation (the stick was used to hit the dog), whilst others are biased towards the modifier interpretation (the man chose the dog that possessed the stick). Experiment 1 revealed an effect of pre-existing verb bias on resolving syntactic ambiguities. In Experiment 2, we primed specific verbs towards their dispreferred interpretation in an exposure phase (e.g., hit was primed to the modifier interpretation). ∼ 20 min later, the same verbs, along with unprimed verbs, were encountered in syntactically ambiguous contexts in a test phase. Exposure to the dispreferred interpretation in the exposure phase increased the preference for the same interpretation in the test phase, particularly for instrument-biased verbs. In Experiment 3, the exposure and test phases were separated by a ∼ 12-hour interval that included sleep. No overall effect of exposure was found, but again a simple effect of priming was found for instrument-biased verbs. Finally, in Experiment 4 using a sentence completion task, we found that instrument-biased verbs had significantly stronger pre-existing biases, which we discuss as a possible explanation for the imbalance in priming between verb bias conditions. Our results suggest verb-bias priming is maintained over relatively long periods such as 20 min, and possibly as long as 12 h, consistent with a contribution of episodic memory to maintenance of verb-specific syntactic biases.

词汇知识的某些方面可以通过最近的使用来启动，在某些情况下可以在24小时后观察到效果。在这里，我们使用句法歧义句（“The man hit/chose The dog with The stick”）来探索句法结构启动的寿命。一些动词倾向于工具解释（棍子是用来打狗的），而另一些动词倾向于修饰语解释（男人选择了拥有棍子的狗）。实验1揭示了先存动词偏误对句法歧义消解的影响。在实验2中，我们在暴露阶段启动特定动词，使其倾向于不受欢迎的解释（例如，hit被启动到修饰语解释）。大约20分钟后，在测试阶段，同样的动词和未启动的动词在句法模糊的语境中遇到。在暴露阶段暴露于不受欢迎的解释增加了在测试阶段对相同解释的偏好，特别是对工具偏向动词。在实验3中，暴露阶段和测试阶段之间间隔约12小时，其中包括睡眠。没有发现暴露的总体影响，但对于工具偏向动词，又发现了一个简单的启动效应。最后，在使用句子补全任务的实验4中，我们发现工具偏见动词具有显著更强的预先存在偏见，我们讨论了这可能是动词偏见条件之间启动不平衡的解释。我们的研究结果表明，动词偏误启动维持的时间相对较长，如20分钟，可能长达12小时，这与情景记忆对维持动词特定句法偏误的贡献是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

Contribution of prior linguistic knowledge to L3 phonological perception and production 先验语言知识对L3语音感知和产生的贡献

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104600

Tal Norman, Anat Prior , Tamar Degani

Adult phonological processing may be affected by previous linguistic knowledge. Here, we examine how phonological perception and production in a third-language (L3) are affected by multilinguals’ first- (L1) and second-languages (L2). To this end, Arabic-Hebrew-English trilinguals (n = 41) completed an oddity (perception) task and a word repetition (production) task in English (the L3). Critically, word pairs (n = 96) targeted phonological contrasts that overlap between English and Arabic (L1), English and Hebrew (L2), English and both Arabic and Hebrew (Both) or exist uniquely in English (None). Results showed that words including phonological contrasts that exist in L1 Arabic (L1 & Both conditions) were perceived more accurately than those that do not exist in the L1 (L2 & None conditions). This pattern cannot be the mere result of item characteristics, because using the same items, a control group of Hebrew-English bilinguals (n = 39) responded more accurately when phonological contrasts overlapped with Hebrew (their L1). We further verified that the L2 contrasts had at least partially been acquired in the L2, by testing an additional group of trilinguals (n = 27), who performed above chance on these contrasts when embedded in an L2 task. Judgments collected from monolingual English evaluators revealed that trilingual productions exhibited the same pattern as that observed in perception, with more intelligible productions of contrasts which overlap with the L1, but not with the L2. Thus, multilinguals appear to draw on their L1 knowledge, but not on their L2 knowledge, while processing phonological information in the L3. The findings further underscore the relation between phonological perception and production in the L3.

成人的语音加工可能受到先前语言知识的影响。在这里，我们研究了多语言者的第一语言（L1）和第二语言（L2）如何影响第三语言（L3）的语音感知和产生。为此，阿拉伯语-希伯来语-英语三语者（n = 41）完成了英语（L3）的奇怪（感知）任务和单词重复（产生）任务。关键的是，单词对（n = 96）针对英语和阿拉伯语（L1）、英语和希伯来语（L2）、英语和阿拉伯语和希伯来语（both）之间重叠的语音对比，或者英语中唯一存在的语音对比（None）。结果表明，包含语音对比的单词在母语阿拉伯语中存在(L1 &；这两种情况)比L1中不存在的情况(L2 &；没有条件)。这种模式不可能仅仅是项目特征的结果，因为使用相同的项目，当语音对比与希伯来语（他们的母语）重叠时，对照组的希伯来语-英语双语者（n = 39）的反应更准确。通过测试另外一组三语者（n = 27），我们进一步验证了第二语言对比至少部分是在第二语言中获得的，这些三语者在被嵌入第二语言任务时在这些对比上的表现高于机会。从单语英语评估者收集的判断显示，三语产生的结果与感知中观察到的模式相同，与第一语言重叠的对比产生更容易理解，而与第二语言重叠的对比产生更容易理解。因此，多语者在处理第三语言的语音信息时，似乎利用了他们的第一语言知识，而不是第二语言知识。研究结果进一步强调了L3语音感知和语音产生之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Flexible utilization of spatial representation formats in working Memory: Evidence from both small-scale and large-scale environments 工作记忆中空间表征格式的灵活运用：来自小尺度和大尺度环境的证据

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104587

Wei Chen , Wenwen Li , Yushang Huang , Xiaowei Ding

Extensive studies have examined spatial representations in working memory (WM). However, their format and consistency across laboratory and large-scale environments remain less understood. Drawing insights from perception research, we proposed two hypotheses regarding the formats: polar coordinates and Cartesian coordinates, and examined these hypotheses in both small-scale and large-scale environments by error correlation analysis. Participants memorized target locations and reproduced them on a computer screen or navigated to corresponding locations in a virtual reality environment. The results revealed that participants defaulted to using polar coordinates to represent space in both environments, rather than Cartesian coordinates. Moreover, the spatial representation format proved flexible. In laboratory settings with grid-like memory contexts, participants tended to adopt Cartesian representations, with the encoding phase playing a more crucial role than the response phase. In large-scale environments, an indirect response type prompted participants to adopt Cartesian representations. Overall, our study underscores the prevalence and flexibility of polar representations for space in WM.

对工作记忆（WM）中的空间表征进行了广泛的研究。然而，它们在实验室和大规模环境中的格式和一致性仍然知之甚少。根据感知研究的见解，我们提出了两种格式的假设：极坐标和笛卡尔坐标，并通过误差相关分析在小尺度和大尺度环境中检验了这些假设。参与者记住目标位置，并在计算机屏幕上再现它们，或者在虚拟现实环境中导航到相应的位置。结果显示，在这两种环境中，参与者都默认使用极坐标来表示空间，而不是笛卡尔坐标。此外，空间表示格式被证明是灵活的。在网格记忆情境的实验环境中，参与者倾向于采用笛卡尔表征，编码阶段比反应阶段发挥更重要的作用。在大规模环境中，间接反应类型促使参与者采用笛卡尔表征。总的来说，我们的研究强调了WM中空间极性表示的普遍性和灵活性。

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引用次数: 0

Individual differences in state and trait mind-wandering influence episodic memory encoding and retrieval dynamics 状态和特质走神的个体差异影响情景记忆编码和检索动态

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104604

Dillon H. Murphy, Gene A. Brewer

Mind-wandering is a cognitive state in which attention shifts away from a primary task to unrelated thoughts, often occurring without the individual’s awareness, and there may be both a state and trait component of mind-wandering such that some people may have a higher propensity to mind wander. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between mind-wandering and episodic memory, distinguishing between mind-wandering as a transient state versus a trait, individual differences characteristic. Specifically, through two individual differences experiments involving word list learning tasks, we explored how both state and trait mind-wandering affect overall memory performance and the dynamics of retrieval. Results indicated that state mind-wandering negatively correlated with recall and uniquely predicted memory outcomes. Additionally, participants prone to state mind-wandering showed a decreased likelihood of initiating recall with the first word studied. In contrast, while both state and trait mind-wandering were negatively associated with recall performance, trait mind-wandering did not uniquely influence memory performance. Moreover, evidence suggested that high trait mind-wandering may impair the lag-recency effect, indicating challenges in leveraging temporal contextual cues for memory retrieval. These findings suggest that while in-the-moment mind-wandering can disrupt memory formation, a predisposition towards mind-wandering does not necessarily impair memory ability but may impact the dynamics of retrieval.

走神是一种认知状态，在这种状态下，注意力从主要任务转移到不相关的想法上，通常在个人意识不到的情况下发生。走神可能既有状态成分，也有特征成分，因此有些人可能更倾向于走神。在本研究中，我们探讨了走神与情景记忆之间的关系，区分了走神作为一种短暂状态与一种特质、个体差异特征之间的关系。具体而言，我们通过两个涉及词表学习任务的个体差异实验，探讨了状态和特质走神对整体记忆表现和检索动态的影响。结果表明，状态走神与回忆负相关，并能唯一预测记忆结果。此外，倾向于走神状态的参与者对研究的第一个单词进行回忆的可能性降低。相比之下，虽然状态走神和特质走神都与回忆表现呈负相关，但特质走神并不是唯一影响记忆表现的因素。此外，有证据表明，高特质走神可能会损害滞后效应，这表明在利用时间上下文线索进行记忆检索方面存在挑战。这些发现表明，虽然瞬间走神会破坏记忆的形成，但走神的倾向并不一定会损害记忆能力，但可能会影响检索的动态。

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引用次数: 0

The separability of early vocabulary and grammar knowledge 早期词汇和语法知识的可分离性

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104586

Seamus Donnelly , Evan Kidd , Jay Verkuilen , Caroline Rowland

A long-standing question in language development concerns the nature of the relationship between early lexical and grammatical knowledge. The very strong correlation between the two has led some to argue that lexical and grammatical knowledge may be inseparable, consistent with psycholinguistic theories that eschew a distinction between the two systems. However, little research has explicitly examined whether early lexical and grammatical knowledge are statistically separable. Moreover, there are two under-appreciated methodological challenges in such research. First, the relationship between lexical and grammatical knowledge may change during development. Second, non-linear mappings between true and observed scores on scales of lexical and grammatical knowledge could lead to spurious multidimensionality. In the present study, we overcome these challenges by using vocabulary and grammar data from several developmental time points and a statistical method robust to such non-linear mappings. In Study 1, we examined item-level vocabulary and grammar data from two American English samples from a large online repository of data from studies employing a commonly used language development scale. We found clear evidence that vocabulary and grammar were separable by two years of age. In Study 2, we combined data from two longitudinal studies of language acquisition that used the same scale (at 18/19, 21, 24 and 30 months) and found evidence that vocabulary and grammar were, under some conditions, separable by 18 months. Results indicate that, while there is clearly a very strong relationship between vocabulary and grammar knowledge in early language development, the two are separable. Implications for the mechanisms underlying language development are discussed.

语言发展中一个长期存在的问题是早期词汇和语法知识之间关系的本质。这两者之间非常强的相关性导致一些人认为词汇和语法知识可能是不可分割的，这与避免区分这两个系统的心理语言学理论是一致的。然而，很少有研究明确地考察早期词汇和语法知识是否在统计上是可分离的。此外，在此类研究中存在两个未被充分认识的方法论挑战。首先，词汇和语法知识之间的关系在发展过程中可能会发生变化。其次，在词汇和语法知识的量表上，真实得分和观察得分之间的非线性映射可能导致虚假的多维性。在本研究中，我们通过使用来自多个发展时间点的词汇和语法数据以及对这种非线性映射具有鲁棒性的统计方法来克服这些挑战。在研究1中，我们检查了两个美国英语样本的项目级词汇和语法数据，这些样本来自使用常用语言发展量表的研究的大型在线数据库。我们发现明确的证据表明，词汇和语法在两岁时是可分离的。在研究2中，我们结合了使用相同尺度（18/19、21、24和30个月）的两项语言习得纵向研究的数据，发现在某些情况下，词汇和语法在18个月时是可分离的。结果表明，虽然词汇和语法知识在早期语言发展中明显存在很强的关系，但两者是可分离的。讨论了语言发展机制的含义。

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引用次数: 0

Do syntactic and semantic similarity lead to interference effects? Evidence from self-paced reading and event-related potentials using German 语法和语义的相似性会导致干扰效应吗？使用德语进行自定节奏阅读和事件相关电位的证据

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104599

Pia Schoknecht , Himanshu Yadav , Shravan Vasishth

Cue-based retrieval accounts of sentence processing postulate that at a verb, retrieval cues are generated to complete a dependency with the verb’s argument(s); for example, the dependency between the subject and the verb must be completed. If these retrieval cues match with not only the subject but also with those on other nouns in the sentence, then processing difficulty arises at the verb. This difficulty in identifying the correct dependent is called similarity-based interference. We present relatively large-sample self-paced reading and event-related potentials experiments using a well-established design to investigate interference due to syntactic and semantic cues in German. In this design, the syntactic cue {+subject} and the semantic cue {+animate} are manipulated. Bayes factors analyses showed evidence for a semantic interference effect in both experiments. Surprisingly, Bayes factors provided evidence against interference due to the syntactic cue {+grammatical subject} in this particular design in both experiments. This finding contradicts the predictions of the standard implementations of cue-based retrieval theory, which (implicitly) assumes that both syntactic and semantic cues play an equal role in retrieval. We show through computational modeling that cue-based retrieval will also show no syntactic interference in the present design if the parser is assumed to keep track of which clause the subject occurs in. Thus, if syntactic retrieval cues include hierarchical syntactic information (is the noun in the same clause as the verb?), the cue-based retrieval model would exhibit patterns consistent with the observed patterns in our data.

基于线索的句子处理检索帐户假设，在一个动词，检索线索被生成，以完成与动词的参数的依赖关系；例如，主语和动词之间的依赖关系必须完成。如果这些检索线索不仅与主语匹配，而且与句子中其他名词的检索线索匹配，则在动词处出现处理困难。这种识别正确依赖的困难被称为基于相似性的干扰。我们提出了相对大样本的自定节奏阅读和事件相关电位实验，使用一个完善的设计来调查由于句法和语义线索在德语中的干扰。在本设计中，对句法线索{+subject}和语义线索{+animate}进行了操作。贝叶斯因子分析表明，在两个实验中都存在语义干扰效应。令人惊讶的是，在这两个实验中，贝叶斯因子都提供了证据，证明在这个特定的设计中，由于句法线索{+语法主语}的干扰。这一发现与基于线索的检索理论的标准实现的预测相矛盾，该理论（隐含地）假设句法和语义线索在检索中发挥同等作用。我们通过计算建模表明，如果假定解析器跟踪主语出现在哪个子句中，那么基于线索的检索在当前设计中也不会显示出语法干扰。因此，如果句法检索线索包括分层语法信息（名词是否与动词在同一个子句中？），那么基于线索的检索模型将显示与我们数据中观察到的模式一致的模式。

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引用次数: 0

Individual differences and 11-year longitudinal changes in older adults’ prospective memory: A comparison with episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge 老年人前瞻记忆的个体差异和11年纵向变化：与情景记忆、工作记忆、加工速度和言语知识的比较

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104602

Sascha Zuber , Matthias Kliegel , Vera Schumacher , Mike Martin , Paolo Ghisletta , Sebastian Horn

Prospective Memory (PM; remembering intended actions after a delay) represents a core ability contributing to everyday functioning and independence in older adulthood. Despite its high relevance for successful aging, the understanding of individual differences in level and within-person change of PM in older adulthood is currently limited. Using longitudinal data from initially 364 older adults (between 65 and 80 years of age at wave 1; 46 % female) across four waves of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging, we examined (a) individual differences and (b) longitudinal change in PM performance over up to 11 years, (c) compared differences and change in PM with other central variables of cognitive functioning (episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, verbal knowledge), and (d) explored the effect of key sociodemographic variables (education, income, sex, health) on PM. Linear mixed modeling with Bayesian estimation indicated substantial individual differences in cognitive performance, with by far the highest variability in PM. Longitudinal age-related decreases were largest for working memory and cognitive speed, relatively small for PM, while verbal knowledge remained stable. Individual differences in age-related changes in performance were only observed for processing speed and verbal knowledge, but not for PM. This pattern remained after considering various cognitive and sociodemographic covariates. This is the first longitudinal study of PM that allows an in-depth examination of individual differences in both level and change in PM with comparison to other key cognitive abilities across older adulthood. The findings highlight the complex interplay between cognitive abilities, individual differences, and development across older adulthood, with implications for understanding cognitive aging.

前瞻记忆；在延迟后记住预期的动作)是一种有助于老年人日常运作和独立的核心能力。尽管PM与成功衰老有很高的相关性，但目前对老年人PM水平和体内变化的个体差异的理解有限。使用最初364名老年人的纵向数据(第一波65 - 80岁；在苏黎世认知衰老纵向研究的四波中，我们检查了(a)个体差异和(b)长达11年的PM表现的纵向变化，(c)比较PM与认知功能的其他中心变量（情景记忆、工作记忆、处理速度、言语知识）的差异和变化，以及(d)探索关键社会人口变量（教育、收入、性别、健康）对PM的影响。贝叶斯估计的线性混合模型表明认知表现存在显著的个体差异，到目前为止，PM的可变性最大。纵向年龄相关的下降最大的是工作记忆和认知速度，相对较小的是PM，而口头知识保持稳定。年龄相关表现变化的个体差异仅在处理速度和语言知识方面观察到，而在PM方面没有观察到。在考虑了各种认知和社会人口协变量后，这种模式仍然存在。这是第一次对PM的纵向研究，可以深入检查PM水平和变化的个体差异，并与老年人的其他关键认知能力进行比较。这些发现强调了认知能力、个体差异和老年人发展之间复杂的相互作用，对理解认知衰老具有启示意义。

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引用次数: 0