Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000334
E. Yi, Hamed Hematpur
The fractional flow equation is simplified by neglecting the effect of capillary pressure gradient. However, zero capillary pressure assumption may induce error in the fractional flow equation. The effect of different parameters on capillary pressure gradient in fractional flow is determined with numerical analysis based on the saturation distribution profile. The fractional flow equation is dependent on the relative permeability and relative permeability is a function of saturation. This project presents one- dimensional black oil simulation in core flooding using gas-water system to compare the saturation profile with capillary pressure and without capillary pressure. A factorial design was established for four (4) different parameters, i.e., porosity, permeability, length and injection rate, in three (3) levels (34=81). Therefore, eighty-one (81) simulations were conducted and the results were analyzed via Design of Experiments. This study found that porosity, permeability and injection rate has visible effect in the saturation profile due to the negligence of capillary pressure. Due to the limitation of the simulator, the end capillary effect was not captured in this study. Hence, the capillary pressure has no visible effect towards the core length.
{"title":"Determining the Effect of Neglecting Capillary Pressure on Fractional Flow by Numerical Analysis","authors":"E. Yi, Hamed Hematpur","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000334","url":null,"abstract":"The fractional flow equation is simplified by neglecting the effect of capillary pressure gradient. However, zero capillary pressure assumption may induce error in the fractional flow equation. The effect of different parameters on capillary pressure gradient in fractional flow is determined with numerical analysis based on the saturation distribution profile. The fractional flow equation is dependent on the relative permeability and relative permeability is a function of saturation. This project presents one- dimensional black oil simulation in core flooding using gas-water system to compare the saturation profile with capillary pressure and without capillary pressure. A factorial design was established for four (4) different parameters, i.e., porosity, permeability, length and injection rate, in three (3) levels (34=81). Therefore, eighty-one (81) simulations were conducted and the results were analyzed via Design of Experiments. This study found that porosity, permeability and injection rate has visible effect in the saturation profile due to the negligence of capillary pressure. Due to the limitation of the simulator, the end capillary effect was not captured in this study. Hence, the capillary pressure has no visible effect towards the core length.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"09 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89740598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463-C1-030
M. Hossain
Advanced technologies, optimized operation and infrastructure are not sufficient to achieve the CO2 mitigation goals agreed on for the aviation sector. Carbon neutral alternative liquid fuels are required to fill the gap towards a carbon-neutral growth from 2020 on. The Power-to-Liquid process is one option to produce synthetic jet fuels from renewable energy. The technical and economic performance of production processes based on renewable electricity and CO2 was investigated and evaluated. Hydrogen can be generated by water electrolysis from fluctuating renewable power sources. Together with CO2 the reverse water-gas-shift reaction forms syngas. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis produces long chained hydrocarbons from syngas. Downstream product separation and upgrading generates gasoline, jet fuel and diesel. Another process concept is based on high temperature co-electrolysis of steam and CO2 producing synthesis gas at high temperature and pressure. The process performance is evaluated via flowsheet simulation models and pinch point analyses comparing the Power-to-Fuel efficiency as well as carbon conversion into liquid fuels. A baseline Power-to-Fuel efficiency of 44 % for the concept based on water electrolysis can be increased to 60 % using the co-electrolysis concept. The baseline carbon conversion of 73 % grows to 98 %. The sensitivity of various operation conditions was analyzed. A cost analysis based on market data and equipment factors was performed for the investment year 2014. Employing stationary power input of 105 €/MWh, production costs of 3.38 €/kg were found for the water electrolysis concept. The production costs of the co-electrolysis concept compare to 2.83 €/kg. The sensitivity of the electrolyzer capital cost and electricity prices were analyzed and their effect on the production costs will be presented. Investment and operating costs to fill the gap towards carbon-neutral air transport growth from 2020 on can be predicted based on 2014 costs and technology status. A comparison to other renewable jet fuels regarding land use, feedstock potential and economic measures will be provided.
{"title":"Current trends and challenges in reservoir simulation","authors":"M. Hossain","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463-C1-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463-C1-030","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced technologies, optimized operation and infrastructure are not sufficient to achieve the CO2 mitigation goals agreed on for the aviation sector. Carbon neutral alternative liquid fuels are required to fill the gap towards a carbon-neutral growth from 2020 on. The Power-to-Liquid process is one option to produce synthetic jet fuels from renewable energy. The technical and economic performance of production processes based on renewable electricity and CO2 was investigated and evaluated. \u0000Hydrogen can be generated by water electrolysis from fluctuating renewable power sources. Together with CO2 the reverse water-gas-shift reaction forms syngas. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis produces long chained hydrocarbons from syngas. Downstream product separation and upgrading generates gasoline, jet fuel and diesel. Another process concept is based on high temperature co-electrolysis of steam and CO2 producing synthesis gas at high temperature and pressure. \u0000The process performance is evaluated via flowsheet simulation models and pinch point analyses comparing the Power-to-Fuel efficiency as well as carbon conversion into liquid fuels. A baseline Power-to-Fuel efficiency of 44 % for the concept based on water electrolysis can be increased to 60 % using the co-electrolysis concept. The baseline carbon conversion of 73 % grows to 98 %. The sensitivity of various operation conditions was analyzed. \u0000A cost analysis based on market data and equipment factors was performed for the investment year 2014. Employing stationary power input of 105 €/MWh, production costs of 3.38 €/kg were found for the water electrolysis concept. The production costs of the co-electrolysis concept compare to 2.83 €/kg. The sensitivity of the electrolyzer capital cost and electricity prices were analyzed and their effect on the production costs will be presented. \u0000Investment and operating costs to fill the gap towards carbon-neutral air transport growth from 2020 on can be predicted based on 2014 costs and technology status. A comparison to other renewable jet fuels regarding land use, feedstock potential and economic measures will be provided.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82748316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000352
Dhruvin Kaneria, T. Raval
For ensuring casing and cementing quality, mud cake removal is essential. Various problems like stuck pipe take place because of the presence of mud cake. Mechanical methods of water jetting and chemical methods by means of acids, oxidizers, chelating agents, etc., are currently employed for mud cake removal. However, water jetting can cause water blockage problems and has detrimental effects on well productivity. Also, mud cakes of different permeability will not be removed by same intensity water jets. Acids and oxidizers are very reactive but nonspecific species, imposing several post perforation problems and formation damage. As an alternative, we propose a new method in this study with the usage of nanobots and laser grinding. The nanobots, placed in carrier, can be deployed in all directions into the targeted zone. These non-adherent and self-propelled nanobots will move through the vertical permeability of the mud filtrate and would interpret the petro physical properties of the mud filtrate. The sensors would then send this data to molecular processor and with the help of radio frequency transmitter and receiver, we could immediately interpret the real time data from every point in the zone of interest. This data would be used to change the intensity of the lasers in accordance with the petro physical properties. Lasers, lowered through wireline, would then vaporise the mud cake through spallation according to its thickness and will grind the mud cake by creating popped holes. This novel idea of real time laser grinding with the help of nanobots holds great potential in removing mud cake precisely and efficiently and could also be useful in multilateral and horizontal wells.
{"title":"Monitored Laser Grinding Using Real Time Nanobots Data: A Novel Mudcake Removal Approach","authors":"Dhruvin Kaneria, T. Raval","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000352","url":null,"abstract":"For ensuring casing and cementing quality, mud cake removal is essential. Various problems like stuck pipe take place because of the presence of mud cake. Mechanical methods of water jetting and chemical methods by means of acids, oxidizers, chelating agents, etc., are currently employed for mud cake removal. However, water jetting can cause water blockage problems and has detrimental effects on well productivity. Also, mud cakes of different permeability will not be removed by same intensity water jets. Acids and oxidizers are very reactive but nonspecific species, imposing several post perforation problems and formation damage. As an alternative, we propose a new method in this study with the usage of nanobots and laser grinding. The nanobots, placed in carrier, can be deployed in all directions into the targeted zone. These non-adherent and self-propelled nanobots will move through the vertical permeability of the mud filtrate and would interpret the petro physical properties of the mud filtrate. The sensors would then send this data to molecular processor and with the help of radio frequency transmitter and receiver, we could immediately interpret the real time data from every point in the zone of interest. This data would be used to change the intensity of the lasers in accordance with the petro physical properties. Lasers, lowered through wireline, would then vaporise the mud cake through spallation according to its thickness and will grind the mud cake by creating popped holes. This novel idea of real time laser grinding with the help of nanobots holds great potential in removing mud cake precisely and efficiently and could also be useful in multilateral and horizontal wells.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87549302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000331
E. Kardena, S. Hidayat, S. Nora, Q. Helmy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the biological treatment of synthetic oilfield-produced water in activated sludge in an attempt to remove the organic compounds using endogenous bacteria; we also hope to determine the biokinetic coefficients. The activated sludge was operated with various hydraulic retention times (HRT=20 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours), solid retention times (SRT=25 days, 20 days, 15 days, 10 days), and substrate concentrations (500 mg L-1 to 1,100 mg L-1). The endogenous bacterial strains, which were isolated from existing wastewater treatment facilities, were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp1., and Bacillus sp2. It was observed that the highest COD removals were obtained in reactors A (80.7%) and B (82.4%), which had high SRTs (25 days and 20 days) and HRT (20 hours). At shorter SRTs (15 days and 20 days), the concentration of the COD effluent did not comply with the Indonesian regulations for oilfield-produced water quality standards, which means that these SRTs were not recommended as appropriate operational conditions. Furthermore, the results showed that the yield (Y), decay coefficient (kd), maximum specific growth rate (k), and saturation constant (Ks) were 0.533 mg MLVSS mg-1 COD, 0.167 day-1, 0.985 day-1, and 255.46 mg COD L-1, respectively. These biokinetic coefficients (obtained from the Y and Ks values) indicated that although the strains of bacteria can grow well in the reactor, they had low affinities to the substrate, which caused the concentration of the COD effluent to be relatively high.
{"title":"Biological Treatment of Synthetic Oilfield-Produced Water in Activated Sludge Using a Consortium of Endogenous Bacteria Isolated from A Tropical Area","authors":"E. Kardena, S. Hidayat, S. Nora, Q. Helmy.","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000331","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the biological treatment of synthetic oilfield-produced water in activated sludge in an attempt to remove the organic compounds using endogenous bacteria; we also hope to determine the biokinetic coefficients. The activated sludge was operated with various hydraulic retention times (HRT=20 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours), solid retention times (SRT=25 days, 20 days, 15 days, 10 days), and substrate concentrations (500 mg L-1 to 1,100 mg L-1). The endogenous bacterial strains, which were isolated from existing wastewater treatment facilities, were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp1., and Bacillus sp2. It was observed that the highest COD removals were obtained in reactors A (80.7%) and B (82.4%), which had high SRTs (25 days and 20 days) and HRT (20 hours). At shorter SRTs (15 days and 20 days), the concentration of the COD effluent did not comply with the Indonesian regulations for oilfield-produced water quality standards, which means that these SRTs were not recommended as appropriate operational conditions. Furthermore, the results showed that the yield (Y), decay coefficient (kd), maximum specific growth rate (k), and saturation constant (Ks) were 0.533 mg MLVSS mg-1 COD, 0.167 day-1, 0.985 day-1, and 255.46 mg COD L-1, respectively. These biokinetic coefficients (obtained from the Y and Ks values) indicated that although the strains of bacteria can grow well in the reactor, they had low affinities to the substrate, which caused the concentration of the COD effluent to be relatively high.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90423666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-25DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000332
A. Mehmood, Jun Yao, Dong Yan Fun, Atif Zafar
In Pakistan, round about 1000 oil and Gas exploratory wells have been drilled having depth ranging from 230 m to +6400 m. More than 60 percent wells have been abandoned or dry wells. In spite of all exploratory effort we are not able to overcome the energy need of the country. Present study looks forward to reutilizing these abandoned wells by using subsurface data related to thermal characteristics of rock sequence. Present study shows heartening geothermal gradient exception in lower Indus Basin coupled with buried fossil-fail-rift basement structure. Aeromagnetic survey has also disclosed significant prediction for the “hot dry rock” geothermal energy in Kharan- Panjgur tectonic depression in western part of the Pakistan. Literature review shows for electricity production hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal environment offers massive potential. These resources are mostly much deeper than the hydrothermal resources. Hot dry rock energy comes from moderately water-free hot rock found at a depth of 4,000 meters or more below the earth surface. In contrast to a geothermal field in one of the tectonic/volcanic anomalies, the HDR system depends on the artificial simulation of tight formations by hydraulic fracturing to create underground heat exchanger. Fluid circulated in closed circuit mode where as reservoir pressure is managed by balanced production and injection rates in multiple well arrays. Current study shows the matchless application of collection data of Oil and Gas exploratory wells to develop renewable and sustainable energy operation in Pakistan.
{"title":"Geothermal Energy Potential of Pakistan on the Basis of Abandoned Oil andGas wells","authors":"A. Mehmood, Jun Yao, Dong Yan Fun, Atif Zafar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"In Pakistan, round about 1000 oil and Gas exploratory wells have been drilled having depth ranging from 230 m to +6400 m. More than 60 percent wells have been abandoned or dry wells. In spite of all exploratory effort we are not able to overcome the energy need of the country. Present study looks forward to reutilizing these abandoned wells by using subsurface data related to thermal characteristics of rock sequence. Present study shows heartening geothermal gradient exception in lower Indus Basin coupled with buried fossil-fail-rift basement structure. Aeromagnetic survey has also disclosed significant prediction for the “hot dry rock” geothermal energy in Kharan- Panjgur tectonic depression in western part of the Pakistan. Literature review shows for electricity production hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal environment offers massive potential. These resources are mostly much deeper than the hydrothermal resources. Hot dry rock energy comes from moderately water-free hot rock found at a depth of 4,000 meters or more below the earth surface. In contrast to a geothermal field in one of the tectonic/volcanic anomalies, the HDR system depends on the artificial simulation of tight formations by hydraulic fracturing to create underground heat exchanger. Fluid circulated in closed circuit mode where as reservoir pressure is managed by balanced production and injection rates in multiple well arrays. Current study shows the matchless application of collection data of Oil and Gas exploratory wells to develop renewable and sustainable energy operation in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74858052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000330
M. Amani, M. Idris, M. Abdulghani, N. DeLaRosa, A. Carvero, Rommel Yrac
An emulsion is the mixture of two immiscible fluids, where one fluid appears as droplets within another. In the oil and gas industry, produced crude oil generally comes with an appreciable amount of water within it in an emulsified form. Before produced crude oil can be prepared for purchase, the water associated with it must be removed. A process known as demulsification is required in order to separate an emulsion into its two phases. In the industry, a number of demulsification techniques are already present; these include thermal, mechanical, chemical, and electrical techniques. Crude oil and gas produced from wells originally come with water, salts, and volatile gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sometimes hydrogen sulfide, etc. Hence, the petroleum mixture needs to be refined-water, salt, and non-hydrocarbon gases to be separated from the mixture, in order to meet certain oil and gas specifications (which state the maximum concentrations of such contaminants) and make it ready for purchase and transportation. Sonication provides a cheap, simple, and harmless (as it involves mainly the propagation of sound waves) way of separating crude oils from water droplets via demulsification. In addition, if needed, it can be used for emulsification processes as well. Hence, a study of sonification as a way for crude refinement or chemical mixing has important implications for the oil and gas. This investigation proposes the use of ultrasonication as a new and cost-effective technique to aid in the demulsification of crude oil emulsion. The effectiveness of this technique was gauged through its comparison to the already present methods in the industry. Based on the investigation it was found that centrifuge served as the best demulsification method for it reduced the turbidity by 86%. In addition, the reduced turbidity achieved with proposed ultrasonication method ranges from 20%-60%.
{"title":"An Experimental Study on the Application of Ultrasonic Technology forDemulsifying Crude Oil and Water Emulsions","authors":"M. Amani, M. Idris, M. Abdulghani, N. DeLaRosa, A. Carvero, Rommel Yrac","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000330","url":null,"abstract":"An emulsion is the mixture of two immiscible fluids, where one fluid appears as droplets within another. In the oil and gas industry, produced crude oil generally comes with an appreciable amount of water within it in an emulsified form. Before produced crude oil can be prepared for purchase, the water associated with it must be removed. A process known as demulsification is required in order to separate an emulsion into its two phases. In the industry, a number of demulsification techniques are already present; these include thermal, mechanical, chemical, and electrical techniques. \u0000Crude oil and gas produced from wells originally come with water, salts, and volatile gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sometimes hydrogen sulfide, etc. Hence, the petroleum mixture needs to be refined-water, salt, and non-hydrocarbon gases to be separated from the mixture, in order to meet certain oil and gas specifications (which state the maximum concentrations of such contaminants) and make it ready for purchase and transportation. \u0000Sonication provides a cheap, simple, and harmless (as it involves mainly the propagation of sound waves) way of separating crude oils from water droplets via demulsification. In addition, if needed, it can be used for emulsification processes as well. Hence, a study of sonification as a way for crude refinement or chemical mixing has important implications for the oil and gas. This investigation proposes the use of ultrasonication as a new and cost-effective technique to aid in the demulsification of crude oil emulsion. The effectiveness of this technique was gauged through its comparison to the already present methods in the industry. Based on the investigation it was found that centrifuge served as the best demulsification method for it reduced the turbidity by 86%. In addition, the reduced turbidity achieved with proposed ultrasonication method ranges from 20%-60%.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83272679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000333
Adel W. Almutairi, Hussein Elsayed Toulibah
In this study, the marine alga Tetraselmis suecica was cultured in F/2 medium with various rang of salinity and pH. The influence of stressed algal cells to produce biofuels was studied. The neutral lipid (triacylglycerol) assembled by T. suecica was determined using Nile Red dye under salinity stress (up to 1 M NaCl) and pH (pH 7 to 9). Salinity showed a stimulating effect on triacylglycerol in the algal cells at the 1 Molars, while the effect of pH was changeable. Then fatty acid profile of T. suecica cells was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after direct trans-esterification with hydrochloric acid in methanol. It was shown that, high salinity was ideal for biodiesel production due to increasing of monounsaturated fatty acids produced by Tetraselmis suecica.
本研究在不同盐度和ph的F/2培养基中培养海藻类水四瓣藻(Tetraselmis suecica)，研究应激对藻类细胞生产生物燃料的影响。用尼罗红染料测定了在盐度胁迫(1 M NaCl)和pH (pH 7 ~ 9)条件下水藻细胞组装的中性脂质(甘油三酯)。在1 Molars时，盐度对水藻细胞中的甘油三酯有刺激作用，而pH的影响是可变的。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对经盐酸在甲醇中直接反式酯化后的棘球藻细胞进行脂肪酸谱分析。结果表明，高盐度是生产生物柴油的理想条件，因为高盐度增加了水四螺生产的单不饱和脂肪酸。
{"title":"Effect of Salinity and pH on Fatty Acid Profile of The Green Algae Tetraselmis suecica","authors":"Adel W. Almutairi, Hussein Elsayed Toulibah","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000333","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the marine alga Tetraselmis suecica was cultured in F/2 medium with various rang of salinity and pH. The influence of stressed algal cells to produce biofuels was studied. The neutral lipid (triacylglycerol) assembled by T. suecica was determined using Nile Red dye under salinity stress (up to 1 M NaCl) and pH (pH 7 to 9). Salinity showed a stimulating effect on triacylglycerol in the algal cells at the 1 Molars, while the effect of pH was changeable. Then fatty acid profile of T. suecica cells was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after direct trans-esterification with hydrochloric acid in methanol. It was shown that, high salinity was ideal for biodiesel production due to increasing of monounsaturated fatty acids produced by Tetraselmis suecica.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87914682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000329
Y. Sugai, Junpei Mikumo, Keita Komatsu, K. Sasaki
We studied on the availability of residue of squeezed beer yeast whose principal component is yeast cell wall for enhanced oil recovery as an interfacial tension reducer. The cell wall solution was hydrothermally treated in order to elute amphiphilic substances such as phospholipids, proteins, and fatty acids from the cell wall to the solution under different conditions such as concentration of the cell wall, temperature and time of the hydrothermal treatment, and salinity. The cell wall solution which was hydrothermally treated with crude oil was also applied to the measurement of interfacial tension between the solution and crude oil. The interfacial tension was reduced with decrease in salinity and increase in concentration of the cell wall and temperature of the hydrothermal treatment. The time of hydrothermal treatment didn't have much influence on the interfacial tension reduction. The capability of the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with crude oil to reduce the interfacial tension became larger than that of the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated without crude oil. It was suggested that those interfacial tension reductions were brought by phospholipids and proteins eluted from the cell wall. Core flooding experiments were carried out by injecting the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with and without crude oil after the water flooding as the primary oil recovery. 2.0% and 1.2% of original oil in place was additionally recovered by injecting the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with and without crude oil respectively. These results support an advantage of process injecting the cell wall solution without hydrothermal treatment into high temperature oil reservoir. The injection of the cell wall solution can be a promising EOR which has both high cost performance and low environmental load.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Availability of Yeast Cell Wall as anInterfacial Tension Reducer for Enhanced Oil Recovery","authors":"Y. Sugai, Junpei Mikumo, Keita Komatsu, K. Sasaki","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000329","url":null,"abstract":"We studied on the availability of residue of squeezed beer yeast whose principal component is yeast cell wall for enhanced oil recovery as an interfacial tension reducer. The cell wall solution was hydrothermally treated in order to elute amphiphilic substances such as phospholipids, proteins, and fatty acids from the cell wall to the solution under different conditions such as concentration of the cell wall, temperature and time of the hydrothermal treatment, and salinity. The cell wall solution which was hydrothermally treated with crude oil was also applied to the measurement of interfacial tension between the solution and crude oil. The interfacial tension was reduced with decrease in salinity and increase in concentration of the cell wall and temperature of the hydrothermal treatment. The time of hydrothermal treatment didn't have much influence on the interfacial tension reduction. The capability of the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with crude oil to reduce the interfacial tension became larger than that of the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated without crude oil. It was suggested that those interfacial tension reductions were brought by phospholipids and proteins eluted from the cell wall. Core flooding experiments were carried out by injecting the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with and without crude oil after the water flooding as the primary oil recovery. 2.0% and 1.2% of original oil in place was additionally recovered by injecting the cell wall solution which had been hydrothermally treated with and without crude oil respectively. These results support an advantage of process injecting the cell wall solution without hydrothermal treatment into high temperature oil reservoir. The injection of the cell wall solution can be a promising EOR which has both high cost performance and low environmental load.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"9 1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85117202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-17DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000328
F. Saadi, K. Wolf, C. V. Kruijsdijk
Fontainebleau sandstone outcrop is a prime example of a simple natural porous medium because of its pure mineral composition (0.995 Quartz) and an almost constant grain size in large sample blocks. It is widely used to investigate the correlation between the simple petrophysical properties independently of other parameters. This paper shows an experimental evaluation of Fontainebleau sandstone properties and their characteristics to advance understanding on the quartz overgrowth and the petrophysical and electrical transport properties. In order to acquire the pore and grain frameworks, we measure and quantify spatial attributes of the grain and pore’s matrix by Computed Tomography (CT) image analysis, associated to stereological measurements and statistical 2D/3D reconstructions. In addition, the regular petrophysical laboratory methods are applied and connected to the spatial results. Furthermore, our graphical methods are compared to pre-existing literature. The main contribution of this work is the impact of quartz overgrowth on the pore-throat framework. Our laboratory experimental measurements provide comprehensive information in petrophysical and petrological data of Fontainebleau sandstone. We conclude that Fontainebleau sandstone outcrop displays consistent and homogenous properties. The clay in the studied samples of Fontainebleau sandstone are almost not exists and does not play any role in the pore framework. This ensures repeatability and reproducibility of our flow experiments in porous media. It provides comparable core flow experimental in our study of the oil mobilization process in the porous media. We demonstrated that the quartz overgrowth (i.e. cementation) is playing a central role in the porethroat geometry and impacts both permeability and porosity by reducing the pore-throats (i.e. coordination number).
{"title":"Characterization of Fontainebleau Sandstone: Quartz Overgrowth and itsImpact on Pore-Throat Framework","authors":"F. Saadi, K. Wolf, C. V. Kruijsdijk","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000328","url":null,"abstract":"Fontainebleau sandstone outcrop is a prime example of a simple natural porous medium because of its pure mineral composition (0.995 Quartz) and an almost constant grain size in large sample blocks. It is widely used to investigate the correlation between the simple petrophysical properties independently of other parameters. \u0000This paper shows an experimental evaluation of Fontainebleau sandstone properties and their characteristics to advance understanding on the quartz overgrowth and the petrophysical and electrical transport properties. In order to acquire the pore and grain frameworks, we measure and quantify spatial attributes of the grain and pore’s matrix by Computed Tomography (CT) image analysis, associated to stereological measurements and statistical 2D/3D reconstructions. In addition, the regular petrophysical laboratory methods are applied and connected to the spatial results. Furthermore, our graphical methods are compared to pre-existing literature. The main contribution of this work is the impact of quartz overgrowth on the pore-throat framework. \u0000Our laboratory experimental measurements provide comprehensive information in petrophysical and petrological data of Fontainebleau sandstone. We conclude that Fontainebleau sandstone outcrop displays consistent and homogenous properties. The clay in the studied samples of Fontainebleau sandstone are almost not exists and does not play any role in the pore framework. This ensures repeatability and reproducibility of our flow experiments in porous media. It provides comparable core flow experimental in our study of the oil mobilization process in the porous media. We demonstrated that the quartz overgrowth (i.e. cementation) is playing a central role in the porethroat geometry and impacts both permeability and porosity by reducing the pore-throats (i.e. coordination number).","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84074077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000327
Durkin Sm, Moroziyuk Oa, Ruzin Lm, Polishvayko Dv, Abzaletdinov Ga
Presented in this paper are results of the introduction of a modernized single-horizon system of development with heat-insulated pipes at the inclined block "ÐiевеNнNй" (“North”) Oil Mine â 2 on the Substation Control «SC-2 bis» (ÐÐУ-2биN) and Substation Control «SC-3 bis» (ÐÐУ-3биN) pilot plots of Yaregskoye Oilfield. In plots SC-2 bis and SC-3 bis, thermometry is systematically carried on the control wells to determine the temperature distribution in the reservoir, as well as the rational distribution of steam injection in the developed plot. A method for determining the effectiveness of injection wells on pilot plots was developed by staff at Ukhta State Technical University. In line with the method, studies which helped to determine the acceleration of underground injection wells necessary for calculating the volume of steam injection at each pilot plot were carried out. Also, regular sampling of water extracted from wells for determining the presence of chlorides is carried out. Based on the analysis of these samples, wells in which have inflows of reservoir water from the aquifer are detected and develop measures to isolate them are then developed.
{"title":"Results of Introducing Innovative Thermal Mining Technologies at Yaregskoye Oilfield","authors":"Durkin Sm, Moroziyuk Oa, Ruzin Lm, Polishvayko Dv, Abzaletdinov Ga","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000327","url":null,"abstract":"Presented in this paper are results of the introduction of a modernized single-horizon system of development with heat-insulated pipes at the inclined block \"ÐiевеNнNй\" (“North”) Oil Mine â 2 on the Substation Control «SC-2 bis» (ÐÐУ-2биN) and Substation Control «SC-3 bis» (ÐÐУ-3биN) pilot plots of Yaregskoye Oilfield. \u0000In plots SC-2 bis and SC-3 bis, thermometry is systematically carried on the control wells to determine the temperature distribution in the reservoir, as well as the rational distribution of steam injection in the developed plot. A method for determining the effectiveness of injection wells on pilot plots was developed by staff at Ukhta State Technical University. In line with the method, studies which helped to determine the acceleration of underground injection wells necessary for calculating the volume of steam injection at each pilot plot were carried out. \u0000Also, regular sampling of water extracted from wells for determining the presence of chlorides is carried out. Based on the analysis of these samples, wells in which have inflows of reservoir water from the aquifer are detected and develop measures to isolate them are then developed.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87730323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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