O. Ushie, V. Okpashi, T. Azuaga, S. Iyen, E. Aikhoje, J. I. Lajaka
The aim of this study is to carry out phytochemical screening of the methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of the plant Mucuna pruriens and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. The crude extracts were tested on three bacterial species; Klebsiella aerogenes, E coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal isolates – Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . The results revealed the presence for steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in the extracts. Almost all the extracts inhibited Klebsiella aerogenes , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The implication is that these extracts can be used to cure diseases associated with the tested organisms. Methanol extract did not inhibit growth of Aspergillus niger but demonstrated high activity against Candida albicans . The result implies that the plant can actually be used to cure diseases associated those organisms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, and nausea. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Mucuna pruriens, antimicrobial studies, leaf extracts Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, Vol. 16 No.4 (2019)
{"title":"Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of Mucuna pruriens","authors":"O. Ushie, V. Okpashi, T. Azuaga, S. Iyen, E. Aikhoje, J. I. Lajaka","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to carry out phytochemical screening of the methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of the plant Mucuna pruriens and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. The crude extracts were tested on three bacterial species; Klebsiella aerogenes, E coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal isolates – Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . The results revealed the presence for steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in the extracts. Almost all the extracts inhibited Klebsiella aerogenes , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The implication is that these extracts can be used to cure diseases associated with the tested organisms. Methanol extract did not inhibit growth of Aspergillus niger but demonstrated high activity against Candida albicans . The result implies that the plant can actually be used to cure diseases associated those organisms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, and nausea. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Mucuna pruriens, antimicrobial studies, leaf extracts Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, Vol. 16 No.4 (2019)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"87 1","pages":"3124-3129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78037358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to compare effervescent and non-effervescent gastro-floating matrix tablets (GFMT) of metronidazole formulated using Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum (AIG). Neem gum was extracted by a method previously described. Granules were prepared by wet granulation technique using the extracted neem gum at varying concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w). Sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid were used as the gas generating agents for the GFMTs, while ammonium bicarbonate was used as the sublimating agent for the non-effervescent GFMTs. Formulations were either prepared alone with the natural gum or with the addition of 1.0% w/w of acrylate methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RL100). All granules were evaluated for micromeritic properties. The granules were compressed at an optimized compression pressure of 30 arbitrary unit on the tableting machine load scale and the non-effervescent GFMTs were sintered at 70 °C for 12 h in a hot-air oven. Tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, floating lag time, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiles. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the pores and morphology of the tablets. Results revealed that all formulated floating matrix granules were free flowing, with angle of repose and Carr’s index ≤ 33.2o and ≤ 15.5% respectively. All floating matrix granules were compressible with tablet hardness ≤ 9.0 Kg/cm 2 . Generally, the percentage friability of the GFMTs decreased with increase in binder concentration (≤ 0.99%). The floating lag time for the effervescent GFMT tablets ranged from 2-7 min, while the non-effervescent formulations had zero floating lag time. FTIR and DSC studies showed that the excipients and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) i.e. metronidazole were compatible. SEM reveals the presence of pores and a smooth surface of the non-effervescent GFMTs, while smooth surface with no pores was revealed in the effervescent formulations. Gastro-floating matrix tablets of metronidazole were successfully formulated in this study using the effervescent and non-effervescent techniques and there was significant difference in the floating lag times (P 0.05). Keywords : Floating, matrix tablets, effervescent, non-effervescent, buoyancy.
{"title":"A comparative study of floating drug delivery system of metronidazole formulated using effervescent and non effervescent techniques","authors":"C. Airemwen, M. Uhumwangho","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I3","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to compare effervescent and non-effervescent gastro-floating matrix tablets (GFMT) of metronidazole formulated using Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum (AIG). Neem gum was extracted by a method previously described. Granules were prepared by wet granulation technique using the extracted neem gum at varying concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w). Sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid were used as the gas generating agents for the GFMTs, while ammonium bicarbonate was used as the sublimating agent for the non-effervescent GFMTs. Formulations were either prepared alone with the natural gum or with the addition of 1.0% w/w of acrylate methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RL100). All granules were evaluated for micromeritic properties. The granules were compressed at an optimized compression pressure of 30 arbitrary unit on the tableting machine load scale and the non-effervescent GFMTs were sintered at 70 °C for 12 h in a hot-air oven. Tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, floating lag time, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiles. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the pores and morphology of the tablets. Results revealed that all formulated floating matrix granules were free flowing, with angle of repose and Carr’s index ≤ 33.2o and ≤ 15.5% respectively. All floating matrix granules were compressible with tablet hardness ≤ 9.0 Kg/cm 2 . Generally, the percentage friability of the GFMTs decreased with increase in binder concentration (≤ 0.99%). The floating lag time for the effervescent GFMT tablets ranged from 2-7 min, while the non-effervescent formulations had zero floating lag time. FTIR and DSC studies showed that the excipients and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) i.e. metronidazole were compatible. SEM reveals the presence of pores and a smooth surface of the non-effervescent GFMTs, while smooth surface with no pores was revealed in the effervescent formulations. Gastro-floating matrix tablets of metronidazole were successfully formulated in this study using the effervescent and non-effervescent techniques and there was significant difference in the floating lag times (P 0.05). Keywords : Floating, matrix tablets, effervescent, non-effervescent, buoyancy.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"3028-3043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75148900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Onuigbo, C. Ugwu, E. Ezeibe, Ifunanya Frank Mama
Antimicrobial resistance has been a challenge to effective antibiotic delivery. Highly technical approaches that meet therapeutic needs are being studied to improve drug bioavailability. This present work seeks to formulate and characterize amoxicillin - loaded sorbitan monostearate-sodium alginate microparticles as mucoadhesive drug delivery for antimicrobial therapy. Three optimized batches of mucoadhesive sorbitan monostearate-alginate microparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, viscosity, and mucoadhesivity. Sensitivity test, FTIR spectroscopy and in-vitro drug release were also performed. The particle sizes were between 457 and 872.3 nm. The mean polydispersity index was about 0.569. The encapsulation efficiencies were above 65 %. The pH, viscosity, shear stress and mucoadhesivity were high and decreased gradually with time. The FTIR showed stability and correlation between the formulations and materials used. Sensitivity test showed high susceptibility between 29.00 and 49.33 mm. The drug release followed mostly first order kinetics with R2 > 0.9. Mucoadhesive sorbitan monostearatealginate polymer can be explored as a novel construct for better delivery of amoxicillin.Keywords: sorbitan monostearate, sodium alginate, mucoadhesion, bioavailability, amoxicillin
{"title":"Amoxicillin loaded-sorbitan monostearate–alginate microparticles as mucoadhesive delivery system for anti-microbial therapy","authors":"E. Onuigbo, C. Ugwu, E. Ezeibe, Ifunanya Frank Mama","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I1","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance has been a challenge to effective antibiotic delivery. Highly technical approaches that meet therapeutic needs are being studied to improve drug bioavailability. This present work seeks to formulate and characterize amoxicillin - loaded sorbitan monostearate-sodium alginate microparticles as mucoadhesive drug delivery for antimicrobial therapy. Three optimized batches of mucoadhesive sorbitan monostearate-alginate microparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, viscosity, and mucoadhesivity. Sensitivity test, FTIR spectroscopy and in-vitro drug release were also performed. The particle sizes were between 457 and 872.3 nm. The mean polydispersity index was about 0.569. The encapsulation efficiencies were above 65 %. The pH, viscosity, shear stress and mucoadhesivity were high and decreased gradually with time. The FTIR showed stability and correlation between the formulations and materials used. Sensitivity test showed high susceptibility between 29.00 and 49.33 mm. The drug release followed mostly first order kinetics with R2 > 0.9. Mucoadhesive sorbitan monostearatealginate polymer can be explored as a novel construct for better delivery of amoxicillin.Keywords: sorbitan monostearate, sodium alginate, mucoadhesion, bioavailability, amoxicillin","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"2905-2921"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78851323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different analytical methods have been reported for the assay of artesunate. However, these methods require the use of sophisticated and expensive equipment and reagents which are not readily available in many developing countries like Nigeria. This study is aimed at developing a method that is accurate, simple and cost effective using readily available reagents for the assay of artesunate in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed spectrophotometric assay method is based on the fact that reactive methylene centre of the acid decomposed product of artesunate readily donates a proton that reacts with benzaldehyde to form a chromogen. This study involves the use of two benzaldehydes with electron withdrawing substituents, 3-bromobenzaldehyde and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. Both gave immediate yellow coloured products and the wavelength of maximum absorption for the product obtained using 3-bromobenzaldehyde was 452 nm, while it was 456 nm for the product obtained with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. However, the dissolution of 3-bromobenzaldehyde was incomplete in the acidic medium. The result obtained with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde revealed that Beer’s law was obeyed at the range of 20-100 μg/ml artesunate concentration with a linear coefficient of 0.9996 and the molar absorptivity was 2.1261×10 3 mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection and quantification were 1.3832 μg/ml and 4.6109 μg/ml, respectively. The method required water as diluent. The result obtained from recovery studies by standard addition method confirmed that there was no interference from pharmaceutical excipients. The developed method was used to assay five brands of artesunate tablets successfully. The results compared favourably well with those obtained using the method described in the International Pharmacopoeia. Keywords: Artesunate, Benzaldehydes, spectrophotometry, recovery studies
{"title":"Spectrophotometric assay of artesunate using benzaldehydes with electron withdrawing substituents","authors":"G. E. Aghayere, H. A. Okeri","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V16I2","url":null,"abstract":"Different analytical methods have been reported for the assay of artesunate. However, these methods require the use of sophisticated and expensive equipment and reagents which are not readily available in many developing countries like Nigeria. This study is aimed at developing a method that is accurate, simple and cost effective using readily available reagents for the assay of artesunate in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed spectrophotometric assay method is based on the fact that reactive methylene centre of the acid decomposed product of artesunate readily donates a proton that reacts with benzaldehyde to form a chromogen. This study involves the use of two benzaldehydes with electron withdrawing substituents, 3-bromobenzaldehyde and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. Both gave immediate yellow coloured products and the wavelength of maximum absorption for the product obtained using 3-bromobenzaldehyde was 452 nm, while it was 456 nm for the product obtained with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. However, the dissolution of 3-bromobenzaldehyde was incomplete in the acidic medium. The result obtained with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde revealed that Beer’s law was obeyed at the range of 20-100 μg/ml artesunate concentration with a linear coefficient of 0.9996 and the molar absorptivity was 2.1261×10 3 mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection and quantification were 1.3832 μg/ml and 4.6109 μg/ml, respectively. The method required water as diluent. The result obtained from recovery studies by standard addition method confirmed that there was no interference from pharmaceutical excipients. The developed method was used to assay five brands of artesunate tablets successfully. The results compared favourably well with those obtained using the method described in the International Pharmacopoeia. Keywords: Artesunate, Benzaldehydes, spectrophotometry, recovery studies","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"584 1","pages":"2961-2973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76711948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oils from the fruit peels of Citrus sinensis (Orange), Citrus limetta (Lime) and Citrus limon (Lemon) were extracted and investigated for their antimicrobial activities against some selected microorganisms ( Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans ). Phytochemical analysis of the oil extracts shows the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates (reducing sugar) and phenol. Flavonoids occurred in the highest amount in C. sinensis . Infrared spectroscopy revealed the various functional groups present in the extracted oils.. antimicrobial studies showed that the extracted oils had antimicrobial effect on the test organisms, which is attributed to the phytochemicals and functional groups of the oil. The oils in combination showed synergistic antimicrobial effects on the organisms tested. With C. sinensis essential oil (1.5 ml), the zone of inhibition was highest on Staphylococcus aureus. With C. limetta (1.0 ml), the inhibition zone (27 mm) was also highest on S. aureus. Concentration of 2.0 ml gave the highest inhibition (15.5 mm) on S. aureus . The zones of inhibition with different quantities of orange peel oil, against the selected microbes were not significantly different (P-Value - 0.013). There was also no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of microbes at different concentrations of lime and lemon essential oils, with PValues of 0.0956 and 0.01225 respectively. It may be concluded that essential oils of C. sinensis, C. limetta and C. limon have antimicrobial properties and may be applied in the treatment of diseases induced by the pathogens. Further research is needed to achieve appropriate formulation into dosage forms, of the test oils. The superior antimicrobial properties demonstrated by the oil blends can be exploited further with a view to generating new effective antimicrobial compounds. Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Urinary Tract Infections, Citrus limetta, Column Chromatography, Candida albicans.
{"title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of Citrus Sinensis (orange), Citrus Limetta (sweet lime) and Citrus Limon (lemon) fruit peel oil extracts on selected causal organisms of urinary tract infection","authors":"J. Appah, V. O. Aina, Ayuba.O Karen","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I3","url":null,"abstract":"Oils from the fruit peels of Citrus sinensis (Orange), Citrus limetta (Lime) and Citrus limon (Lemon) were extracted and investigated for their antimicrobial activities against some selected microorganisms ( Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans ). Phytochemical analysis of the oil extracts shows the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates (reducing sugar) and phenol. Flavonoids occurred in the highest amount in C. sinensis . Infrared spectroscopy revealed the various functional groups present in the extracted oils.. antimicrobial studies showed that the extracted oils had antimicrobial effect on the test organisms, which is attributed to the phytochemicals and functional groups of the oil. The oils in combination showed synergistic antimicrobial effects on the organisms tested. With C. sinensis essential oil (1.5 ml), the zone of inhibition was highest on Staphylococcus aureus. With C. limetta (1.0 ml), the inhibition zone (27 mm) was also highest on S. aureus. Concentration of 2.0 ml gave the highest inhibition (15.5 mm) on S. aureus . The zones of inhibition with different quantities of orange peel oil, against the selected microbes were not significantly different (P-Value - 0.013). There was also no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of microbes at different concentrations of lime and lemon essential oils, with PValues of 0.0956 and 0.01225 respectively. It may be concluded that essential oils of C. sinensis, C. limetta and C. limon have antimicrobial properties and may be applied in the treatment of diseases induced by the pathogens. Further research is needed to achieve appropriate formulation into dosage forms, of the test oils. The superior antimicrobial properties demonstrated by the oil blends can be exploited further with a view to generating new effective antimicrobial compounds. Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Urinary Tract Infections, Citrus limetta, Column Chromatography, Candida albicans.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"184 4","pages":"2786-2809"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72569101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity and activity index orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) peel extracts against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The result of phytochemical screening of the peel extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid and phenol. The result of the antibacterial efficacy of the extracts against the isolates indicated the extracts were active against the isolates with higher activity in ethanol extract (with average zone of inhibition of 15 mm) when compared to aqueous extract (12.25 mm). The result of susceptibility of the isolates to the extracts showed Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with average zone of inhibition of 15.25 mm when compared to Salmonella typhi with average zone of inhibition of 12.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts showed that dilutions of various concentrations of aqueous and ethanol of peel extracts can inhibit the growth or kill the isolates at a concentration of between 2.125 – 20 mg/ ml. the average activity index of the extracts on the test isolates was found to be 0.64 which indicated that the plant extract can compete with the standard antibiotic used. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there is no significant different in the activity of the extracts against the isolates used at p<0.05. Findings from this study support the use of orange peel extracts for medicinal purposes.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus Sinensis Peel Extracts on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus and Salmonella Typhi","authors":"","doi":"10.29199/japs.101014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29199/japs.101014","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity and activity index orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) peel extracts against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The result of phytochemical screening of the peel extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid and phenol. The result of the antibacterial efficacy of the extracts against the isolates indicated the extracts were active against the isolates with higher activity in ethanol extract (with average zone of inhibition of 15 mm) when compared to aqueous extract (12.25 mm). The result of susceptibility of the isolates to the extracts showed Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with average zone of inhibition of 15.25 mm when compared to Salmonella typhi with average zone of inhibition of 12.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts showed that dilutions of various concentrations of aqueous and ethanol of peel extracts can inhibit the growth or kill the isolates at a concentration of between 2.125 – 20 mg/ ml. the average activity index of the extracts on the test isolates was found to be 0.64 which indicated that the plant extract can compete with the standard antibiotic used. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there is no significant different in the activity of the extracts against the isolates used at p<0.05. Findings from this study support the use of orange peel extracts for medicinal purposes.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86327830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Ibezim, M. Momoh, V. Onyishi, I. Nwabunike, D. Odimegwu, N. Ibezim, N. J. Nzekwe
Ointment formulations of the ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was in this study evaluated for wound healing activities in rat using the excision wound model. The air-dried and pulversied leaves were extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus to obtain the crude methanol extract. This was subsequently shaken with ethyl acetate and to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction, which was later dried and used in two different concentrations ( 1% w/w and 2 % w/w to formulate simple ointments. The ointments were evaluated for wound healing properties using male albino rats (65 – 180 g) aged 3 – 4 months. Prior to this, the crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were subjected to phytochemical studies to ascertain their phyto-constituents .The phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and resins and absence of glycosides and saponins. The ointment formulations had wound healing activities which were time-dependent, but concentration independent. The ointment formulations containing the extracts showed more effective wound healing than the positive control, Cicatrin® a standard wound healing agent, with the ointment containing 1 % w/w extract having superior effects than the batch containing 2 % w/w, implying that the extract, at 1 % w/w concentration, can be exploited in ointment form, as a potential wound healing remedy. Keywords : wound healing, ointment, ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, Ocimum gratissimum, Cicatrin®
{"title":"Evaluating the ethyl-acetate fraction of crude methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum formulated as ointments for wound healing properties using the excision wound model","authors":"E. Ibezim, M. Momoh, V. Onyishi, I. Nwabunike, D. Odimegwu, N. Ibezim, N. J. Nzekwe","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I1","url":null,"abstract":"Ointment formulations of the ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was in this study evaluated for wound healing activities in rat using the excision wound model. The air-dried and pulversied leaves were extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus to obtain the crude methanol extract. This was subsequently shaken with ethyl acetate and to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction, which was later dried and used in two different concentrations ( 1% w/w and 2 % w/w to formulate simple ointments. The ointments were evaluated for wound healing properties using male albino rats (65 – 180 g) aged 3 – 4 months. Prior to this, the crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were subjected to phytochemical studies to ascertain their phyto-constituents .The phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and resins and absence of glycosides and saponins. The ointment formulations had wound healing activities which were time-dependent, but concentration independent. The ointment formulations containing the extracts showed more effective wound healing than the positive control, Cicatrin® a standard wound healing agent, with the ointment containing 1 % w/w extract having superior effects than the batch containing 2 % w/w, implying that the extract, at 1 % w/w concentration, can be exploited in ointment form, as a potential wound healing remedy. Keywords : wound healing, ointment, ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, Ocimum gratissimum, Cicatrin®","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89825930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A colorimetric method involving the oxidation of zidovudine (ZDV) using potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid has been developed for the determination of ZDV in bulk and tablet dosage forms. The wavelength of maximum absorption (λ max ) of the oxidation product was determined and concentrations of sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate and amount/duration of heat were optimized. Beers plot was constructed at the λ max and used in the recovery studies for pure drug sample. Two methods (acid and methanol extraction) were used to extract ZDV from tablet samples. The developed method was then used to determine the percentage content of the drug in the tablets. The method was validated using the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirement for registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guideline. The λ max of the oxidation product was found to be 602 nm. The optimized conditions were as follows: 0.083M (potassium dichromate), 12 M (sulphuric acid) and heating at 90oC for 30 mins. The regression equation for the Beer’s plots is: A = 0.4313C + 0.0018 (R 2 =0.9995) for ZDV. The recovery of ZDV from standard solutions was 100.36%±0.36. Thus the developed method was accurate and precise. The percentage contents determined for different brands of ZDV tablets were 99.07%±0.83, 98.70%±0.76, 93.46%±0.72 for the three brands of ZDV. These values compared well with results obtained with use of another method of assay. These values are within the specifications of the British Pharmacopoeia (90-110%). The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.004 and 0.014 mg/ml respectively. The developed method is simple, accurate, and utilizes readily available chemicals and equipment, and is inexpensive. It could therefore be used for the routine determination of ZDV. Keywords: Zidovudine, Oxidation, Colorimetric, Absorbance
{"title":"Colorimetric determination of zidovudine in bulk and tablet dosage forms using potassium dichromate","authors":"U. Ogbeide, H. A. Okeri, C. Eboka","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V15I2","url":null,"abstract":"A colorimetric method involving the oxidation of zidovudine (ZDV) using potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid has been developed for the determination of ZDV in bulk and tablet dosage forms. The wavelength of maximum absorption (λ max ) of the oxidation product was determined and concentrations of sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate and amount/duration of heat were optimized. Beers plot was constructed at the λ max and used in the recovery studies for pure drug sample. Two methods (acid and methanol extraction) were used to extract ZDV from tablet samples. The developed method was then used to determine the percentage content of the drug in the tablets. The method was validated using the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirement for registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guideline. The λ max of the oxidation product was found to be 602 nm. The optimized conditions were as follows: 0.083M (potassium dichromate), 12 M (sulphuric acid) and heating at 90oC for 30 mins. The regression equation for the Beer’s plots is: A = 0.4313C + 0.0018 (R 2 =0.9995) for ZDV. The recovery of ZDV from standard solutions was 100.36%±0.36. Thus the developed method was accurate and precise. The percentage contents determined for different brands of ZDV tablets were 99.07%±0.83, 98.70%±0.76, 93.46%±0.72 for the three brands of ZDV. These values compared well with results obtained with use of another method of assay. These values are within the specifications of the British Pharmacopoeia (90-110%). The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.004 and 0.014 mg/ml respectively. The developed method is simple, accurate, and utilizes readily available chemicals and equipment, and is inexpensive. It could therefore be used for the routine determination of ZDV. Keywords: Zidovudine, Oxidation, Colorimetric, Absorbance","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"2724-2734"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88792028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Nasir, A. Yusuf, M. Abdullahi, A. Uba, A. Muntaka, S. S. Bello, A. Umar, A. Alhasan, C. Alebiosu, M. Yahaya, Mohammad Shah Hafez Kabir, C. Ottah, S. Ibrahim
The n-butanol leaf fraction of Vernonia glaberrima was evaluated for its toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The leaves of V. glaberrima were collected, identified and extracted with methanol using maceration method and the resulting crude methanol extract was then partitioned using different solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol respectively). Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted on the n-butanol fraction (BF) using standard procedures. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the fraction was determined using Lorke’s method and the analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, while the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Secondary metabolites including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and flavonoids were found in the fraction. The LD50 of the fraction was 2154 mg/kg indicating the fraction to be moderately toxic. The fraction at 150 mg/kg exhibited 77.6 % inhibition of writhes, higher than the standard drug, piroxicam (10 mg/kg) which had 53.7 % inhibition. The n-butanol fraction at 150 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at the 2nd and 4th hour, respectively, while there was no significant inhibition at 500 mg/kg of the fraction. The standard drug was only able to inhibit oedema at the 1st hour. The results showed the n-butanol fraction of V. glaberrima to possess significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities thereby validating its traditional use in the treatment of pain and inflammation.
{"title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the n-butanol fraction of Vernonia glaberrima","authors":"I. Nasir, A. Yusuf, M. Abdullahi, A. Uba, A. Muntaka, S. S. Bello, A. Umar, A. Alhasan, C. Alebiosu, M. Yahaya, Mohammad Shah Hafez Kabir, C. Ottah, S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I2","url":null,"abstract":"The n-butanol leaf fraction of Vernonia glaberrima was evaluated for its toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The leaves of V. glaberrima were collected, identified and extracted with methanol using maceration method and the resulting crude methanol extract was then partitioned using different solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol respectively). Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted on the n-butanol fraction (BF) using standard procedures. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the fraction was determined using Lorke’s method and the analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, while the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Secondary metabolites including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and flavonoids were found in the fraction. The LD50 of the fraction was 2154 mg/kg indicating the fraction to be moderately toxic. The fraction at 150 mg/kg exhibited 77.6 % inhibition of writhes, higher than the standard drug, piroxicam (10 mg/kg) which had 53.7 % inhibition. The n-butanol fraction at 150 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at the 2nd and 4th hour, respectively, while there was no significant inhibition at 500 mg/kg of the fraction. The standard drug was only able to inhibit oedema at the 1st hour. The results showed the n-butanol fraction of V. glaberrima to possess significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities thereby validating its traditional use in the treatment of pain and inflammation.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"77 1","pages":"2470-2477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72689828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Garba, M. T. Bakare-Odunola, M. Garba, A. I. Yakasai, A. Musa, M. Usman, S. S. Bello, B. Rabiyu, A. Haruna
The study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of stem bark and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica on laboratory isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from spoiled cabbage. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were screened. The aqueous and methanol extracts from the leaves and stem bark of the plant were then tested using agar well diffusion method for their antibacterial activity against laboratory isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from spoiled cabbage. The result showed that the extracts were active against the microorganisms tested. The methanolic extract of stem bark showed the highest zones of inhibition against tested organisms (average of 17.25 mm) compared to the aqueous extract (average of 15.81 mm). Statistical analysis of the result shows that the extracts demonstrated high antibacterial activity against the isolates tested with the average zone of inhibition of 15.75 mm and 17.31 mm for E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 6.25 – 25 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that both stem bark and leaf extracts contain alkaloid, tannin, anthraquinone, flavonoid, phenols and terpenoid. The extracts of the plant demonstrated antibacterial activity due to presence of phytochemical constituents hence, the application of the decoction of leaf and stem bark of the plant in ethnomedicine is justified. Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; phytochemical; well diffusion; antibacterial activity; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
{"title":"Influence of ampicllin/cloxacilin combination on pharmacokinetics of metformin in type II diabetic patients","authors":"M. Garba, M. T. Bakare-Odunola, M. Garba, A. I. Yakasai, A. Musa, M. Usman, S. S. Bello, B. Rabiyu, A. Haruna","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I4","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of stem bark and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica on laboratory isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from spoiled cabbage. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were screened. The aqueous and methanol extracts from the leaves and stem bark of the plant were then tested using agar well diffusion method for their antibacterial activity against laboratory isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from spoiled cabbage. The result showed that the extracts were active against the microorganisms tested. The methanolic extract of stem bark showed the highest zones of inhibition against tested organisms (average of 17.25 mm) compared to the aqueous extract (average of 15.81 mm). Statistical analysis of the result shows that the extracts demonstrated high antibacterial activity against the isolates tested with the average zone of inhibition of 15.75 mm and 17.31 mm for E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 6.25 – 25 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that both stem bark and leaf extracts contain alkaloid, tannin, anthraquinone, flavonoid, phenols and terpenoid. The extracts of the plant demonstrated antibacterial activity due to presence of phytochemical constituents hence, the application of the decoction of leaf and stem bark of the plant in ethnomedicine is justified. Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; phytochemical; well diffusion; antibacterial activity; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"126 1","pages":"2616-2624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76827475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：