Pub Date : 2017-06-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000326
Kim G, García H, Japhe T, Iyengar R, Llanos Bp, A. Navarro
Desalination is a technology that still needs to take off in scientific research. The current techniques are not appropriate and still demand great investments of money, manpower and space. This study proposes the use of spent tea leaves on the removal of sodium ions from seawater. Although our results do not show a remarkable purification of saltwater (maximum observed adsorption percentage of 8%), but it demonstrates a strong effect of pH, adsorbent mass, salt concentration, presence of other ions and dyes. This indicates that the desalination by using these materials could be tuned and optimized (base-treated GT reached 16% adsorption). Furthermore, column experiments demonstrate that this desalination technique could be taken to automatized systems for the purification of larger water volumes. Instrumental analyses demonstrated that these materials have high heat resistance and appropriate morphological and textural properties, indicating that have appropriate mechanical properties for their use as adsorbents. Lastly, the uptake of sodium ions was improved by the treatment of the tea leaves with diluted acid and bases, indicating their potential as desalinating biomaterials. These results create a new mindset on the desalination as a fertile area that will benefit the society.
{"title":"On the Desalination of Saline Waters via Batch Adsorption with Spent TeaLeaves","authors":"Kim G, García H, Japhe T, Iyengar R, Llanos Bp, A. Navarro","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000326","url":null,"abstract":"Desalination is a technology that still needs to take off in scientific research. The current techniques are not appropriate and still demand great investments of money, manpower and space. This study proposes the use of spent tea leaves on the removal of sodium ions from seawater. Although our results do not show a remarkable purification of saltwater (maximum observed adsorption percentage of 8%), but it demonstrates a strong effect of pH, adsorbent mass, salt concentration, presence of other ions and dyes. This indicates that the desalination by using these materials could be tuned and optimized (base-treated GT reached 16% adsorption). Furthermore, column experiments demonstrate that this desalination technique could be taken to automatized systems for the purification of larger water volumes. Instrumental analyses demonstrated that these materials have high heat resistance and appropriate morphological and textural properties, indicating that have appropriate mechanical properties for their use as adsorbents. Lastly, the uptake of sodium ions was improved by the treatment of the tea leaves with diluted acid and bases, indicating their potential as desalinating biomaterials. These results create a new mindset on the desalination as a fertile area that will benefit the society.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91474732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000325
Nwoko Mc, Onyeizu Ur, Okwulehie Ic, U. Hn
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the nutritional and bioactive compounds composition of Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit bodies cultivated on tree logs of Dacryodes edulis, Mangifera indica and Treculia africana. Pure mycelium culture of P. pulmonarius was aseptically bulked in sorghum grains. Logs were cut into average length of 18 cm with inoculation holes of 3 cm × 15 mm diameter; using High Speed Drill (HSD) of 5 drill bit and allowed to decompose for 8months. During mushroom cultivation, logs were soaked in tap water for 24 hrs and pasteurized at 80°C in an improvised metallic drum (IMD) for 1hour; using cooking gas as heat source and allowed to cool overnight. 10 g of grain based spawn was inserted into 2/3 of each hole by way of inoculation and sealed with sterile polybag for mycelium incubation. Polybags were cut open after spawn run following primordial initiation. Fruit bodies were harvested at maturity, sun-dried ground and packed in airtight container prior to further analysis. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and mean separation by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) while levels of significance were determined at 5%. Results indicate that P. pulmonarius fruit bodies harvested from various tree logs were significantly different p<0.05 in their nutritional and bioactive compounds composition. Fruit body samples were rich in protein, carbohydrates, Na, K, and Ca. It was also observed that fruit bodies contained significant amount of Alkaloids, Tannins and Saponins; and could be useful in drug synthesis. Therefore, adopting this technique in oyster mushroom cultivation would lead to more jobs creation and food security; but this must be done with careful regulations to avoid indiscriminate felling of trees.
摘要本研究测定了在毛竹、芒果和非洲木本上栽培的肺侧耳子实体的营养成分和生物活性成分。用无菌方法在高粱籽粒中培养了肺假单胞菌纯菌丝体。原木切割成平均长度为18 cm，接种孔直径为3 cm × 15 mm;使用高速钻头(HSD) 5个钻头，并允许分解8个月。在蘑菇培养过程中，原木在自来水中浸泡24小时，在简易金属桶(IMD)中80°C巴氏消毒1小时;使用烹饪气体作为热源，冷却过夜。用接种法在每孔2/3处插入10 g粒基菌种，用无菌塑料袋密封菌丝孵育。在原始初始化后的产卵运行后，塑料袋被切开。成熟时收获果体，晒干地面，在进一步分析之前装入密封容器。数据分析采用方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan多元极差检验(DMRT)进行均值分离，显著性水平为5%。结果表明，不同木材采收的肺伪木果体的营养成分和生物活性成分差异显著p<0.05。果体样品富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、Na、K和Ca，同时还含有大量的生物碱、单宁和皂苷;在药物合成中也很有用。因此，在平菇种植中采用这种技术将创造更多的就业机会和粮食安全;但这必须在谨慎的规定下进行，以避免滥伐树木。
{"title":"Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds Evaluation of Pleurotus pulmonarius(Freis) Quell Fruit bodies Grown on Different Wood Logs in Abia State, Nigeria","authors":"Nwoko Mc, Onyeizu Ur, Okwulehie Ic, U. Hn","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000325","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000This study was conducted to determine the nutritional and bioactive compounds composition of Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit bodies cultivated on tree logs of Dacryodes edulis, Mangifera indica and Treculia africana. Pure mycelium culture of P. pulmonarius was aseptically bulked in sorghum grains. Logs were cut into average length of 18 cm with inoculation holes of 3 cm × 15 mm diameter; using High Speed Drill (HSD) of 5 drill bit and allowed to decompose for 8months. During mushroom cultivation, logs were soaked in tap water for 24 hrs and pasteurized at 80°C in an improvised metallic drum (IMD) for 1hour; using cooking gas as heat source and allowed to cool overnight. 10 g of grain based spawn was inserted into 2/3 of each hole by way of inoculation and sealed with sterile polybag for mycelium incubation. Polybags were cut open after spawn run following primordial initiation. Fruit bodies were harvested at maturity, sun-dried ground and packed in airtight container prior to further analysis. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and mean separation by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) while levels of significance were determined at 5%. Results indicate that P. pulmonarius fruit bodies harvested from various tree logs were significantly different p<0.05 in their nutritional and bioactive compounds composition. Fruit body samples were rich in protein, carbohydrates, Na, K, and Ca. It was also observed that fruit bodies contained significant amount of Alkaloids, Tannins and Saponins; and could be useful in drug synthesis. Therefore, adopting this technique in oyster mushroom cultivation would lead to more jobs creation and food security; but this must be done with careful regulations to avoid indiscriminate felling of trees.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84513477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000323
Hesam Arabzadeh, M. Amani
It is proven by recent studies that sonication has a positive influence over the oil flow within the porous media. Accordingly, the researchers in this paper evaluated the influence of sonication over the oil recovery by means of free fall gravity drainage. Furthermore, the influence of sonication on the oil permeability was assessed in three samples that had different bead size in average. By use of the Hagroot backward method and Matlab simulation, the optimal petrophysical situation for sonication was determined. The authors concluded that sonication positively affects the oil recovery for the non-asphaltenic samples, while it has a reverse effect on the asphaltenic samples because of increasing the viscosity in long-term. Furthermore, it was witnessed that gravity drainage was heightened by increase of beads’ size in the non-asphaltenic sample. Accordingly, this mechanism can be useful in oil recovery by means of gravity drainage, specifically in fracture reservoirs.
{"title":"Application of a Novel Ultrasonic Technology to Improve Oil Recovery with an Environmental Viewpoint","authors":"Hesam Arabzadeh, M. Amani","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000323","url":null,"abstract":"It is proven by recent studies that sonication has a positive influence over the oil flow within the porous media. Accordingly, the researchers in this paper evaluated the influence of sonication over the oil recovery by means of free fall gravity drainage. Furthermore, the influence of sonication on the oil permeability was assessed in three samples that had different bead size in average. By use of the Hagroot backward method and Matlab simulation, the optimal petrophysical situation for sonication was determined. The authors concluded that sonication positively affects the oil recovery for the non-asphaltenic samples, while it has a reverse effect on the asphaltenic samples because of increasing the viscosity in long-term. Furthermore, it was witnessed that gravity drainage was heightened by increase of beads’ size in the non-asphaltenic sample. Accordingly, this mechanism can be useful in oil recovery by means of gravity drainage, specifically in fracture reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87226712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000322
M. Al-Awad, K. A. Fattah
The drilling operation cost represents 25% of the total oilfield exploitation cost. Drilling fluids represent 15 to 18% of the total cost of well petroleum drilling operations. The main drilling fluids problem is the loss into fractures and vugs. Mitigation of severe lost circulation is a main challenge while drilling in fractured formations where conventional lost circulation materials (LCM) will not cure these losses. Therefore, specialized fracture seal material (FSM) is required when drilling fractured formations. In this study, a promising FSM made from shredded waste car tyres was tested at laboratory for its ability to seal artificially fractured cores under High Temperature High Pressure (HT-HP) conditions similar to wellbore conditions. For this purpose, the conventional 500 ml HT-HP filtration cell was modified to accommodate a fractured core plug of length and diameter equal to 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) instead of the ceramic disc. Moreover, the cell outlet channel located below the fractured plug was increased from 1.0 mm diameter to 5.0 mm to easily allow the passage of the FSM in none effective fracture seal tests. Using the modified HT-HP filtration cell shredded waste car tyres proved its ability to perfectly seal the artificially made fracture in the test core samples at overbalance pressures up to 900 psi and temperatures up to 80°C. The optimum mud composition was fresh water, 7% by weight bentonite, 7% shredded waste car tyres (a mixture ranging between 2.3 mm and less than 0.45 mm granule sizes) in weight bases. In addition to its great ability to seal fractured formation, the shredded waste car tyres material is cheap and locally available in commercial quantities. Additionally, the utilization of waste car tyres in drilling operations and other industrial applications can protect the environment from many hazards.
{"title":"Utilization of Shredded Waste Car Tyres as a Fracture Seal Material (FSM) in Oil and Gas Drilling Operations","authors":"M. Al-Awad, K. A. Fattah","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000322","url":null,"abstract":"The drilling operation cost represents 25% of the total oilfield exploitation cost. Drilling fluids represent 15 to 18% of the total cost of well petroleum drilling operations. The main drilling fluids problem is the loss into fractures and vugs. Mitigation of severe lost circulation is a main challenge while drilling in fractured formations where conventional lost circulation materials (LCM) will not cure these losses. Therefore, specialized fracture seal material (FSM) is required when drilling fractured formations. In this study, a promising FSM made from shredded waste car tyres was tested at laboratory for its ability to seal artificially fractured cores under High Temperature High Pressure (HT-HP) conditions similar to wellbore conditions. For this purpose, the conventional 500 ml HT-HP filtration cell was modified to accommodate a fractured core plug of length and diameter equal to 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) instead of the ceramic disc. Moreover, the cell outlet channel located below the fractured plug was increased from 1.0 mm diameter to 5.0 mm to easily allow the passage of the FSM in none effective fracture seal tests. Using the modified HT-HP filtration cell shredded waste car tyres proved its ability to perfectly seal the artificially made fracture in the test core samples at overbalance pressures up to 900 psi and temperatures up to 80°C. The optimum mud composition was fresh water, 7% by weight bentonite, 7% shredded waste car tyres (a mixture ranging between 2.3 mm and less than 0.45 mm granule sizes) in weight bases. In addition to its great ability to seal fractured formation, the shredded waste car tyres material is cheap and locally available in commercial quantities. Additionally, the utilization of waste car tyres in drilling operations and other industrial applications can protect the environment from many hazards.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87159701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-25DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000324
Stanley Ho, Ihennacho Cm, Stanley Cn
The presence of heavy metals in refinery effluent has the potential to pose significant risks to human health and the environment. However, the conventional heavy metal removal has limitations hence the need to introduce alternative treatments. Recently, there have been considerable interests in bio-adsorption of heavy metal using fungus. In the present study, the effectiveness of iron, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium and chromium removal from refinery effluent was evaluated using living white rot fungus (spawn) viz., Pleurotus ostreatus. The fungus was amended with sawdust and rice bran. Physiochemical analysis of the effluent on day zero indicated the presence of Iron (0.775 mg/L), Zinc (0.750 mg/L), Lead (0.031 mg/L), Nickel (0.188 mg/L), Chromium (0.025 mg/L) and Cadmium (0.054 mg/L). P. ostreatus bioremoved the metals under study at pH 7.6, Temperature at 26.8°C and contact time 60 days with substrate (sawdust mixed with rice bran). Throughout the research, the percentage of removal was found to increase with increasing contact time. The heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sawdust mixed with rice bran colonized with P. ostreatus spawn could be utilized as an excellent biosorbent thus exhibiting efficiency for Iron 80%, Zinc 99%, Lead 94%, Nickel 99%. Chromium 93%, and Cadmium 96% respectively. The analysis of variance of the five variables: lead, iron, nickel, cadmium and chromium showed that there was no significant difference at P<0.05 with the exception of iron. It was observed that P. ostreatus is efficient in bioremoving heavy metals as the levels of remaining heavy metals in the refinery effluent were below the limit of detection (<0.001 mg/L). This validates P. ostreatus as a potential bio-sorbent and can be employed in treatment of environments polluted with effluent containing high levels of lead, zinc, iron, nickel, cadmium and chromium.
{"title":"Bioremoval of Heavy Metals from Effluent of Port Harcourt Refinery UsingPluerotus ostreatus","authors":"Stanley Ho, Ihennacho Cm, Stanley Cn","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000324","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of heavy metals in refinery effluent has the potential to pose significant risks to human health and the environment. However, the conventional heavy metal removal has limitations hence the need to introduce alternative treatments. Recently, there have been considerable interests in bio-adsorption of heavy metal using fungus. In the present study, the effectiveness of iron, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium and chromium removal from refinery effluent was evaluated using living white rot fungus (spawn) viz., Pleurotus ostreatus. The fungus was amended with sawdust and rice bran. Physiochemical analysis of the effluent on day zero indicated the presence of Iron (0.775 mg/L), Zinc (0.750 mg/L), Lead (0.031 mg/L), Nickel (0.188 mg/L), Chromium (0.025 mg/L) and Cadmium (0.054 mg/L). P. ostreatus bioremoved the metals under study at pH 7.6, Temperature at 26.8°C and contact time 60 days with substrate (sawdust mixed with rice bran). Throughout the research, the percentage of removal was found to increase with increasing contact time. The heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sawdust mixed with rice bran colonized with P. ostreatus spawn could be utilized as an excellent biosorbent thus exhibiting efficiency for Iron 80%, Zinc 99%, Lead 94%, Nickel 99%. Chromium 93%, and Cadmium 96% respectively. The analysis of variance of the five variables: lead, iron, nickel, cadmium and chromium showed that there was no significant difference at P<0.05 with the exception of iron. It was observed that P. ostreatus is efficient in bioremoving heavy metals as the levels of remaining heavy metals in the refinery effluent were below the limit of detection (<0.001 mg/L). This validates P. ostreatus as a potential bio-sorbent and can be employed in treatment of environments polluted with effluent containing high levels of lead, zinc, iron, nickel, cadmium and chromium.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78857785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000320
N. El-Mehbad
The interaction between zeolite and phase transfer catalysts PTC (cationic surfactants) is of great interest. In this paper, study the influence of various physical and chemical parameters. On the adsorption of PTC on zeolite is compared according their efficiency on removal PTC at constant conditions. The optimum conditions are studied to removal PTC. Thermodynamic of adsorption are calculated to suggest the mechanism of adsorption. The effects of different conditions are studied to investigate degree of removal PTC. Furthermore, the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic of PTC on efficiency of adsorption on zeolite is discussed according to thermodynamic adsorption parameters. A dsorption isotherm is studied according Frumkin isotherm. The mechanism of adsorption suggested with respect micellization processes and adsorption at solution/air interface. Furthermore, cross sectional area of phase transfer catalyst affect on degree of its adsorption. The results confirm the effect of pH and chemical structures of PTC efficiency of adsorption by zeolite.
{"title":"Recovery of Phase Transferee Catalysts from Waste-water by Adsorption onZeolite","authors":"N. El-Mehbad","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000320","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between zeolite and phase transfer catalysts PTC (cationic surfactants) is of great interest. In this paper, study the influence of various physical and chemical parameters. On the adsorption of PTC on zeolite is compared according their efficiency on removal PTC at constant conditions. The optimum conditions are studied to removal PTC. Thermodynamic of adsorption are calculated to suggest the mechanism of adsorption. The effects of different conditions are studied to investigate degree of removal PTC. Furthermore, the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic of PTC on efficiency of adsorption on zeolite is discussed according to thermodynamic adsorption parameters. A dsorption isotherm is studied according Frumkin isotherm. The mechanism of adsorption suggested with respect micellization processes and adsorption at solution/air interface. Furthermore, cross sectional area of phase transfer catalyst affect on degree of its adsorption. The results confirm the effect of pH and chemical structures of PTC efficiency of adsorption by zeolite.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90234313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000321
Benard A Udehab
Waste sunflower oil sourced from fried chicken and plantain was used for biodiesel production in this study. During the transesterification process, 161 ml of ethanol containing 96% (v/v) was added to 250 ml of waste sunflower oil using NaOH as the catalyst at different concentrations (2.0% to 4.0%) and temperatures (45°C, 60°C, 70°C and 85°C). Biodiesel yield of 88.6% was obtained at the temperature of 70°C in 3.0% NaOH. Viscosity test at room temperature and specific gravity evaluation recorded 2.81 cm2s-1 and 0.912 Kg/m3 respectively. The high energy density obtained from waste sunflower biodiesel blend is comparable with the hydrocarbon-based fossil fuel, an indication for smooth engine runs. This means that waste sunflower oil could be a veritable material for energy production as the alternative to greenhouse issues of fossil fuel diesel blend.
{"title":"Biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil (Sunflower) obtained from fried chicken and plantain","authors":"Benard A Udehab","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000321","url":null,"abstract":"Waste sunflower oil sourced from fried chicken and plantain was used for biodiesel production in this study. During the transesterification process, 161 ml of ethanol containing 96% (v/v) was added to 250 ml of waste sunflower oil using NaOH as the catalyst at different concentrations (2.0% to 4.0%) and temperatures (45°C, 60°C, 70°C and 85°C). Biodiesel yield of 88.6% was obtained at the temperature of 70°C in 3.0% NaOH. Viscosity test at room temperature and specific gravity evaluation recorded 2.81 cm2s-1 and 0.912 Kg/m3 respectively. The high energy density obtained from waste sunflower biodiesel blend is comparable with the hydrocarbon-based fossil fuel, an indication for smooth engine runs. This means that waste sunflower oil could be a veritable material for energy production as the alternative to greenhouse issues of fossil fuel diesel blend.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75621865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000314
Rahman Ma, Jacqueline Stevens, J. Pardy, D. Wheeler
The presence of liquids in natural gas wells increases the pressure loss within the well due to differences in density of the pressure head. In gas, well annular flow, liquid may be present in entrained droplets as well as in the liquid film. Several models have been proposed to predict liquid film thickness in pipes with vertical two-phase annular flow. Earlier models are based limited range of experimental data. The earlier models also require exhaustive iterative procedure to estimate liquid film thickness. On the other hand, the proposed modified film thickness model in this study was developed from a wide range of experimental data. The experimental data covers conditions of superficial liquid velocities ranging from 0.6 to 38.8 cm/s; superficial gas velocities ranging from 13.4 to 110.6 m/s; and diameters ranging from 12 to 51 mm. The proposed model is compared with the available experimental data in the literature. Model predictions are in good agreement with the available experimental data set. The modified film thickness model helps accurate estimation of pressure gradient in vertical annular flow, which in turn is beneficial to the natural gas production industry as it further develops the understanding of production mechanics.
{"title":"An Improved Film Thickness Model for Annular Flow Pressure GradientEstimation in Vertical Gas Wells","authors":"Rahman Ma, Jacqueline Stevens, J. Pardy, D. Wheeler","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000314","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of liquids in natural gas wells increases the pressure loss within the well due to differences in density of the pressure head. In gas, well annular flow, liquid may be present in entrained droplets as well as in the liquid film. Several models have been proposed to predict liquid film thickness in pipes with vertical two-phase annular flow. Earlier models are based limited range of experimental data. The earlier models also require exhaustive iterative procedure to estimate liquid film thickness. On the other hand, the proposed modified film thickness model in this study was developed from a wide range of experimental data. The experimental data covers conditions of superficial liquid velocities ranging from 0.6 to 38.8 cm/s; superficial gas velocities ranging from 13.4 to 110.6 m/s; and diameters ranging from 12 to 51 mm. The proposed model is compared with the available experimental data in the literature. Model predictions are in good agreement with the available experimental data set. The modified film thickness model helps accurate estimation of pressure gradient in vertical annular flow, which in turn is beneficial to the natural gas production industry as it further develops the understanding of production mechanics.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90835452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000319
Prince Mja
The current paper investigates on reducing surfactant adsorption after its application onto limestone surface by Ethelene Oxide (EO) conjugated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphonate (SDS) to improve oil recovery. SDS has been treated with EO as a nonionic surfactant with low critical micelle concentration to increase its hydrophilic nature that leads to desorb itself from oil wet surfaces like limestone reservoirs after altering wettability. Although, surfactant has a great impact on Oil recovery, adsorption makes them ineffective. It’s been a great concern for petroleum industry during enhanced oil recovery operations. This study focuses on finding a mechanism to reduce SDS adsorption on an oil wet limestone core sample and altering its wettability through EO at different concentrations. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of SDS was found at 500 ppm by conductivity test was chosen to reduce interfacial tension between oil and brine composition. Due to surface charge variation SDS was observed to adsorb onto limestone surface through core analysis. It has been flooded after water under core flooding operations, which shows near to field observations. For reducing this effect, EO was introduced with different concentrations to alter the hydrophilic properties of SDS. Being limestone oil wet surface, which leads SDS to adsorb onto its surface. Since, SDS would adhere onto the inner layers of core lead to alter wettability by recovering crude. The recovery of crude from a limestone core has been carried in two ways. Firstly, SDS was treated to get adsorb onto the core surface and secondly desorption of SDS by enhancing its hydrophilic nature through EO. By its application, the recovery of oil has been improved by reduction in adsorption of SDS successfully have been reported.
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Pub Date : 2017-02-20DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000E131
B. Prabhu, N. Balakumar
Energy plays a major role in all the petro-chemical industrial applications because it involves the initial cost. All the petro chemical industry produces a large volume and intermediary organic chemicals as well as large volume of plastics. Energy efficient enhancement is a significant way to decrease these cost and to increase the expectable earnings. Majority of opportunities are available at industrial plants in the USA petro chemical industry to decrease energy consumption in a cost effective manner.
{"title":"Energy Efficient Enhancement and Initial Cost Saving Mechanisms for Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Applications","authors":"B. Prabhu, N. Balakumar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000E131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000E131","url":null,"abstract":"Energy plays a major role in all the petro-chemical industrial applications because it involves the initial cost. All the petro chemical industry produces a large volume and intermediary organic chemicals as well as large volume of plastics. Energy efficient enhancement is a significant way to decrease these cost and to increase the expectable earnings. Majority of opportunities are available at industrial plants in the USA petro chemical industry to decrease energy consumption in a cost effective manner.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74254225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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