The abundance of parasitoids in the oil palm plantation is greatly influenced by the host and food availability. However, studies on the main diet or food sources of the adult parasitoid wasp, Dolichogenidea metesae of the oil palm pest, Metisa plana is still lacking. This study investigated the diet of adult D. metesae sampled from Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and non-GAP plantations through metagenomic analysis by using a trnL marker. A total of 761 145 food plant trnL sequences were generated from 12 samples of the parasitoids collected from four plantations. No significant differences (p=0.683) were observed for diversity (Shannon-Wiener index (H’) of 0.12-1.22, p=0.68) among the total 62 OTU’s of the food plant species when compared between the GAP and Non-GAP plantations. Polygonaceae was the most abundant plant family (59.95%), followed by Asteraceae (10.15%) and Acanthaceae (7.51%). The Antigonon leptopus , Paraprenanthes oligolepis , Asystasiella neesiana and wild banana ( Musa itinerans ) were among the most dominant plant species consumed by adult D. metesae . We recommend that these dominant food plant species for the D. metesae should be planted widely in the oil palm plantations to enhance the population abundance of D. metesae for successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices.
{"title":"METABARCODING IN DIET ASSESSMENT OF ADULT PARASITOID SPECIES, Dolichogenidea metesae (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) TOWARDS ITS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE OIL PALM PLANTATION","authors":"Fuat Salbi","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0070","url":null,"abstract":"The abundance of parasitoids in the oil palm plantation is greatly influenced by the host and food availability. However, studies on the main diet or food sources of the adult parasitoid wasp, Dolichogenidea metesae of the oil palm pest, Metisa plana is still lacking. This study investigated the diet of adult D. metesae sampled from Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and non-GAP plantations through metagenomic analysis by using a trnL marker. A total of 761 145 food plant trnL sequences were generated from 12 samples of the parasitoids collected from four plantations. No significant differences (p=0.683) were observed for diversity (Shannon-Wiener index (H’) of 0.12-1.22, p=0.68) among the total 62 OTU’s of the food plant species when compared between the GAP and Non-GAP plantations. Polygonaceae was the most abundant plant family (59.95%), followed by Asteraceae (10.15%) and Acanthaceae (7.51%). The Antigonon leptopus , Paraprenanthes oligolepis , Asystasiella neesiana and wild banana ( Musa itinerans ) were among the most dominant plant species consumed by adult D. metesae . We recommend that these dominant food plant species for the D. metesae should be planted widely in the oil palm plantations to enhance the population abundance of D. metesae for successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44947208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A predictive model was devised for the estimation of the Kamlet-Taft (KT) dipolarity/polarisability (π*) parameter for binary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) and co-solvent. The model allows the selection of the best co-solvent for the extraction of tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol were separately used as co-solvents in the range of 0.05 - 0.15 mL/g for the experimental set-up at 20 MPa and 53°C for 300 min and a CO 2 flow rate of 32 ± 5 g/min. The model’s estimations of π* for all these binary mixtures followed the trends for the extraction of tocotrienols. The π* values increased with the concentration of co-solvent in the binary system and tocotrienol extraction was directly proportional to the π* value, but only up to a particular value. Of the three co-solvents tested, ethanol was predicted to be the best to enhance tocotrienol extraction. With a 0.075 mL/g of ethanol, the extraction yield was 30.03 a ± 0.03 mg/g, more than that achieved with pure scCO 2 (16.45 b ± 2.02 mg/g).
{"title":"CO-SOLVENT SELECTION FOR TOCOTRIENOL EXTRACTION FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE","authors":"N. Othman","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0071","url":null,"abstract":"A predictive model was devised for the estimation of the Kamlet-Taft (KT) dipolarity/polarisability (π*) parameter for binary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) and co-solvent. The model allows the selection of the best co-solvent for the extraction of tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol were separately used as co-solvents in the range of 0.05 - 0.15 mL/g for the experimental set-up at 20 MPa and 53°C for 300 min and a CO 2 flow rate of 32 ± 5 g/min. The model’s estimations of π* for all these binary mixtures followed the trends for the extraction of tocotrienols. The π* values increased with the concentration of co-solvent in the binary system and tocotrienol extraction was directly proportional to the π* value, but only up to a particular value. Of the three co-solvents tested, ethanol was predicted to be the best to enhance tocotrienol extraction. With a 0.075 mL/g of ethanol, the extraction yield was 30.03 a ± 0.03 mg/g, more than that achieved with pure scCO 2 (16.45 b ± 2.02 mg/g).","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48947603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cultivation of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) trees is one of the most important agricultural activities and a major sector of economic development in Thailand. However, oil palm trees are susceptible to diseases that can decrease the profitability of the business. Decreasing productivity sometimes triggers an expansion of the cultivated area, which is often negatively affecting surrounding natural habitats. Remote sensing technology has increasingly been used for investigating, detecting and mapping plant related traits. This study aims to use concurrently acquired Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) field survey and ground observation data to identify the characteristics of oil palm trees based on three controlled sites (namely healthy, diseased and mixed oil palm tree areas). The GNDVI, NDVI, NDI45, RVI, MSAVI and MTCI vegetation indices (VI) were used as a predictor of plant biomass and indicator of oil palm tree disturbance. A linear regression model was applied to each of the derived VIs to determine the index with the strongest relationship to biomass for each of the three sites. The outcome of this study showed; (1) that the most effective indicators were NDVI for the healthy oil palm area and RVI index for the diseased oil palm area (R 2 = 0.48 and 0.68, respectively), and (2) the MSAVI provided the best R 2 value in patterns correlated to the greenness of vegetation for the mixed oil palm tree areas (R 2 = 0.44). Moreover, the results show that the overall Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification accuracy is 72.97%, with the kappa coefficient is 0.56 for the healthy oil palm area, 64.16% and 0.40 for the diseased oil palm area and 50.00% and 0.37 for the mixed oil palm area. A concurrent UAV survey based on the visible and Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) bands and SVM classification provided higher overall accuracy compared to the Sentinel-2 SVM classification.
{"title":"EXPLORING SENTINEL-2 SATELLITE IMAGERY-BASED VEGETATION INDICES FOR CLASSIFYING HEALTHY AND DISEASED OIL PALM TREES","authors":"N. Nuthammachot","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0068","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) trees is one of the most important agricultural activities and a major sector of economic development in Thailand. However, oil palm trees are susceptible to diseases that can decrease the profitability of the business. Decreasing productivity sometimes triggers an expansion of the cultivated area, which is often negatively affecting surrounding natural habitats. Remote sensing technology has increasingly been used for investigating, detecting and mapping plant related traits. This study aims to use concurrently acquired Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) field survey and ground observation data to identify the characteristics of oil palm trees based on three controlled sites (namely healthy, diseased and mixed oil palm tree areas). The GNDVI, NDVI, NDI45, RVI, MSAVI and MTCI vegetation indices (VI) were used as a predictor of plant biomass and indicator of oil palm tree disturbance. A linear regression model was applied to each of the derived VIs to determine the index with the strongest relationship to biomass for each of the three sites. The outcome of this study showed; (1) that the most effective indicators were NDVI for the healthy oil palm area and RVI index for the diseased oil palm area (R 2 = 0.48 and 0.68, respectively), and (2) the MSAVI provided the best R 2 value in patterns correlated to the greenness of vegetation for the mixed oil palm tree areas (R 2 = 0.44). Moreover, the results show that the overall Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification accuracy is 72.97%, with the kappa coefficient is 0.56 for the healthy oil palm area, 64.16% and 0.40 for the diseased oil palm area and 50.00% and 0.37 for the mixed oil palm area. A concurrent UAV survey based on the visible and Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) bands and SVM classification provided higher overall accuracy compared to the Sentinel-2 SVM classification.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46856269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Up to now, many studies have been trying to reveal the impact of oil palm plantations on tropical peat on the global carbon (C) balance. Although there are some publications on soil respiration in oil palm plantations on peat soil, information on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from palm litter (pruned fronds) decomposition is limited. Therefore, we quantified the CO 2 emissions through frond decomposition in two different mature oil palm plantations established on peat, an industrial plantation in Riau and a smallholder plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. Frond decomposition was measured using a litter bag method and the decomposition rate constant was determined using a negative exponential equation. Annual CO 2 emissions from frond decomposition were estimated at 1.48 and 1.12 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively, in industrial and smallholder plantations. As a result, CO 2 emissions from frond decomposition accounted for 10%-14% of heterotrophic respiration from mature oil palm plantations on tropical peat.
到目前为止，许多研究都试图揭示油棕种植对热带泥炭对全球碳(C)平衡的影响。虽然有一些关于泥炭土壤上油棕种植园土壤呼吸的出版物，但关于棕榈凋落物(修剪后的叶子)分解产生的二氧化碳(CO 2)排放的信息有限。因此，我们通过在两个不同的泥炭上建立的成熟油棕种植园，廖内省的一个工业种植园和印度尼西亚占比的一个小农种植园，通过叶子分解量化了CO 2排放量。采用凋落物袋法测定叶片分解，采用负指数方程确定分解速率常数。在工业和小农人工林中，叶分解产生的co2年排放量估计分别为1.48和1.12 Mg C ha - 1 year - 1。因此，来自叶分解的二氧化碳排放量占热带泥炭上成熟油棕种植园异养呼吸的10%-14%。
{"title":"CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FROND DECOMPOSITION IN OIL PALM PLANTATIONS ON TROPICAL PEAT","authors":"N. Wakhid","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0067","url":null,"abstract":"Up to now, many studies have been trying to reveal the impact of oil palm plantations on tropical peat on the global carbon (C) balance. Although there are some publications on soil respiration in oil palm plantations on peat soil, information on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from palm litter (pruned fronds) decomposition is limited. Therefore, we quantified the CO 2 emissions through frond decomposition in two different mature oil palm plantations established on peat, an industrial plantation in Riau and a smallholder plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. Frond decomposition was measured using a litter bag method and the decomposition rate constant was determined using a negative exponential equation. Annual CO 2 emissions from frond decomposition were estimated at 1.48 and 1.12 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively, in industrial and smallholder plantations. As a result, CO 2 emissions from frond decomposition accounted for 10%-14% of heterotrophic respiration from mature oil palm plantations on tropical peat.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48982850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-step dry fractionation of palm oil generates fractions with specific physicochemical properties suitable for many food formulations. The present study addresses the pilot scale production of palm olein iodine value 56 starting from palm oil. The aim was to investigate the influence of the tri-saturated triacylglycerol content (StStSt) in palm oil on its crystallisation behaviour. Four StStSt contents were investigated: 7.0%, 7.6%, 8.2% and 9.8%, and the palm oil crystallisation was examined during a period of 240 min. Oil temperatures were recorded, and crystallisation kinetics were monitored by p-NMR; crystal morphology and polymorphic forms were characterised by optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. One of the compositions (StStSt: 7.6%) was crystallising faster. All the crystallised matrices were filtered at 25°C with a membrane press filter; the olein yields, iodine values, cloud points and triacylglycerol compositions were analysed. The olein from the matrix crystallising faster showed a yield, an iodine value and a cloud point higher than expected. A more detailed HPLC analysis of this olein indicated unusual enrichment in OPP and depletion in OPO, which led to the conclusion of an unusual crystallisation behaviour at this specific composition.
{"title":"PECULIAR CRYSTALLISATION BEHAVIOUR OF PALM OIL DURING DRY FRACTIONATION","authors":"C. G.","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0066","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-step dry fractionation of palm oil generates fractions with specific physicochemical properties suitable for many food formulations. The present study addresses the pilot scale production of palm olein iodine value 56 starting from palm oil. The aim was to investigate the influence of the tri-saturated triacylglycerol content (StStSt) in palm oil on its crystallisation behaviour. Four StStSt contents were investigated: 7.0%, 7.6%, 8.2% and 9.8%, and the palm oil crystallisation was examined during a period of 240 min. Oil temperatures were recorded, and crystallisation kinetics were monitored by p-NMR; crystal morphology and polymorphic forms were characterised by optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. One of the compositions (StStSt: 7.6%) was crystallising faster. All the crystallised matrices were filtered at 25°C with a membrane press filter; the olein yields, iodine values, cloud points and triacylglycerol compositions were analysed. The olein from the matrix crystallising faster showed a yield, an iodine value and a cloud point higher than expected. A more detailed HPLC analysis of this olein indicated unusual enrichment in OPP and depletion in OPO, which led to the conclusion of an unusual crystallisation behaviour at this specific composition.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The choice of mulching or topsoil covering material for the retardation of soil water loss through evaporation requires a good knowledge of thermal properties of the material. Peduncle of oil palm empty fruit bunch was obtained from some local oil palm processing units in Uyo, soaked in water and air-dried completely before shaping and subjecting samples to various laboratory tests. The bulk density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, volumetric heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal effusivity, and solar radiation absorptivity of the sample were found to be (332.59 ± 0.65) kg m –3 , (269.54 ± 1.28)%, (0.078 ± 0.001) W m –1 K –1 , (1552.56 ± 1.56) J kg –1 K –1 , (0.516 ± 0.001) MJ m –3 K –1 , (1.51 ± 0.01) 10 –7 m 2 s –1 , (200.42 ± 1.33) J m -2 K -1 s -1/2 and (15.54 ± 0.05) m -1 respectively in the longitudinal direction whereas the respective values were found to be (332.54 ± 0.68) kg m –3 , (269.51 ± 1.27)%, (0.042 ± 0.001) W m –1 K –1 , (1553.38 ± 0.44) J kg –1 K –1 , (0.517 ± 0.001) MJ m –3 K –1 , (0.82 ± 0.01) 10 –7 m 2 s –1 , (147.98 ± 1.57) J m –2 K –1 s –1/2 and (21.06 ± 0.18) m –1 in the transverse direction. The results of the tests favour the peduncle as a potential mulching material for retardation of soil water loss through evaporation and a slow response to changes in its thermal environment.
{"title":"THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH PEDUNCLE FOR USE AS A MULCHING MATERIAL","authors":"Sunday Edet Etuk","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0065","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of mulching or topsoil covering material for the retardation of soil water loss through evaporation requires a good knowledge of thermal properties of the material. Peduncle of oil palm empty fruit bunch was obtained from some local oil palm processing units in Uyo, soaked in water and air-dried completely before shaping and subjecting samples to various laboratory tests. The bulk density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, volumetric heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal effusivity, and solar radiation absorptivity of the sample were found to be (332.59 ± 0.65) kg m –3 , (269.54 ± 1.28)%, (0.078 ± 0.001) W m –1 K –1 , (1552.56 ± 1.56) J kg –1 K –1 , (0.516 ± 0.001) MJ m –3 K –1 , (1.51 ± 0.01) 10 –7 m 2 s –1 , (200.42 ± 1.33) J m -2 K -1 s -1/2 and (15.54 ± 0.05) m -1 respectively in the longitudinal direction whereas the respective values were found to be (332.54 ± 0.68) kg m –3 , (269.51 ± 1.27)%, (0.042 ± 0.001) W m –1 K –1 , (1553.38 ± 0.44) J kg –1 K –1 , (0.517 ± 0.001) MJ m –3 K –1 , (0.82 ± 0.01) 10 –7 m 2 s –1 , (147.98 ± 1.57) J m –2 K –1 s –1/2 and (21.06 ± 0.18) m –1 in the transverse direction. The results of the tests favour the peduncle as a potential mulching material for retardation of soil water loss through evaporation and a slow response to changes in its thermal environment.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49235270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palm-based used cooking oil (UCO) is an inexpensive material that could be used as a bio-lubricant. However, its use as a bio-lubricant is limited by its inferior cold flow and oxidation stability properties. This study shows an approach to make bio-lubricant base oil from UCO that displayed good cold flow and oxidation stability. UCO was saponified and hydrolysed to yield a mixture of fatty acids, which was subsequently reacted with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to generate an estolide mixture with hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. The hydroxyl groups of the estolide mixture were end-capped with lauric acid, while its carboxylic acid groups were converted to either ester or amide functionality with 2-ethylhexanol and dibutylamine, respectively. Physicochemical properties evaluation revealed that the saturated branched structure of estolide ester and amide contributed to improved pour point (-12 o C) and better oxidation stability up to 200 o C as compared to UCO. Additionally, the estolide ester and amide exhibited a better viscosity index and pour point than a commercial mineral oil lubricant. The estolide ester can be classified as ISO VG 68 base oil, while the estolide amide displayed a higher viscosity grade (ISO VG 150) due to the presence of dibutylamide moiety.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ESTOLIDE ESTER AND AMIDE MADE FROM USED COOKING OIL AS BIO-LUBRICANT","authors":"Hoong SENG SOI","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0064","url":null,"abstract":"Palm-based used cooking oil (UCO) is an inexpensive material that could be used as a bio-lubricant. However, its use as a bio-lubricant is limited by its inferior cold flow and oxidation stability properties. This study shows an approach to make bio-lubricant base oil from UCO that displayed good cold flow and oxidation stability. UCO was saponified and hydrolysed to yield a mixture of fatty acids, which was subsequently reacted with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to generate an estolide mixture with hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. The hydroxyl groups of the estolide mixture were end-capped with lauric acid, while its carboxylic acid groups were converted to either ester or amide functionality with 2-ethylhexanol and dibutylamine, respectively. Physicochemical properties evaluation revealed that the saturated branched structure of estolide ester and amide contributed to improved pour point (-12 o C) and better oxidation stability up to 200 o C as compared to UCO. Additionally, the estolide ester and amide exhibited a better viscosity index and pour point than a commercial mineral oil lubricant. The estolide ester can be classified as ISO VG 68 base oil, while the estolide amide displayed a higher viscosity grade (ISO VG 150) due to the presence of dibutylamide moiety.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tissue culture through somatic embryogenesis is the best method to produce the true-to-type of an elite oil palm plantlet. However, the mechanism underlying this process in oil palm is still unknown. We aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins during oil palm somatic embryogenesis using embryogenic callus, somatic embryo maturation and plantlet stages. Total proteins were extracted followed by tryptic enzyme digestion. The tryptic digested peptides were examined by nano LC-MS/ MS. Identified proteins were classified based on biological process, molecular function, and cellular components. Twenty-seven differentially expressed proteins were validated at the transcript level using qRT-PCR. These proteins were involved in plant growth and development, gene regulation, signalling, hormone response, and stress response. Moreover, the differentially expressed proteins were categorised and reported as the candidate proteins for the development of biomarkers, which could be used to differentiate the embryo’s developmental stages. The information on identified proteins obtained from this study will serve as the foundation for the understanding of the oil palm somatic embryogenesis in the tissue culture process.
{"title":"PROTEOMICS OF OIL PALM SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS REVEALS THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PROTEINS AS CANDIDATES FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT","authors":"Kamolwan Khianchaikhan","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0062","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue culture through somatic embryogenesis is the best method to produce the true-to-type of an elite oil palm plantlet. However, the mechanism underlying this process in oil palm is still unknown. We aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins during oil palm somatic embryogenesis using embryogenic callus, somatic embryo maturation and plantlet stages. Total proteins were extracted followed by tryptic enzyme digestion. The tryptic digested peptides were examined by nano LC-MS/ MS. Identified proteins were classified based on biological process, molecular function, and cellular components. Twenty-seven differentially expressed proteins were validated at the transcript level using qRT-PCR. These proteins were involved in plant growth and development, gene regulation, signalling, hormone response, and stress response. Moreover, the differentially expressed proteins were categorised and reported as the candidate proteins for the development of biomarkers, which could be used to differentiate the embryo’s developmental stages. The information on identified proteins obtained from this study will serve as the foundation for the understanding of the oil palm somatic embryogenesis in the tissue culture process.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48510634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fungal genera have a wide range of natural and commercial applications. Apart from the pertinent role in the ecosystem, the antagonistic characteristics of the fungal species have been utilised as biological control agents (BCA) in plant disease management (PDM). PDM is an integral component of agriculture as millions of agricultural produces are lost due to plant diseases annually. With the current emphasis on sustainable developments in the agriculture sector globally, the green approach offers a safe control against plant pathogens. Disease suppression by fungal biological control agents (FBCAs) is also comparable to the synthetic chemical application due to the current advancement in technology. Alas, despite the huge number of candidates screened and identified as potential FBCAs, the commercialisation of these FBCAs does not succeed as anticipated. Therefore, this review comprehensively highlights and discusses fungal genera as BCA, and the necessary changes required in research and development to enhance PDM. The future research on PDM needs to shift from its current focus on traditional screening and targeting modes of action in FBCA to strengthening the formulation, effective delivery modes, microbial population persistence and influence of environmental parameters to achieve a successful control.
{"title":"FUNGI IN BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANT DISEASES: CURRENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE","authors":"S. Sundram","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0061","url":null,"abstract":"The fungal genera have a wide range of natural and commercial applications. Apart from the pertinent role in the ecosystem, the antagonistic characteristics of the fungal species have been utilised as biological control agents (BCA) in plant disease management (PDM). PDM is an integral component of agriculture as millions of agricultural produces are lost due to plant diseases annually. With the current emphasis on sustainable developments in the agriculture sector globally, the green approach offers a safe control against plant pathogens. Disease suppression by fungal biological control agents (FBCAs) is also comparable to the synthetic chemical application due to the current advancement in technology. Alas, despite the huge number of candidates screened and identified as potential FBCAs, the commercialisation of these FBCAs does not succeed as anticipated. Therefore, this review comprehensively highlights and discusses fungal genera as BCA, and the necessary changes required in research and development to enhance PDM. The future research on PDM needs to shift from its current focus on traditional screening and targeting modes of action in FBCA to strengthening the formulation, effective delivery modes, microbial population persistence and influence of environmental parameters to achieve a successful control.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47704526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is commonly conducted using visual inspection by trained workers who inspect the oil palm FFB according to the colour and the number of the loose fruits on the ground. However, this method is labour intensive and time consuming. In addition, the workers may misclassify the fruit’s ripeness due to the height of the tree, miscounting the loose fruits, unclear vision of the bunches on the tree and lighting conditions. Unripe or overripe bunches result in a less efficient palm oil refining process, low palm oil quality and profit losses. Non-destructive techniques can offer better solutions for ripeness classifications with higher accuracy. The techniques are field and lab spectroscopy, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, laser-light backscattering imaging and fruit battery sensor. Spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging and laser-light backscattering imaging techniques need to be deployed with a special set up which may not be suitable for real-time ripeness classification. Computer vision, using image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms allow real-time in-situ ripeness classification via mobile devices. This article aims to review the feasibility of each method to allow real-time in-situ ripeness classification of the oil palm fruit bunches with high accuracy.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE RIPENESS CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR OIL PALM FRESH FRUIT BUNCHES","authors":"Mohamed Yasser MOHAMED AHMED MANSOUR","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2022.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0063","url":null,"abstract":"Grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is commonly conducted using visual inspection by trained workers who inspect the oil palm FFB according to the colour and the number of the loose fruits on the ground. However, this method is labour intensive and time consuming. In addition, the workers may misclassify the fruit’s ripeness due to the height of the tree, miscounting the loose fruits, unclear vision of the bunches on the tree and lighting conditions. Unripe or overripe bunches result in a less efficient palm oil refining process, low palm oil quality and profit losses. Non-destructive techniques can offer better solutions for ripeness classifications with higher accuracy. The techniques are field and lab spectroscopy, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, laser-light backscattering imaging and fruit battery sensor. Spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging and laser-light backscattering imaging techniques need to be deployed with a special set up which may not be suitable for real-time ripeness classification. Computer vision, using image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms allow real-time in-situ ripeness classification via mobile devices. This article aims to review the feasibility of each method to allow real-time in-situ ripeness classification of the oil palm fruit bunches with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42019356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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