Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63457
U. Ajali, Km Ezealisiji, E. Onuoha
Dried leaves of Crateva religiosa were extracted with methanol using a soxhlet extractor. The classes of phytocompounds present in the extract were determined and the LD 50 estimated in mice intraperitoneally. The extraction gave a yield of 14.6%. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, resins, proteins, oils, steroids and terpenoids were present. The extract had wound healing activity that was superior to that of penicillin. The faces of wound treated with the extract dried faster indicating that the extract had extrawound healing mechanism when compared to that of penicillin. Keywords : Creteva religiosa , wound healing, phytochemisty, LD 50 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 4 (2010)
{"title":"Studies on wound healing properties of Crateva religiosa leaf extract","authors":"U. Ajali, Km Ezealisiji, E. Onuoha","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63457","url":null,"abstract":"Dried leaves of Crateva religiosa were extracted with methanol using a soxhlet extractor. The classes of phytocompounds present in the extract were determined and the LD 50 estimated in mice intraperitoneally. The extraction gave a yield of 14.6%. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, resins, proteins, oils, steroids and terpenoids were present. The extract had wound healing activity that was superior to that of penicillin. The faces of wound treated with the extract dried faster indicating that the extract had extrawound healing mechanism when compared to that of penicillin. Keywords : Creteva religiosa , wound healing, phytochemisty, LD 50 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 4 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"440 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82910220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63465
U. Ajali, O. Okorie, U. Odoh
Alpha cellulose was obtained from Costus afer and part of it was modified to microcrystalline cellulose (CAMCC). The physicochemical properties of the microcrystalline cellulose were determined and compared with those of commercial microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel 101). The swelling capacity, hydration capacity, loss on drying, true, bulk and tapped densities were 36.0 %, 5.47 %, 1.00 %, 1.198 g/ml, 0.271 g/ml, and 0.342 g/ml for CAMCC and 25.0 %, 5.10 %, 0.80 %, 1.21 g/ml, 0.291 g/ml and 0.387 g/ml respectively for Avicel 101. The CAMCC had no organic impurities, starch, and dextrins and was soluble in tetramine copper dihydroxide. It is an odourless, white, tasteless powder which conformed to the standard specification for microcrystalline cellulose. From the physicochemical properties CAMCC can act as a good disintegrant in tablet and granule formulations. Costus afer can be a good source of alpha-cellulose for pharmaceutical applications Keywords : Costus afer , alpha-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, physicochemical properties, phytochemical analysis Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)
{"title":"Evaluation of microcrystalline cellulose modifed from alpha-cellulose obtained from Costus afer","authors":"U. Ajali, O. Okorie, U. Odoh","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63465","url":null,"abstract":"Alpha cellulose was obtained from Costus afer and part of it was modified to microcrystalline cellulose (CAMCC). The physicochemical properties of the microcrystalline cellulose were determined and compared with those of commercial microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel 101). The swelling capacity, hydration capacity, loss on drying, true, bulk and tapped densities were 36.0 %, 5.47 %, 1.00 %, 1.198 g/ml, 0.271 g/ml, and 0.342 g/ml for CAMCC and 25.0 %, 5.10 %, 0.80 %, 1.21 g/ml, 0.291 g/ml and 0.387 g/ml respectively for Avicel 101. The CAMCC had no organic impurities, starch, and dextrins and was soluble in tetramine copper dihydroxide. It is an odourless, white, tasteless powder which conformed to the standard specification for microcrystalline cellulose. From the physicochemical properties CAMCC can act as a good disintegrant in tablet and granule formulations. Costus afer can be a good source of alpha-cellulose for pharmaceutical applications Keywords : Costus afer , alpha-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, physicochemical properties, phytochemical analysis Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63559
J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott
We report the use of low rugosity lactose, product of controlled crystallization of this carrier, in the formulation of terbutaline sulphate and beclomethasone dipropionate dry powder inhalers. The deposition patterns obtained with inhalation mixtures consisting of the modified lactose and each of the micronised drugs terbutaline sulphate and beclomethasone dipropionate have been used to assess the effect of the surface smoothing technique on aerosolised drug delivery. The ROTAHALER device and the Twin Impinger BP were used in the assessment. Drug deposited in the throat, stage 1 and stage 2 of the Twin Impinger BP was determined and used to assess the difference between commercial lactose and the modified lactose prepared. The respirable fraction obtained with inhalation mixtures containing the recrystallized lactose samples was higher compared with inhalation mixtures containing regular lactose BP. Keywords: Rotahaler device, terbutaline sulphate, beclomethasone dipropionate, inhalation mixtures, twin impinger BP, respirable fraction
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation and terbutaline sulphate and beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation mixtures in the rotahaler device","authors":"J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63559","url":null,"abstract":"We report the use of low rugosity lactose, product of controlled crystallization of this carrier, in the formulation of terbutaline sulphate and beclomethasone dipropionate dry powder inhalers. The deposition patterns obtained with inhalation mixtures consisting of the modified lactose and each of the micronised drugs terbutaline sulphate and beclomethasone dipropionate have been used to assess the effect of the surface smoothing technique on aerosolised drug delivery. The ROTAHALER device and the Twin Impinger BP were used in the assessment. Drug deposited in the throat, stage 1 and stage 2 of the Twin Impinger BP was determined and used to assess the difference between commercial lactose and the modified lactose prepared. The respirable fraction obtained with inhalation mixtures containing the recrystallized lactose samples was higher compared with inhalation mixtures containing regular lactose BP. Keywords: Rotahaler device, terbutaline sulphate, beclomethasone dipropionate, inhalation mixtures, twin impinger BP, respirable fraction","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75701862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63458
U. Odoh, I. Okwor, M. Ezejiofor
Crude extract of Enantia chlorantha root was assayed for its toxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated, in a screening conducted using seven strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus lutens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis ) and the yeasts, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . Preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity test of the extract in mice was also carried out. The ethanol extract exhibited significant dose-dependent anti-parasite viability activity. At the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml the extract reduced parasite viability to 28.50, 44.20 and 53.10 % respectively comparable to gentian violet (68.5 %). The activity against Trypanosoma cruzi is expressed as percentage (%) of the trypomastigotes viable. To assess the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The inhibitory activities of the ethanol extract against the test organisms were compared with gentamicin. The Enantia chlorantha root was more effective against bacteria than fungi when compared to the control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. The LD 50 in mice was 4325 mg/kg. The study justifies the use of Enantia chlorantha in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections. Keywords : Enantia chlorantha , Trypanosoma cruzi , antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 4 (2010)
{"title":"Phytochemical, Trypanocidal and Anti-Microbial Studies of Enantia Chlorantha (Annonaceae) Root","authors":"U. Odoh, I. Okwor, M. Ezejiofor","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63458","url":null,"abstract":"Crude extract of Enantia chlorantha root was assayed for its toxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated, in a screening conducted using seven strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus lutens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis ) and the yeasts, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . Preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity test of the extract in mice was also carried out. The ethanol extract exhibited significant dose-dependent anti-parasite viability activity. At the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml the extract reduced parasite viability to 28.50, 44.20 and 53.10 % respectively comparable to gentian violet (68.5 %). The activity against Trypanosoma cruzi is expressed as percentage (%) of the trypomastigotes viable. To assess the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The inhibitory activities of the ethanol extract against the test organisms were compared with gentamicin. The Enantia chlorantha root was more effective against bacteria than fungi when compared to the control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. The LD 50 in mice was 4325 mg/kg. The study justifies the use of Enantia chlorantha in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections. Keywords : Enantia chlorantha , Trypanosoma cruzi , antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 4 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88548128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63466
N. Nwodo, M. Agbo
An in vivo study was carried out to determine the antitrypanosomal effects of methanolic extracts of the stem barks of Nauclea diderrichii (Merr) and Spathodea campanulata using Trypanosoma brucei brucei - infected mice. The antitrypanosomal effects of these plant parts were determined using rapid “matching” method. The effect of the extracts in vivo was determined based on the changes in the level of parasitaemia, PCV and weights of the mice. The stem bark extract of Spathodea campanulata showed moderate but significant reduction in parasitaemia level, 8 days post infection. Also, the extract of Nauclea diderrichii (Merr) showed very mild reduction in the parasitaemia level, 12 days post infection which relapsed on the 12th day. The PCV and the weight of the mice decreased upon infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei . The oral toxicity of the extract was also determined. The phytochemical analysis of revealed mainly the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and glycosides. Keywords : In vivo , Nauclea diderrichii (Merr), Spathodea campanulata, Trypanosoma brucei brucei Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)
{"title":"Antitrypanosomal effects of methanolic extracts of Nuclea diderrichii (Merr.) and Spathodea campanulata stem bark","authors":"N. Nwodo, M. Agbo","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63466","url":null,"abstract":"An in vivo study was carried out to determine the antitrypanosomal effects of methanolic extracts of the stem barks of Nauclea diderrichii (Merr) and Spathodea campanulata using Trypanosoma brucei brucei - infected mice. The antitrypanosomal effects of these plant parts were determined using rapid “matching” method. The effect of the extracts in vivo was determined based on the changes in the level of parasitaemia, PCV and weights of the mice. The stem bark extract of Spathodea campanulata showed moderate but significant reduction in parasitaemia level, 8 days post infection. Also, the extract of Nauclea diderrichii (Merr) showed very mild reduction in the parasitaemia level, 12 days post infection which relapsed on the 12th day. The PCV and the weight of the mice decreased upon infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei . The oral toxicity of the extract was also determined. The phytochemical analysis of revealed mainly the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and glycosides. Keywords : In vivo , Nauclea diderrichii (Merr), Spathodea campanulata, Trypanosoma brucei brucei Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79175839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63459
In Chijoke-Nwauche, E. Dede
Lemon juice has been used by Mediterranean women as their main method of contraception. In the Nigerian traditional society, women of child bearing age are advised against the intake of lemon if they want to conceive because it is believed to have contraceptive effect. This necessitated the investigation of the effect of lemon juice on the reproductive hormones. The study evaluated the effect of lemon juice on the reproductive hormones of female Wistar rats. A range of doses (0.41 g/ml-6.5 g/ml) of freshly prepared lemon juice ( Citrus limon ) were administered through the intraperitoneal route to 20 female Wistar rats (200-300 g). Acute toxicity tests were carried out using the Arithmetic method of Kaabar. LD 50 was determined to be LD 50 ip, 2.13 g/ml. Lemon Juice caused statistical dose-dependent reduction in the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from 3.68 ± 0.1 units to 0.6 units and luteinising hormone (LH) from 5.63 units to 1.2 units. However, lemon juice had little or no effect on the levels of the other hormones (estradiol, progesterone and prolactin). The reduction in the levels of these hormones (FSH & LH) suggests a possible mechanism of contraception. Keywords : Lemon juice, reproductive hormones, female Wistar rats, contraception Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)
{"title":"Effects of lemon juice on the reproductive hormones of female wistar rats ( Rattus rattus )","authors":"In Chijoke-Nwauche, E. Dede","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63459","url":null,"abstract":"Lemon juice has been used by Mediterranean women as their main method of contraception. In the Nigerian traditional society, women of child bearing age are advised against the intake of lemon if they want to conceive because it is believed to have contraceptive effect. This necessitated the investigation of the effect of lemon juice on the reproductive hormones. The study evaluated the effect of lemon juice on the reproductive hormones of female Wistar rats. A range of doses (0.41 g/ml-6.5 g/ml) of freshly prepared lemon juice ( Citrus limon ) were administered through the intraperitoneal route to 20 female Wistar rats (200-300 g). Acute toxicity tests were carried out using the Arithmetic method of Kaabar. LD 50 was determined to be LD 50 ip, 2.13 g/ml. Lemon Juice caused statistical dose-dependent reduction in the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from 3.68 ± 0.1 units to 0.6 units and luteinising hormone (LH) from 5.63 units to 1.2 units. However, lemon juice had little or no effect on the levels of the other hormones (estradiol, progesterone and prolactin). The reduction in the levels of these hormones (FSH & LH) suggests a possible mechanism of contraception. Keywords : Lemon juice, reproductive hormones, female Wistar rats, contraception Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73419598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63557
J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott
Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) contain chlorofluorocarbons, widely known, to affect the environment adversely. These chemicals deplete the ozone layer. The use of dry powder inhalers is therefore in the ascendance to replace MDIs for delivery of medicines to the respiratory tract. In this study we have formulated dry powder inhalation mixtures containing salbutamol sulphate using recrystallised lactose or modified lactose prepared by a proprietary method to smoothen the surface texture of the lactose. The effect of the proprietary method used to smoothen the surface texture of the recrystallized lactose was evaluated with the ROTAHALERTM device and the Twin Impinger BP in deposition tests. The respirable fraction obtained was higher in inhalation mixtures containing the recrystallized lactose compared to those containing regular lactose used as basis for comparison. Keywords: formulation, salbutamol, evaluation, powder, inhalation, Rotahaler
{"title":"The formulation and evaluation of salbutamol dry powder inhalation mixtures with the Rotahler device","authors":"J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I4.63557","url":null,"abstract":"Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) contain chlorofluorocarbons, widely known, to affect the environment adversely. These chemicals deplete the ozone layer. The use of dry powder inhalers is therefore in the ascendance to replace MDIs for delivery of medicines to the respiratory tract. In this study we have formulated dry powder inhalation mixtures containing salbutamol sulphate using recrystallised lactose or modified lactose prepared by a proprietary method to smoothen the surface texture of the lactose. The effect of the proprietary method used to smoothen the surface texture of the recrystallized lactose was evaluated with the ROTAHALERTM device and the Twin Impinger BP in deposition tests. The respirable fraction obtained was higher in inhalation mixtures containing the recrystallized lactose compared to those containing regular lactose used as basis for comparison. Keywords: formulation, salbutamol, evaluation, powder, inhalation, Rotahaler","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86047754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-08DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63462
C. Ugwoke, U. Nzekwe
The phytochemistry, proximate composition and medicinal properties of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) were investigated. The rhizomes of ginger were collected, washed with water and chopped into tiny pieces. These were dried in an air-circulating oven and milled into fine powder using a mechanical grinder. The resulting powdered sample was subjected to phytochemical tests. Proximate analysis was also carried out to determine the moisture, protein, fats, carbohydrate contents as well as ash and fibre values of the rhizome. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and terpenoids were present, while reducing sugars, tannins, oils and acid compounds were absent. Similarly, the results of the proximate analysis of the rhizome showed that ginger contains mostly carbohydrates (71.46%) and crude protein (8.83%) with a little crude fibre content of 0.92 %. The results indicated that ginger rhizome is an excellent natural remedy for a wide range of ailments. Keywords : Zingiber officinale, spice, rhizome, phytochemistry, proximate analysis, Zingiberaceae, zingerone, methanolic extraction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)
{"title":"Phytochemistry and proximate composition of ginger ( Zingiber officinale )","authors":"C. Ugwoke, U. Nzekwe","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I5.63462","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemistry, proximate composition and medicinal properties of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) were investigated. The rhizomes of ginger were collected, washed with water and chopped into tiny pieces. These were dried in an air-circulating oven and milled into fine powder using a mechanical grinder. The resulting powdered sample was subjected to phytochemical tests. Proximate analysis was also carried out to determine the moisture, protein, fats, carbohydrate contents as well as ash and fibre values of the rhizome. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and terpenoids were present, while reducing sugars, tannins, oils and acid compounds were absent. Similarly, the results of the proximate analysis of the rhizome showed that ginger contains mostly carbohydrates (71.46%) and crude protein (8.83%) with a little crude fibre content of 0.92 %. The results indicated that ginger rhizome is an excellent natural remedy for a wide range of ailments. Keywords : Zingiber officinale, spice, rhizome, phytochemistry, proximate analysis, Zingiberaceae, zingerone, methanolic extraction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 5 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90985327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63402
Ga Ewurum, C. Ugwoke, Co Ezugwe
Jatropha curcas , a multipurpose, drought resistant, perennial plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family is gaining due to its production of biodiesel. It is a tropical plant that can be grown in low to high rainfall areas either in the farm as a commercial crop or on the boundaries as a hedge to protect fields from grazing animals and to prevent erosion. The macroscopical, microscopical characters and the analytical standards of the plant were determined using standard methods. Macroscopical studies revealed that the petiole shows slight enlargement at the point of attachment. Leaf is dark green on the upper surface and pale green on the ventral surface, alternately arranged on the stem, reticulate venation, and margin palmately lobed. The stem is cylindrical in shape, smooth with spots of brown nodules. The root is cylindrical tapering to the end, and the surface smooth. Daughter roots are present. Microscopical Studies revealed that the powdered leaf possesses anomocytic stomata, prisms of calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. The powdered stem and root showed fibres associated with pitted vessels, phloem, xylem, sclereids, and prisms of calcium oxalate.The transverse section of the leaf showed the epidermis covered externally by wavy cuticle, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll consisting of spongy mesophyll composed of parenchyma cells with intercellular air spaces, and palisade mesophyll made up of cylindrical cells. The transverse of the stem and root showed epidermis having thin walls, phloem, xylem, and multiseriated medullary rays containing starch grains. The percentages of total ash for the leaf, stem and root of J. curcas , were 11.45, 5.30 and 6.05; water soluble ash values 5.50, 1.60 and 4.00; sulphated ash values 5.30, 6.00 and 8.90; acid insoluble ash values 0.65, 3.35 and 3.35; water soluble extractive values 2.55, 14.40 and 4.15; alcohol soluble extractive values 3.35, 3.80 and 2.65; moisture contents 12.25, 1.90 and 18.25 respectively. The quantitative analysis of the leaf showed that the palisade ratio is 4.75 ± 1.92; stomatal number, 26.50 ± 1.50; stomatal index, 0.57 ± 0.06; vein- islet, 9.75 ± 3.63 and veinlet termination number, 6.75 ± 2.86. Keywords : Jatropha curcas , Pharmacognostic studies, Euphorbiaceae Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"Pharmocognostic studies of JATROPHA Curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)","authors":"Ga Ewurum, C. Ugwoke, Co Ezugwe","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63402","url":null,"abstract":"Jatropha curcas , a multipurpose, drought resistant, perennial plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family is gaining due to its production of biodiesel. It is a tropical plant that can be grown in low to high rainfall areas either in the farm as a commercial crop or on the boundaries as a hedge to protect fields from grazing animals and to prevent erosion. The macroscopical, microscopical characters and the analytical standards of the plant were determined using standard methods. Macroscopical studies revealed that the petiole shows slight enlargement at the point of attachment. Leaf is dark green on the upper surface and pale green on the ventral surface, alternately arranged on the stem, reticulate venation, and margin palmately lobed. The stem is cylindrical in shape, smooth with spots of brown nodules. The root is cylindrical tapering to the end, and the surface smooth. Daughter roots are present. Microscopical Studies revealed that the powdered leaf possesses anomocytic stomata, prisms of calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. The powdered stem and root showed fibres associated with pitted vessels, phloem, xylem, sclereids, and prisms of calcium oxalate.The transverse section of the leaf showed the epidermis covered externally by wavy cuticle, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll consisting of spongy mesophyll composed of parenchyma cells with intercellular air spaces, and palisade mesophyll made up of cylindrical cells. The transverse of the stem and root showed epidermis having thin walls, phloem, xylem, and multiseriated medullary rays containing starch grains. The percentages of total ash for the leaf, stem and root of J. curcas , were 11.45, 5.30 and 6.05; water soluble ash values 5.50, 1.60 and 4.00; sulphated ash values 5.30, 6.00 and 8.90; acid insoluble ash values 0.65, 3.35 and 3.35; water soluble extractive values 2.55, 14.40 and 4.15; alcohol soluble extractive values 3.35, 3.80 and 2.65; moisture contents 12.25, 1.90 and 18.25 respectively. The quantitative analysis of the leaf showed that the palisade ratio is 4.75 ± 1.92; stomatal number, 26.50 ± 1.50; stomatal index, 0.57 ± 0.06; vein- islet, 9.75 ± 3.63 and veinlet termination number, 6.75 ± 2.86. Keywords : Jatropha curcas , Pharmacognostic studies, Euphorbiaceae Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85349801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63407
D. Goupale, B. Rajkapoor
The study was designed to investigate the feasibility of developing a transdermal drug dosage form of diclofenac diethylamine (DDA). The in vitro release and diffusion characteristics of DDA from two dermatological oleogel bases were studied using full thickness skin from the abdominal hairless surface of rabbit, as the diffusion barriers. The bases included, sesame oil with colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD-SO) oleogel and light liquid paraffin with colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD-LP) oleogel both containing 1.16 % w/w DDA. Results of the diffusion studies show that the CSD-SO oleogel exhibited the optimum drug release. The data also revealed that CSD-SO oleogel gave higher diffusion and permeability coefficient values when compared to (CSD-LP) oleogel and these results correlated well with those of drug release. Keywords : Diclofenac diethylamine , skin permeability, oleogels, drug release, transdermal Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
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