Journal of Obesity最新文献

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by excessive accumulation or uneven distribution of fat in the body, which poses a serious threat to health. Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing сonditions such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and some types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity, especially in childhood, has increased significantly worldwide over the past few decades. The World Health Organization predicts that 250 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years will be obese by 2030, which indicates a global problem with far-reaching consequences. Advances in genomic technologies have led to the identification of multiple genetic loci associated with the disease ranging from severe cases with early onset to common multifactorial polygenic forms. Epigenetic changes driven by dietary and lifestyle factors are now recognized as crucial contributors to obesity. These modifications can alter gene expression and thereby link environmental influences to the observable clinical features of the disease. Significant progress has been made in deciphering the genetic architecture of obesity, particularly in pediatric populations. However, further advancement requires integrative multiomics analyses that encompass genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and microbiome data. To better understand the complex molecular underpinnings and clinical variability of obesity, researchers are increasingly applying methods from machine learning and artificial intelligence. These technologies help analyze large-scale genomic and phenotypic datasets, allowing for the identification of biological pathways involved in weight regulation. In the future, this may support the design of individualized diagnostic tools and targeted treatment plans that reflect a patient's genetic profile, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. To implement the principles of personalized and precision medicine in the treatment of obesity, it is crucial to identify risk profiles by assessing multiple contributing factors. This approach not only enables the prediction of an individual's risk of obesity and its associated diseases but also facilitates the optimization of treatment based on the patient's genetic profile. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of childhood obesity, including its prevalence, genetic determinants, and pathophysiological mechanisms. It highlights the contribution of genetic factors to hereditary and syndromic forms, the role of gene-environment interactions (including nutrition and environmental pollutants), and the influence of epigenetic modifications on metabolic disturbances associated with polygenic obesity.

Background: There are inconsistent findings regarding the different metabolic phenotypes of obesity and associated risk factors. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature that has evaluated the relationship between genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors and metabolic heterogeneity in obese and normal-weight individuals. Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, the MEDLINE database (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar up to the beginning of April 2024. All observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort) were included. Results: Ninety-two studies were included. Of these studies, 20, 38, and 20 were evaluated for the association between genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors with metabolic phenotypes, respectively. Genetic background could be a significant factor in obesity's metabolic phenotypes. Unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, improper sleep habits, smoking, and alcohol consumption could be related to an increased risk of metabolic phenotypes. Conclusion: Environmental and nutritional factors can increase metabolic abnormalities. Metabolic phenotype categories are useful for predicting disease risk and for developing personalized diets and environmental interventions. These findings may help develop strategies to improve metabolic health.

Calcium signaling contributes to obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes. We herein investigated the effects of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitors on diet-induced obesity in mice. In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the administration of the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 and the glycolipid acremomannolipin A with the suppression of CaMKII phosphorylation reduced fat mass in the whole body, epididymal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue weights, and lipid accumulation in epididymal and subcutaneous white adipose tissues, but not muscle mass or bone mineral density at the tibia. Moreover, the administration of KN-93 and acremomannolipin A improved glucose intolerance in HFD-fed mice. In an in vitro study on preadipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and mouse adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, KN-93 and acremomannolipin A suppressed adipogenic differentiation, proliferation, and lipid accumulation. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that CaMKII inhibitors mitigated the development of diet-induced obesity in mice partly through the suppression of adipogenic differentiation, cell proliferation, and lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Inhibiting CaMKII could be a potential strategy for obesity treatment.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver condition resulting from metabolic syndrome characterized by fat accumulation in the liver. It is often associated with obesity and diabetes, contributing to hepatic steatosis in liver cells. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing globally, with 32% of the adult population affected. Genetic modifiers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, can increase susceptibility to the disease. Gene expression analysis and genetic variation can help identify disease-causing pathways and reveal biomarkers involved in NAFLD. This study employed integrative bioinformatics analysis, including bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq, to explore differentially expressed genes and their genetic variants in NAFLD vs. control and NAFLD vs. cirrhosis, highlighting genes influencing NAFLD progression. Moreover, this study identified AKR1D1, LIPC, UGT2B17, DGAT2, and SERPINE1 implicated in metabolic, immune, and lipid functions while being overexpressed in both hepatocyte cells among obese patients identified and validated through Liver Cell Atlas, highlighting their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease in obese patients through perturbed hepatocytes. Furthermore, novel pathogenic variants of AKR1D1, LIPC, and SERPINE1, associated with congenital bile acid synthesis defects, abnormal circulating lipid concentrations, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 deficiency conditions, were identified. Conclusively, this integrative multiomics study highlights the novel pathogenic variants of AKR1D1, LIPC, and SERPINE1 in metabolic, immune, and lipid pathways that are highly expressed among hepatocytes in obese patients while possibly carrying pathogenic mutations that may be associated with NAFLD, emphasizing their potential as novel targets for therapeutic strategies and biomarker development in early diagnosis and treatment before the onset of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.

The development of obesity is closely linked to genetic factors. Despite the identification of numerous genes associated with an increased risk of obesity in humans, a comprehensive understanding of their biological roles has not been achieved. In our extensive bioinformatics study, we identified 802 core genes implicated in obesity. Our protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that these genes form a tightly connected functional network primarily involved in neurological and metabolic regulatory processes. Moreover, our in-depth analysis of single-cell transcriptomic datasets from the human hypothalamus, pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, and liver has shed light on the distinct expression profiles of these obesity-linked genes across various tissue and cell types. This analysis also highlighted the biological processes they influence and the upstream transcriptional regulatory networks involved. Our study not only uncovers the complicated regulatory role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis and progression of obesity but also establishes a close link between the expression patterns and functional roles of these obesity-associated genes. This study provides crucial insights for advancing our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying obesity.

Background: Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) was historically a popular restrictive bariatric procedure, but long-term failure rates due to weight regain, stenosis, and gastroesophageal reflux have necessitated revisional interventions. One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), also known as mini-gastric bypass, has emerged as a viable revisional option due to its technical simplicity, lower complication rates, and promising metabolic outcomes. This study evaluates the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of OAGB as a revisional procedure following failed VBG, based on our center's experience and a review of the current literature. Methods: Seventy-one patients who underwent revisional OAGB after failed open VBG between February 2014 and February 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Three years outcomes regarding weight loss (the percentage of excess body weight loss (EBWL %) and change in body mass index (BMI)), co-morbidities resolution, morbidity, and mortality were assessed. Results: The EBWL % after revisional OAGB was 68.2 ± 9.4%, 65.9 ± 2.5%, and 59.6 ± 7.4% after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The mean BMI before revisional surgery was 41.8 ± 3.7 kg/m²,which decreased to 31.9 ± 4.2 kg/m² 3 years after the revisional surgery. After 1 year, there was a remarkable resolution of obesity-related co-morbidities, the remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 85.7%, and of hypertension was 80%. Remission of other comorbidities was also observed. Bile reflux was encountered in 6 cases (8.5%), two of them required surgical intervention. Conclusions: OAGB is a feasible and effective revisional procedure after failed open VBG. However, the risk of bile reflux should be considered to justify these findings; further prospective randomized controlled trials are required.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication commonly seen in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) but also affects Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objectives: To compare the clinical presentation, biochemical parameters, and precipitating factors of DKA in adult patients with T1DM and T2DM. Methodology: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Salman Hospital, Riyadh, involving medical records of diabetic patients aged 14 years or older who attended the Diabetic Center from September 1, 2021, to August 1, 2022. Data collection included sociodemographic, clinical, biochemical, and management details using a standardized checklist. Results: The study included 285 patients with DKA, aged 14-70 years (mean: 23.1 ± 11.5 years), with 52.5% being male. The most common symptoms were nausea (91.1%), abdominal pain (86.1%), vomiting (83.6%), polyuria/polydipsia (74.1%), and shortness of breath (72.4%). Vomiting and abdominal pain were more frequent in T1DM (85.9% and 88.3%) compared to T2DM (65.6% and 68.8%), p=0.004 and 0.003, respectively, while dizziness was more common in T2DM (56.3% vs. 33.2%), p=0.011. Uric acid and creatinine levels were significantly higher in T2DM, whereas hemoglobin and hematocrit were elevated in T1DM. Poor compliance was the most common precipitating factor (70.2%), followed by upper respiratory tract infection (21.1%) and inadequate treatment (15.6%). Conclusion: This study highlights key differences in DKA presentation between T1DM and T2DM. While symptoms such as nausea and abdominal pain were common in both types, vomiting was more frequent in T1DM and dizziness in T2DM. Biochemical markers such as uric acid and creatinine were elevated in T2DM, while hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in T1DM. Poor compliance was a more common precipitating factor in T1DM, whereas inadequate treatment prevailed in T2DM. Tailored management approaches for each diabetes type may improve DKA outcomes.

Background: In recent years, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become the main surgical procedure for weight loss, and most clinical studies have focused on the postoperative complications and treatment of metabolic syndrome after LSG. However, it is not clear whether there is a difference in the postoperative weight loss effect between patients with central and noncentral obesity after LSG. Purpose: To investigate the effect of LSG on weight loss in patients with central obesity and relationship between preoperative waist-hip ratio and weight loss effect. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study comprising 360 patients who underwent LSG at the Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China, between 2019 and 2024. Based on the preoperative waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the participants were divided into central and noncentral obesity groups, and various quantitative and preoperative biochemical indices were measured. Most patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Results: There were significant differences in weight loss outcomes between women in the central and noncentral obesity groups in the first and third months after surgery; however, no significant differences were observed in the sixth and twelfth months. No significant differences were observed in weight loss outcomes between men in the central and noncentral obesity groups. There were significant differences in the development of central obesity between the two sexes and between those with and without type 2 diabetes. There were significant differences in body mass index (BMI) and white blood cell counts between women in the central and noncentral obesity groups, with patients with central obesity having higher BMI values and white blood cell counts before surgery. There were significant differences in the platelet count (PLT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels between men in the central and noncentral obesity groups, with patients with central obesity having lower PLT, higher GGT, HbA1c, and FPG levels. There was a significant correlation between WHR and early weight loss outcomes after surgery.

Objective: To assess the association between maternal iron, folic acid and combined iron-folic acid (IFA) oral supplementation during pregnancy and childhood obesity markers in 9- to 13-year-olds. Methods: Data from the 2007-2009 Healthy Growth Study were analysed. The study assessed obesity markers, i.e., body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness and waist circumference. The research question was examined using generalised linear models stratified by the child's sex, maternal prepregnancy weight and gestational age. Results: Folic acid and IFA supplements, but not iron alone, were significantly associated with lower waist circumference in all children (coef. -1.35, 95% CI: -2.47 to -0.23; coef. -1.01, 95% CI: -2.21 to -0.23, p < 0.05). These associations were observed only in girls with lower BMI (coef. -0.88), skinfold thickness (coef. -4.92) and waist circumference (coef. -2.99) with folic acid and similar IFA effects. Interestingly, in boys born to obese mothers before pregnancy, a significant negative association was observed for folic acid alone with BMI (coef. -3.55) and waist circumference (coef. -7.09) and IFA for the sum of skinfold thickness (coef. -19.68). Conclusion: Maternal folic acid and IFA supplementation may contribute to a lower likelihood of childhood obesity, especially in girls and children of underweight or obese mothers, emphasising the importance of proper prenatal nutrition.

Introduction: Obesity is increasing worldwide. Due to the unavailability of affordable obesity drugs in most parts of Nigeria, many overweight and obese people rely on medicinal plants to manage obesity. Thus, the aim of this study is to document medicinal plants traditionally used in the treatment and management of obesity in the North Central Zone of Nigeria, determine the plants to which pharmacological assessment of their use in obesity management has not been reported, and assess their toxicity based on the literature. Methods: Semistructured questionnaires and interviews were used to assess sociodemographic information of the 700 herb sellers/practitioners (100 for each state) who consented to participate in the study. Information gathered on plants that are traditionally used in the management of obesity included administration/dosage, method of preparation, plant part used, method of growth, and plant type. The field study was conducted over a one-year period, from March 2018 to March 2019. Reports of pharmacological activity pertaining to obesity as well as toxicity of the plants were obtained from the literature via scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, AJOL, PubChem, and other web sources) after the field survey. Results: A total of 39 families and 70 plant species were used to treat or manage obesity. The majority of plant species used resulted in the family Leguminosae. The relative frequency of citation (RFC) and percentage values for the five most frequently used plants were as follows: Citrus aurantifolia (0.0500; 3.56%), Citrus limon (0.0457; 3.26%), Garcinia kola (0.0429; 3.05%), Zingiber officinale (0.0429; 3.05%), and Allium sativum (0.0414; 2.95%). The majority of the medications were prepared as decoctions (50.5%), and cultivated plants (62.86%) were in the majority of plants used. Results showed that 23 plants have no pharmacological report for antiobesity activities while among the five frequently used plants, only Garcinia kola was reported toxic in preclinical models. Conclusions: This paper provides a valuable compilation of the plants used in obesity treatment in the study area by indigenous healers, highlights plants with no reported pharmacological activity pertaining to obesity, and indicates the toxicity profile of used plants. However, further studies on the mechanism of action are warranted, especially where no reports were obtained.