U. Iliyasu, U. Danmalam, U. A. Katsayal, S. Shehu, H. Mshelia
Ficus kamerunensis is an epiphytic shrub or tree growing up to 20 m high. The plant is used in ethnomedicine to treat microbial infections of different kinds. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of the stem-bark of Ficus kamerunensis and fractions of the same (ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, n-butanol, aqueous) was studied. Agar diffusion method was used to screen the extracts while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined at 0.5 scale Mc-farland’s turbidity standard and with standard ciprofloxacin as positive control. The diameter of zone of inhibition of the extracts against test microorganisms (in mm) was highest for the ethyl acetate, followed by diethyl ether then n-butanol extracts while the least was with the methanol extract. The zones of inhibition of the extracts were in the range of 18-31 mm. The MIC and MBC for the extracts were 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml respectively. Antimicrobial evaluation shows that the extracts have activity against E. coli, Candida albicans, Candida stellatodea, Corynebacterium ulcerans, MRSA, Neisseria gonorrheae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus while Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyrogens were resistant. This therefore, supports the ethnomedical usage of the plant for the treatment of infectious diseases.Keywords: Ficus kamerunensis, Antimicrobial, MIC and MBC/ MFC
{"title":"Antimicrobial studies on the stem-bark extracts of Ficus kamerunensis Warb.","authors":"U. Iliyasu, U. Danmalam, U. A. Katsayal, S. Shehu, H. Mshelia","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I3","url":null,"abstract":"Ficus kamerunensis is an epiphytic shrub or tree growing up to 20 m high. The plant is used in ethnomedicine to treat microbial infections of different kinds. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of the stem-bark of Ficus kamerunensis and fractions of the same (ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, n-butanol, aqueous) was studied. Agar diffusion method was used to screen the extracts while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined at 0.5 scale Mc-farland’s turbidity standard and with standard ciprofloxacin as positive control. The diameter of zone of inhibition of the extracts against test microorganisms (in mm) was highest for the ethyl acetate, followed by diethyl ether then n-butanol extracts while the least was with the methanol extract. The zones of inhibition of the extracts were in the range of 18-31 mm. The MIC and MBC for the extracts were 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml respectively. Antimicrobial evaluation shows that the extracts have activity against E. coli, Candida albicans, Candida stellatodea, Corynebacterium ulcerans, MRSA, Neisseria gonorrheae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus while Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyrogens were resistant. This therefore, supports the ethnomedical usage of the plant for the treatment of infectious diseases.Keywords: Ficus kamerunensis, Antimicrobial, MIC and MBC/ MFC","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"2514-2522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72912279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Haruna, U. Pateh, M. Sule, A. Musa, Y. Sani, M. Mohammed, M. Lawal, M. Garba
Pleurotus tuber regium , particularly the sclerotium is an important dietary component due to its nutritional value, since it is composed of micro- and macro- elements. Examples include potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron, as well as classes of food such as protein, carbohydrate, vitamins (B1, B2, D2 and C), unsaturated fatty acids, low fat content, albumin, globulin, prolamines, and glutelin. This study is aimed at determining the effects of Pleurotus tuber regium on haematological indices of Albino Wistar rats. The Wistar rats were grouped and each group administered with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Pleurotus tuber regium respectively for a period of 14 days and blood samples obtained for complete blood count (CBC) using the Abacus Junior Haematology Analyser (S/N 111325). The rats fed with aqueous extracts recorded higher values of RBC (8.31±0.5x10 12 /L), haemoglobin (13.1±0.8g/DL), haematocrit (53.02±3.8%) as well as platelet count (788.6±157.4x10 9 /L) and plateletcrit (0.71±0.1%) compared to the ethanol and control groups with lower values. The aqueous group however recorded low WBC (8.68±3.22x10 9 /L) and Lymphocytes (5.16±2.0x10 9 /L) compared to the other two groups, with the ethanol groups recording the highest value for the lymphocyte (7.91±2.8x10 9 /L). The aqueous extract can thus serve as an ideal haematinics, since the values of RBC, haemoglobin and haematocrit are within the normal value for the female Wistar rats used. It could also serve as an immune booster due to the increased level of lymphocytes, because in the presence of pathogenic microbes, the body is primed to fight infection by releasing lymphocytes. Keywords: Pleurotus tuber regium, Wistar rats, haematocrit, plant extract, blood count
{"title":"Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of methanol leaf extract of Hymenocardia acida , Tul (Euphorbiaceae) in laboratory animals","authors":"A. Haruna, U. Pateh, M. Sule, A. Musa, Y. Sani, M. Mohammed, M. Lawal, M. Garba","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V14I5","url":null,"abstract":"Pleurotus tuber regium , particularly the sclerotium is an important dietary component due to its nutritional value, since it is composed of micro- and macro- elements. Examples include potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron, as well as classes of food such as protein, carbohydrate, vitamins (B1, B2, D2 and C), unsaturated fatty acids, low fat content, albumin, globulin, prolamines, and glutelin. This study is aimed at determining the effects of Pleurotus tuber regium on haematological indices of Albino Wistar rats. The Wistar rats were grouped and each group administered with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Pleurotus tuber regium respectively for a period of 14 days and blood samples obtained for complete blood count (CBC) using the Abacus Junior Haematology Analyser (S/N 111325). The rats fed with aqueous extracts recorded higher values of RBC (8.31±0.5x10 12 /L), haemoglobin (13.1±0.8g/DL), haematocrit (53.02±3.8%) as well as platelet count (788.6±157.4x10 9 /L) and plateletcrit (0.71±0.1%) compared to the ethanol and control groups with lower values. The aqueous group however recorded low WBC (8.68±3.22x10 9 /L) and Lymphocytes (5.16±2.0x10 9 /L) compared to the other two groups, with the ethanol groups recording the highest value for the lymphocyte (7.91±2.8x10 9 /L). The aqueous extract can thus serve as an ideal haematinics, since the values of RBC, haemoglobin and haematocrit are within the normal value for the female Wistar rats used. It could also serve as an immune booster due to the increased level of lymphocytes, because in the presence of pathogenic microbes, the body is primed to fight infection by releasing lymphocytes. Keywords: Pleurotus tuber regium, Wistar rats, haematocrit, plant extract, blood count","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"2670-2674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83486166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Osahon, A. C. Baye-Osagie, I. C. Ediae, P. Erah
The aim of this study was to formulate metformin as a floating drug delivery system using Irvingia gabonesis gum in order to increase its bioavailability and enhance its site-specific absorption. Floating matrix granules of metformin were prepared by wet granulation technique using the extracted natural gum from Irvingia gabonensis at varying concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %w/w). Sodium bicarbonate (30%) and tartaric acid (5%) were incorporated as the gas generating agents. Formulations were either prepared alone with the natural gum or with the addition of 1.0 %w/w of acrylatemethacrylate copolymer (Eudragit RL100). All granules were evaluated for micromeritic properties i.e. bulk and tapped densities, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, and angle of repose. Granules were compressed at an optimized compression pressure of 35 arbitrary unit on the tableting machine load scale. Tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, floating lag time, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiles. Release data were subjected to analysis by four different mathematical models namely, – zero order flux, first order, Higuchi square root of time relationship and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the results obtained, all formulated gastroretentive floating matrix (GRFM) granules were free flowing with angle of repose and Carr’s index ≤ 30.2o and ≤ 11% respectively. The floating lag time for GRFM tablets formulated with Irvingia gabonesis was ≤ 850 s. The in vitro buoyancy times of GRFM tablets formulations using Irvingia gabonesis gum alone (i.e. without the incorporation of acrylatemethacrylate copolymer) were 12 h. All GRFM granules were compressible with tablet hardness between 2.2 – 6.3 Kpa. There was a significant difference in tablet hardness with increase in binder concentration (p 0.45, hence their release mechanism was by Non-Fickian diffusion. FTIR studies show that the excipients and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) i.e. metformin were compatible. Irvingia gabonesis gum has been investigated in the formulation of gastroretentive floating matrix tablets of metformin which may find useful application in sustained release drug delivery particularly for drugs with short biological half-life that require frequent administration.Keywords: Floating drug delivery system (FDDS), Irvingia gabonesis gum, Metformin hydrochloride, Gastroretentive floating matrix tablets (GRFMTs).
{"title":"Prescription pattern and cost analysis of antipsychotics in a tertiary hospital in south- South Nigeria.","authors":"P. Osahon, A. C. Baye-Osagie, I. C. Ediae, P. Erah","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V13I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V13I1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to formulate metformin as a floating drug delivery system using Irvingia gabonesis gum in order to increase its bioavailability and enhance its site-specific absorption. Floating matrix granules of metformin were prepared by wet granulation technique using the extracted natural gum from Irvingia gabonensis at varying concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %w/w). Sodium bicarbonate (30%) and tartaric acid (5%) were incorporated as the gas generating agents. Formulations were either prepared alone with the natural gum or with the addition of 1.0 %w/w of acrylatemethacrylate copolymer (Eudragit RL100). All granules were evaluated for micromeritic properties i.e. bulk and tapped densities, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, and angle of repose. Granules were compressed at an optimized compression pressure of 35 arbitrary unit on the tableting machine load scale. Tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, floating lag time, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiles. Release data were subjected to analysis by four different mathematical models namely, – zero order flux, first order, Higuchi square root of time relationship and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the results obtained, all formulated gastroretentive floating matrix (GRFM) granules were free flowing with angle of repose and Carr’s index ≤ 30.2o and ≤ 11% respectively. The floating lag time for GRFM tablets formulated with Irvingia gabonesis was ≤ 850 s. The in vitro buoyancy times of GRFM tablets formulations using Irvingia gabonesis gum alone (i.e. without the incorporation of acrylatemethacrylate copolymer) were 12 h. All GRFM granules were compressible with tablet hardness between 2.2 – 6.3 Kpa. There was a significant difference in tablet hardness with increase in binder concentration (p 0.45, hence their release mechanism was by Non-Fickian diffusion. FTIR studies show that the excipients and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) i.e. metformin were compatible. Irvingia gabonesis gum has been investigated in the formulation of gastroretentive floating matrix tablets of metformin which may find useful application in sustained release drug delivery particularly for drugs with short biological half-life that require frequent administration.Keywords: Floating drug delivery system (FDDS), Irvingia gabonesis gum, Metformin hydrochloride, Gastroretentive floating matrix tablets (GRFMTs).","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"2331-2343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80619043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ihekwereme, S. Nduka, Ifeanyi E Okoye, C. Esimone, M. Adikwu
People consume herbal products such as Garcinia kola seed (GKS) or Carmellia sinensis (tea) while on conventional or orthodox medication. Urinary tract infections are frequently treated using norfloxacin. This work investigated the clinical outcome of co-administration of norfloxacin, and either Garcinia kola seed (GKS) or Carmellia sinensis (tea) on the urinary clearance of E. coli using human volunteers. Three parallel groups were used for the study. The urinary excretion rate, urinary concentration-time profile, cumulative amount of drug excreted in urine and reciprocal urinary inhibitory titer (RUIT) were clinically determined for norfloxacin. Urine samples were collected at intervals (up to 24 h) from 3 groups (n = 4) of healthy volunteers (norfloxacin alone, norfloxacin and either GKS or tea) and used for the studies. The results indicated that both herbs reduced the peak excretion rate and peak urinary concentrations of norfloxacin. The percentage of norfloxacin recovered in the urine of subjects decreased from 2.3 ± 0.4% (without herb) to 2.0± 0.3 % (G. kola) and 1.5 ± 0.3% (C. sinensis) when herbs were administered concomitantly. Tea enhanced antibacterial activity at 1st and 3rd hours, while GKS maintained antibacterial activity much longer than the other groups. Although, all the groups had equal antibacterial potency at the 7th hour, only GKS could sustain it until the 10th hour. The highest bacteriostatic potency in urine was from subjects that consumed the antibiotics concomitantly with tea, suggesting that tea enhanced the potency of norfloxacin. The urinary concentration and hence bactericidal potency of norfloxacin was significantly influenced by tea and GKS, which may be beneficial in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Thus co-administration of tea and norfloxacin in the treatment of UTI may result in increased bacterial clearance, rapid recovery, and possibly some pharmacoeconomic advantagesKeywords: Drug-Herb Interactions, Pharmacokinetics, Urinary tract Infections, Pharmacotherapy, Synergism
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of herbal medicines: the effect of Garcinia kola and Carmellia sinensis on norfloxacin use in the treatment of urinary tract infections","authors":"C. Ihekwereme, S. Nduka, Ifeanyi E Okoye, C. Esimone, M. Adikwu","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V13I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V13I2","url":null,"abstract":"People consume herbal products such as Garcinia kola seed (GKS) or Carmellia sinensis (tea) while on conventional or orthodox medication. Urinary tract infections are frequently treated using norfloxacin. This work investigated the clinical outcome of co-administration of norfloxacin, and either Garcinia kola seed (GKS) or Carmellia sinensis (tea) on the urinary clearance of E. coli using human volunteers. Three parallel groups were used for the study. The urinary excretion rate, urinary concentration-time profile, cumulative amount of drug excreted in urine and reciprocal urinary inhibitory titer (RUIT) were clinically determined for norfloxacin. Urine samples were collected at intervals (up to 24 h) from 3 groups (n = 4) of healthy volunteers (norfloxacin alone, norfloxacin and either GKS or tea) and used for the studies. The results indicated that both herbs reduced the peak excretion rate and peak urinary concentrations of norfloxacin. The percentage of norfloxacin recovered in the urine of subjects decreased from 2.3 ± 0.4% (without herb) to 2.0± 0.3 % (G. kola) and 1.5 ± 0.3% (C. sinensis) when herbs were administered concomitantly. Tea enhanced antibacterial activity at 1st and 3rd hours, while GKS maintained antibacterial activity much longer than the other groups. Although, all the groups had equal antibacterial potency at the 7th hour, only GKS could sustain it until the 10th hour. The highest bacteriostatic potency in urine was from subjects that consumed the antibiotics concomitantly with tea, suggesting that tea enhanced the potency of norfloxacin. The urinary concentration and hence bactericidal potency of norfloxacin was significantly influenced by tea and GKS, which may be beneficial in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Thus co-administration of tea and norfloxacin in the treatment of UTI may result in increased bacterial clearance, rapid recovery, and possibly some pharmacoeconomic advantagesKeywords: Drug-Herb Interactions, Pharmacokinetics, Urinary tract Infections, Pharmacotherapy, Synergism","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"2382-2391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78890488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the benefits derived from herbal products, they may be contaminated with various impurities. It is therefore important to assess the microbial quality and heavy metal content of herbal preparations, especially liquid preparations and determine their safety profile. Herbal liquid preparations made locally by herbalists and sold to patients in herbal homes were used for this study. One bottle of each of seventeen (17) different liquid herbal preparations was purchased. From each bottle, three aliquot samples were assessed for microbial presence and total viable count. Isolation and identification of the contaminants were also carried out, while other determinations like pH, phytoconstituents, heavy metal and elemental contents were performed using standard methods of analyses. Results showed that, 4 (23.53%) had no microbial contaminants, while 13 (76.47%) were contaminated with various microbes. Of these contaminated preparations, 10 (58.82%) had single contaminants each, of which 1 (10%) had Staphylococcus aureus ; 2 (20%) had Escherichia coli ; 2 (20%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 5 (50%) had C andida albicans . The remaining 3 (17.65%) had 2 contaminants each, of which 1 (33.33%) had E. coli and P. aeruginosa ; 1 (33.33%) had E. coli and Staph. aureus ; and 1 (33.33%) had Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans . Total viable count and pH values of the different preparations ranged from 1.75 x 10 5 – 7.50 x 10 8 organisms/ml and 3.63 – 8.89, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of useful phytoconstituents while elemental analysis revealed the presence of valuable elements whose values all fall within stipulated limits. Thus, the presence of microbes (above limits specified) in a greater percentage of the preparations despite the presence of useful phytoconstituents and elements, could adversely affect the health status of consumers of such herbal liquid preparations. Keywords : Assessment, Microbial load, Physico-Chemical parameters, Herbal products.
{"title":"Assessment Of The Microbial Load And Some Physico-Chemical Parameters Of Some Finished Herbal Liquid Products","authors":"O. Uwumarongie, H. A. Okeri","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V12I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V12I1","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the benefits derived from herbal products, they may be contaminated with various impurities. It is therefore important to assess the microbial quality and heavy metal content of herbal preparations, especially liquid preparations and determine their safety profile. Herbal liquid preparations made locally by herbalists and sold to patients in herbal homes were used for this study. One bottle of each of seventeen (17) different liquid herbal preparations was purchased. From each bottle, three aliquot samples were assessed for microbial presence and total viable count. Isolation and identification of the contaminants were also carried out, while other determinations like pH, phytoconstituents, heavy metal and elemental contents were performed using standard methods of analyses. Results showed that, 4 (23.53%) had no microbial contaminants, while 13 (76.47%) were contaminated with various microbes. Of these contaminated preparations, 10 (58.82%) had single contaminants each, of which 1 (10%) had Staphylococcus aureus ; 2 (20%) had Escherichia coli ; 2 (20%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 5 (50%) had C andida albicans . The remaining 3 (17.65%) had 2 contaminants each, of which 1 (33.33%) had E. coli and P. aeruginosa ; 1 (33.33%) had E. coli and Staph. aureus ; and 1 (33.33%) had Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans . Total viable count and pH values of the different preparations ranged from 1.75 x 10 5 – 7.50 x 10 8 organisms/ml and 3.63 – 8.89, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of useful phytoconstituents while elemental analysis revealed the presence of valuable elements whose values all fall within stipulated limits. Thus, the presence of microbes (above limits specified) in a greater percentage of the preparations despite the presence of useful phytoconstituents and elements, could adversely affect the health status of consumers of such herbal liquid preparations. Keywords : Assessment, Microbial load, Physico-Chemical parameters, Herbal products.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"85 1","pages":"2166-2180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81225001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Laportea aestuans leaves, stem-bark and whole-plant aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts were carried-out using standard phytochemical and microbiological methods. The phytochemical procedures indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac-glycosides. The yields of the whole-plant extracts were significantly(p ethanol>methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of Laportea aestuans leaves, stem-bark and whole-plant against the auchthocthonous urogenital, gut and pulmonary test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus saprophyticus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proteus mirabilis , Salmonella typhi , Vibrio cholerae , Shigella dysenteriae , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger ; assayed by the modified agar-well diffusion technique indicated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Analysis of the antimicrobial activities of the extracts by activity-index, indicated that the leaf extracts, have significantly (p stem-bark extracts >whole- plant extracts. Similarly by activity-index, the ethanol extracts recorded significantly (p methanol extracts>aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the leaves extracts, assayed by the macrobroth-dilution technique was lowest against Shigella dysentariae ( 1.25 mg/ml),and generally between 2.50 - 5.0 mg/ml against the other bacterial and fungal species tested for both methanol and ethanol extracts; while the aqueous extracts was inactive. Equally, the minimum biocidal concentrations (MBC), and the establishment of mode of activity of the bioactive leaves extracts, assayed by the macrobroth-dilution technique, indicated predominantly static activity for the methanol extract, and a predominantly cidal activity for the ethanol extract. Both methanol and ethanol leaves extracts of Laportea aestuans showed significant (p<0.05) antimicrobial activities compared to the standard antibiotics: chloramphenicol and fluconazole. Keywords: Antimicrobial potency, Activity –spectra, Laportea aestuans Extracts, Auchthocthonous urogenital, gut and pulmonary pathogens
{"title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and mode of action of Laportea aestuans extracts against urogenital, gut and pulmonary pathogens","authors":"U. Ekong, R. Martins","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V12I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V12I2","url":null,"abstract":"Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Laportea aestuans leaves, stem-bark and whole-plant aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts were carried-out using standard phytochemical and microbiological methods. The phytochemical procedures indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac-glycosides. The yields of the whole-plant extracts were significantly(p ethanol>methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of Laportea aestuans leaves, stem-bark and whole-plant against the auchthocthonous urogenital, gut and pulmonary test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus saprophyticus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proteus mirabilis , Salmonella typhi , Vibrio cholerae , Shigella dysenteriae , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger ; assayed by the modified agar-well diffusion technique indicated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Analysis of the antimicrobial activities of the extracts by activity-index, indicated that the leaf extracts, have significantly (p stem-bark extracts >whole- plant extracts. Similarly by activity-index, the ethanol extracts recorded significantly (p methanol extracts>aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the leaves extracts, assayed by the macrobroth-dilution technique was lowest against Shigella dysentariae ( 1.25 mg/ml),and generally between 2.50 - 5.0 mg/ml against the other bacterial and fungal species tested for both methanol and ethanol extracts; while the aqueous extracts was inactive. Equally, the minimum biocidal concentrations (MBC), and the establishment of mode of activity of the bioactive leaves extracts, assayed by the macrobroth-dilution technique, indicated predominantly static activity for the methanol extract, and a predominantly cidal activity for the ethanol extract. Both methanol and ethanol leaves extracts of Laportea aestuans showed significant (p<0.05) antimicrobial activities compared to the standard antibiotics: chloramphenicol and fluconazole. Keywords: Antimicrobial potency, Activity –spectra, Laportea aestuans Extracts, Auchthocthonous urogenital, gut and pulmonary pathogens","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"PC-27 1","pages":"2297-2308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84860168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria has rapidly gained momentum and is now a public health concern. This study was carried out to assess the socio-demographics of HIV/AIDS patients who accessed treatment at OOUTH, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria. It involved a retrospective review of medical records obtained from the Community Medicine and Primary Care Unit which contained information on patients who received treatment between January 2007 and December 2009. The total number of case notes studied was 362. The result indicated that 61% of the study population were females. Age range, 20-40 years of both the female and male groups had the highest representations of 41% and 21% respectively. Majority (45%) were married, 38% had no formal education while, 33% were traders. The study showed a higher HIV/AIDS prevalence within the ages of 21 and 60 years and females were mostly affected. This study thus suggests a system for implementation of specific and focused educational programs among this age range. Keywords: Socio-demographics, HIV/AID, Retrospective, Teaching hospital
{"title":"Evaluation of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Hospital","authors":"OW Aitalegbe, M. Femi-Oyewo","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I1","url":null,"abstract":"The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria has rapidly gained momentum and is now a public health concern. This study was carried out to assess the socio-demographics of HIV/AIDS patients who accessed treatment at OOUTH, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria. It involved a retrospective review of medical records obtained from the Community Medicine and Primary Care Unit which contained information on patients who received treatment between January 2007 and December 2009. The total number of case notes studied was 362. The result indicated that 61% of the study population were females. Age range, 20-40 years of both the female and male groups had the highest representations of 41% and 21% respectively. Majority (45%) were married, 38% had no formal education while, 33% were traders. The study showed a higher HIV/AIDS prevalence within the ages of 21 and 60 years and females were mostly affected. This study thus suggests a system for implementation of specific and focused educational programs among this age range. Keywords: Socio-demographics, HIV/AID, Retrospective, Teaching hospital","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"126 1","pages":"1973-1978"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77387226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Aina, M. Ibrahim, A. Adewumi, M. Abdulsalami, Adejo Godwin, A. Shehu
Binders, disintegrants and compression pressures play important roles in producing good tablets. The interactions between these three factors were analyzed to observe how they contribute to tablet properties. The concentration levels of the factors were determined using 2 3 factorial study designs by wet granulation method of tableting. The binder and disintegrant levels were used in narrow differences at 2 % w/w & 4 % w/w and 5 % w/w & 10 % w/w respectively. While for wide differences, 1 % w/w & 5 % w/w 5 % w/w & 20 % w/w respectively. Compression pressure was used at 8.0 MT & 9.5 MT for narrow and wide levels respectively. For each tablet property determined, interaction by two of the factors was calculated by finding the differences between the mean of four combinations in which the two factors occur as both “high” or “low” levels together from the mean of the remaining four combinations in which the two factors occur in combination of “high” and “low” levels. A student t-test was then used to calculate the significance of such interactions. The results show that at narrow differences in levels of factors, compression pressure determined good tablet properties, but as the differences widens, binder action dominates. Enlarging the differences between the factors also showed the increasing influence of disintegrant action for good table properties with increasing concentration levels. In all the batches however, none showed any significant interactions among the factors. Therefore, the levels of tablet factors, binder, disintegrant and compression pressure shows interactions on tablet friability, hardness and disintegration time by both being additive or opposing and their effects depend on the differences in the levels of the factors in the formulation. Keywords: Binder, disintegrant, compression pressure, tablet, interaction
{"title":"Phytochemical Studies And Antimicrobial Properties Of Methanolic And Aqueous Extracts Of Lemon Grass Leaves ( Cymbopogon Citratus )","authors":"V. Aina, M. Ibrahim, A. Adewumi, M. Abdulsalami, Adejo Godwin, A. Shehu","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I3","url":null,"abstract":"Binders, disintegrants and compression pressures play important roles in producing good tablets. The interactions between these three factors were analyzed to observe how they contribute to tablet properties. The concentration levels of the factors were determined using 2 3 factorial study designs by wet granulation method of tableting. The binder and disintegrant levels were used in narrow differences at 2 % w/w & 4 % w/w and 5 % w/w & 10 % w/w respectively. While for wide differences, 1 % w/w & 5 % w/w 5 % w/w & 20 % w/w respectively. Compression pressure was used at 8.0 MT & 9.5 MT for narrow and wide levels respectively. For each tablet property determined, interaction by two of the factors was calculated by finding the differences between the mean of four combinations in which the two factors occur as both “high” or “low” levels together from the mean of the remaining four combinations in which the two factors occur in combination of “high” and “low” levels. A student t-test was then used to calculate the significance of such interactions. The results show that at narrow differences in levels of factors, compression pressure determined good tablet properties, but as the differences widens, binder action dominates. Enlarging the differences between the factors also showed the increasing influence of disintegrant action for good table properties with increasing concentration levels. In all the batches however, none showed any significant interactions among the factors. Therefore, the levels of tablet factors, binder, disintegrant and compression pressure shows interactions on tablet friability, hardness and disintegration time by both being additive or opposing and their effects depend on the differences in the levels of the factors in the formulation. Keywords: Binder, disintegrant, compression pressure, tablet, interaction","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"2133-2141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83342698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The binding affinity of a drug for a receptor describes how avidly the drug binds to the receptor. Drugreceptor binding determines the ability to produce a pharmacological response and to some extent the size of that response. The study investigated the binding affinities of some approved drugs to Ascaris suum mitochondrial rhodoquinol-fumarate reductase(MRFR), an essential Ascaris enzyme, by in silico molecular docking simulations. Twenty eight approved drugs were carefully selected based on the possibility of their pharmacological action on Ascaris smooth muscles or antiparasitic activities. Selected drugs were obtained from ZINC ® database as mol2 files and further prepared for docking simulations using AutoDock tools v. 1.5.6. Ascaris MRFR was obtained as pdb file (3vra) from the Protein Data Bank and further prepared for docking simulations using both Chimera v. 1.8.1 and AutoDock tools v. 1.5.6. In order to validate the docking protocol, the binding of atpenin, an experimental anthelmintic compound, to MRFR was successfully reproduced in silico . Docking simulations were performed using AutoDockVina 4.0 on a Linux platform. Docking results were analyzed using PyMol v.0.99r c6. Molecular dynamics was employed for the validation of complexed frontrunner approved drugs. Binding free energies of -8.60, -7.75 and -7.50 kcal/mol were obtained for atovaquone, carvedilol and atpenin respectively. Zero binding free energies were recorded for tinidazole, piperazine, bithionol, thiabendazole and metronidazole. Molecular dynamics simulations of atovaquone and carvedilol complexed with the reductase enzyme revealed a strongly favourable binding with likely favourable entropic term in the case of carvedilol. Atovaquone and carvedilol were thus predicted as frontrunner approved drugs with possible anthelmintic activities comparable to atpenin. In vitro and in vivo investigations into the anthelmintic activities of atovaquone and carvedilol are recommended. Key-words : Ascaris, docking, molecular dynamics, anthelmintics, drug repurposing.
{"title":"Determination of binding affinities of some approved drugs to Ascaris suum mitochondrial rhodoquinol-fumarate reductase by in silico molecular docking","authors":"I. Uzochukwu, O. Olubiyi, CO Akpojotor","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V11I2","url":null,"abstract":"The binding affinity of a drug for a receptor describes how avidly the drug binds to the receptor. Drugreceptor binding determines the ability to produce a pharmacological response and to some extent the size of that response. The study investigated the binding affinities of some approved drugs to Ascaris suum mitochondrial rhodoquinol-fumarate reductase(MRFR), an essential Ascaris enzyme, by in silico molecular docking simulations. Twenty eight approved drugs were carefully selected based on the possibility of their pharmacological action on Ascaris smooth muscles or antiparasitic activities. Selected drugs were obtained from ZINC ® database as mol2 files and further prepared for docking simulations using AutoDock tools v. 1.5.6. Ascaris MRFR was obtained as pdb file (3vra) from the Protein Data Bank and further prepared for docking simulations using both Chimera v. 1.8.1 and AutoDock tools v. 1.5.6. In order to validate the docking protocol, the binding of atpenin, an experimental anthelmintic compound, to MRFR was successfully reproduced in silico . Docking simulations were performed using AutoDockVina 4.0 on a Linux platform. Docking results were analyzed using PyMol v.0.99r c6. Molecular dynamics was employed for the validation of complexed frontrunner approved drugs. Binding free energies of -8.60, -7.75 and -7.50 kcal/mol were obtained for atovaquone, carvedilol and atpenin respectively. Zero binding free energies were recorded for tinidazole, piperazine, bithionol, thiabendazole and metronidazole. Molecular dynamics simulations of atovaquone and carvedilol complexed with the reductase enzyme revealed a strongly favourable binding with likely favourable entropic term in the case of carvedilol. Atovaquone and carvedilol were thus predicted as frontrunner approved drugs with possible anthelmintic activities comparable to atpenin. In vitro and in vivo investigations into the anthelmintic activities of atovaquone and carvedilol are recommended. Key-words : Ascaris, docking, molecular dynamics, anthelmintics, drug repurposing.","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"101 1","pages":"2114-2124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80873314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmacists in Nigeria do not seem to exhibit the expertise, skills, poise and assertiveness necessary to function effectively as drug experts in the health care team. This posture could be due to knowledge deficiency. Bridging the knowledge gap could be an important step in improving the confidence of practicing pharmacists irrespective of the practice setting. The objective of the present study was to identify areas of knowledge deficiency among practicing pharmacists in Nigeria with respect to drug therapy of diseases of contemporary interest - hypertension, HIV/AIDS, thrombosis, cancer and epilepsy. A census of all pharmacists that met the inclusion criteria was done. Knowledge was assessed using a 52 item pre-tested questionnaire exploring basic aspects of pharmacotherapy of various disease states. Response rate was 73%. Majority of pharmacists surveyed had no additional qualifications. Even though over 75% of pharmacists claimed to be computer literate, self rated internet skills was below average. Knowledge scores were high for hypertension, diabetes and retroviral disease while pharmacists were found to be knowledge deficient in the areas of lipid lowering drugs, anti cancer drugs and anticoagulant therapy . Pharmacists with Doctor of Pharmacy degree and those in hospital pharmacy practice consistently had higher knowledge scores than those without further qualifications and who are in community pharmacy practice. There is a need for pharmacists, particularly those in the community setting, to undergo more specialized training in the area of lipid management, epilepsy, anticoagulation therapy and treatment of cancers if they are to meet the challenges of contemporary practice . Keywords : Training needs, Pharmacists, knowledge deficiency, Nigeria
{"title":"Training needs analysis for pharmacists in Nigeria – A case study of Warri, Delta State","authors":"V. Imieje, I. Igbe, A. Falodun","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V10I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V10I1","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacists in Nigeria do not seem to exhibit the expertise, skills, poise and assertiveness necessary to function effectively as drug experts in the health care team. This posture could be due to knowledge deficiency. Bridging the knowledge gap could be an important step in improving the confidence of practicing pharmacists irrespective of the practice setting. The objective of the present study was to identify areas of knowledge deficiency among practicing pharmacists in Nigeria with respect to drug therapy of diseases of contemporary interest - hypertension, HIV/AIDS, thrombosis, cancer and epilepsy. A census of all pharmacists that met the inclusion criteria was done. Knowledge was assessed using a 52 item pre-tested questionnaire exploring basic aspects of pharmacotherapy of various disease states. Response rate was 73%. Majority of pharmacists surveyed had no additional qualifications. Even though over 75% of pharmacists claimed to be computer literate, self rated internet skills was below average. Knowledge scores were high for hypertension, diabetes and retroviral disease while pharmacists were found to be knowledge deficient in the areas of lipid lowering drugs, anti cancer drugs and anticoagulant therapy . Pharmacists with Doctor of Pharmacy degree and those in hospital pharmacy practice consistently had higher knowledge scores than those without further qualifications and who are in community pharmacy practice. There is a need for pharmacists, particularly those in the community setting, to undergo more specialized training in the area of lipid management, epilepsy, anticoagulation therapy and treatment of cancers if they are to meet the challenges of contemporary practice . Keywords : Training needs, Pharmacists, knowledge deficiency, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"1713-1721"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78764707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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