Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63404
E. Ilodigwe, I. Chima
Pharmacy practice has transcended from largely a dispensary practice to pharmaceutical care practice. The capacity of community pharmacies to deliver pharmaceutical care was studied using pretested self survey methods. Ninety five percent (95%) of the respondents always educated customers on drug related needs, while 10, 20, 13 and 0 percent recorded generic substitution, prescription error, advice given to patients, questions raised by patients and responses given respectively. About 57% did not record any practice activity. Community pharmacist’s communication with prescribers over patients disease was found to be often (7%), sometimes (23%) and never (70%), About 53% of the community pharmacists did not attend courses, seminars and workshops frequently while 30% did not attend at all; however 93% participated in mandatory update lectures. Furthermore, knowledge of AIDS and diabetes mellitus including their drug management were 54 ± 08% and 61 ± 15% respectively, while knowledge of the principles of Millennium Development Goals and pharmaceutical care were 39 ± 10% and 48 ± 5 respectively. Twenty percent (20%) of the pharmacies had information library while 70, 17 and 13 percent had at least two tertiary, secondary and primary literature sources respectively. About 70% of the pharmacies had at least one functional laptop or desk-top computer (Table III). Forty (40), 20 and 70 percent of the pharmacies had neat physical appearance, adequate parking spaces and consistent professional signs respectively, while 53% had a private consulting area. One hundred percent of the pharmacies had ceiling in the drug storage areas, while 90, and 63% had at least one functional refrigerator and air conditioner respectively. Furthermore, 93 and 67% of the community pharmacies had access to electricity and functional standby generator respectively. The resources and conditions for pharmaceutical care practice seemed inadequate in the community pharmacies studied. There is need for professional reengineering to build pharmaceutical care practice and demonstrate its value to our society. Kyewords : Patient-focused care, knowledge and skill, facilities, adequacy, capacity Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"Capacity to deliver pharmaceutical care by community pharmacies: a case study of an eastern Nigerian State capital","authors":"E. Ilodigwe, I. Chima","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63404","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacy practice has transcended from largely a dispensary practice to pharmaceutical care practice. The capacity of community pharmacies to deliver pharmaceutical care was studied using pretested self survey methods. Ninety five percent (95%) of the respondents always educated customers on drug related needs, while 10, 20, 13 and 0 percent recorded generic substitution, prescription error, advice given to patients, questions raised by patients and responses given respectively. About 57% did not record any practice activity. Community pharmacist’s communication with prescribers over patients disease was found to be often (7%), sometimes (23%) and never (70%), About 53% of the community pharmacists did not attend courses, seminars and workshops frequently while 30% did not attend at all; however 93% participated in mandatory update lectures. Furthermore, knowledge of AIDS and diabetes mellitus including their drug management were 54 ± 08% and 61 ± 15% respectively, while knowledge of the principles of Millennium Development Goals and pharmaceutical care were 39 ± 10% and 48 ± 5 respectively. Twenty percent (20%) of the pharmacies had information library while 70, 17 and 13 percent had at least two tertiary, secondary and primary literature sources respectively. About 70% of the pharmacies had at least one functional laptop or desk-top computer (Table III). Forty (40), 20 and 70 percent of the pharmacies had neat physical appearance, adequate parking spaces and consistent professional signs respectively, while 53% had a private consulting area. One hundred percent of the pharmacies had ceiling in the drug storage areas, while 90, and 63% had at least one functional refrigerator and air conditioner respectively. Furthermore, 93 and 67% of the community pharmacies had access to electricity and functional standby generator respectively. The resources and conditions for pharmaceutical care practice seemed inadequate in the community pharmacies studied. There is need for professional reengineering to build pharmaceutical care practice and demonstrate its value to our society. Kyewords : Patient-focused care, knowledge and skill, facilities, adequacy, capacity Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88972496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63409
C. Ugwoke, U. Nzekwe, Gift E Ameh
The phytochemical screening and ethno botanical importance of the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina Del. were investigated. The secondary metabolites in the leaf were identified to establish a relationship between them and their therapeutic properties. The leaves were sun dried, pulverized and sieved. The resulting powdered extract was used in running a phytochemical test. A chemical analysis was also ran to determine the moisture content, ash value, protein, fats, carbohydrate and fibre value of the leaf. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, proteins and steroid occurred in very high concentration (+ + +), while flavonoids and glycosides occurred in high concentration (++).The concentration of resins was low (+).Acidic compounds and oils were not observed (-). Similarly, the chemical analysis revealed the presence of fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, ash and moisture, necessary for human growth and development.. Vernonia amygdalina has been found useful in ethnomedicine. Keywords : Phytochemical, ethnobotany, Vernonia amygdalina, therapeutic properties, ethnomedicine Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"Phytochemical constituents and ethnobotany of the leaf extract of bitter leaf ( Vernonia amygdalina ) Del","authors":"C. Ugwoke, U. Nzekwe, Gift E Ameh","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63409","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemical screening and ethno botanical importance of the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina Del. were investigated. The secondary metabolites in the leaf were identified to establish a relationship between them and their therapeutic properties. The leaves were sun dried, pulverized and sieved. The resulting powdered extract was used in running a phytochemical test. A chemical analysis was also ran to determine the moisture content, ash value, protein, fats, carbohydrate and fibre value of the leaf. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, proteins and steroid occurred in very high concentration (+ + +), while flavonoids and glycosides occurred in high concentration (++).The concentration of resins was low (+).Acidic compounds and oils were not observed (-). Similarly, the chemical analysis revealed the presence of fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, ash and moisture, necessary for human growth and development.. Vernonia amygdalina has been found useful in ethnomedicine. Keywords : Phytochemical, ethnobotany, Vernonia amygdalina, therapeutic properties, ethnomedicine Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86243029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63405
U. Ekong, Ns Odenigbo, M. Adikwu
The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lichen Parmelia perlata in combination with colloidal silver concentrate was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus by the diameter of inhibitory activity using the agar- well diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the lichen was active against the test organism with an MIC of 5.0 mg/ml, while colloidal silver concentrate was inactive at the concentrations tested. Antibacterial activity of the extract increased two fold in the presence of colloidal silver concentrate with an MIC of 7.94 mg/ml, and a corresponding fractional inhibitory concentration, FIC index of 0.58 mg/ml, resulting in a relative potency of 1.58 mg/ml. These parameters therefore indicate a potentiating effect by colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of the lichen. Keywords : Colloidal Silver Concentrate, antibacterial activity, ethanolic-extract, Lichen Parmelia perlata , antimicrobial, drugcombination, synergistic effect Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"Effect of colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of lichen Parmella perlate","authors":"U. Ekong, Ns Odenigbo, M. Adikwu","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63405","url":null,"abstract":"The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lichen Parmelia perlata in combination with colloidal silver concentrate was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus by the diameter of inhibitory activity using the agar- well diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the lichen was active against the test organism with an MIC of 5.0 mg/ml, while colloidal silver concentrate was inactive at the concentrations tested. Antibacterial activity of the extract increased two fold in the presence of colloidal silver concentrate with an MIC of 7.94 mg/ml, and a corresponding fractional inhibitory concentration, FIC index of 0.58 mg/ml, resulting in a relative potency of 1.58 mg/ml. These parameters therefore indicate a potentiating effect by colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of the lichen. Keywords : Colloidal Silver Concentrate, antibacterial activity, ethanolic-extract, Lichen Parmelia perlata , antimicrobial, drugcombination, synergistic effect Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79423304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63403
J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott
Inhalation of drugs offers the opportunity to treat diseases of the respiratory tract. In this drug delivery mode, the use of dry powder inhalers is preferred compared to pressurized metered dose inhalers. Metered dose inhalers contain chlorofluorocarbons known to affect the environment adversely. In this study we have formulated inhalation mixtures containing disodium cromoglycate using modified lactose. The effect of a proprietary method used to smoothen the surface of the modified lactose used as carrier for drug in the inhalation mixtures was determined with the ROTAHALER TM device and the Twin Impinger Apparatus BP. The respirable fraction obtained was higher in inhalation mixtures containing modified lactose compared to mixtures containing regular lactose, the control. Keywords : dry powder inhalers, respirable fraction, disodium cromoglycate, Rotahaler device, Twin Impinger BP Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"The formulation and evaluation of Disodium cromoglycate dry powder inhaler mixtures using the Rotahaler device","authors":"J. Onyechi, D. Ganderton, C. Marriott","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63403","url":null,"abstract":"Inhalation of drugs offers the opportunity to treat diseases of the respiratory tract. In this drug delivery mode, the use of dry powder inhalers is preferred compared to pressurized metered dose inhalers. Metered dose inhalers contain chlorofluorocarbons known to affect the environment adversely. In this study we have formulated inhalation mixtures containing disodium cromoglycate using modified lactose. The effect of a proprietary method used to smoothen the surface of the modified lactose used as carrier for drug in the inhalation mixtures was determined with the ROTAHALER TM device and the Twin Impinger Apparatus BP. The respirable fraction obtained was higher in inhalation mixtures containing modified lactose compared to mixtures containing regular lactose, the control. Keywords : dry powder inhalers, respirable fraction, disodium cromoglycate, Rotahaler device, Twin Impinger BP Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82068125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-04DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63401
V. Aina, H. Inuwa, S. Ibrahim
Tapinanthus dodoneifolius is a specie of Africa mistletoe and is hemi-parasitic in nature growing on many trees e.g. Mahogany and has ascribed medicinal uses. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts inhibited the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp Escherichia coli and Gentamycin and Cloxacillin did not exhibit any activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Keywords : Tapinanthus dodoneifolius , parasitizing, adventitious roots, phytochemistry, antimicrobial activity, decoction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)
{"title":"Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of TAPINANTHUS Dodoneifolius extracts","authors":"V. Aina, H. Inuwa, S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I3.63401","url":null,"abstract":"Tapinanthus dodoneifolius is a specie of Africa mistletoe and is hemi-parasitic in nature growing on many trees e.g. Mahogany and has ascribed medicinal uses. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts inhibited the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp Escherichia coli and Gentamycin and Cloxacillin did not exhibit any activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Keywords : Tapinanthus dodoneifolius , parasitizing, adventitious roots, phytochemistry, antimicrobial activity, decoction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76566975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-03DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63397
C. Ugwoke, Co Ezugwe
The phytochemical constituents and proximate composition of onion ( Allium cepa L. ) were investigated. The light scaly leaves on the onion bulbs were removed and the fleshy parts chopped into tiny pieces, dried in an air-circulating oven in the laboratory and ground into fine powder using a mechanical grinder. Phytochemical studies were carried out on the resulting powdered extract. The secondary metabolites in the bulb were screened and identified. A proximate analysis was also ran to determine the moisture content, ash value, protein, fats, carbohydrate and fibre value of the bulb. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, acid compounds, reducing sugars and oils were present while steroids were absent. Similarly, the results of the proximate analysis showed that onion bulb contains mostly carbohydrates(78.36%) and crude protein (11.53%) while crude fat and crude fibre had the least concentrations of 0.97 and 0.07 % respectively. The research has indicated that onion is widely used around the world as a food product and has also been used for medicinal applications. It has a very long folkloric history of use in a wide range of ailments. Keywords : Allium cepa , phytochemistry, proximate analysis, Alliaceae, allicin, methanolic extraction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)
{"title":"Phytochemical screening and promiximate composition and onion bulb ( Allium cepa L)","authors":"C. Ugwoke, Co Ezugwe","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63397","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemical constituents and proximate composition of onion ( Allium cepa L. ) were investigated. The light scaly leaves on the onion bulbs were removed and the fleshy parts chopped into tiny pieces, dried in an air-circulating oven in the laboratory and ground into fine powder using a mechanical grinder. Phytochemical studies were carried out on the resulting powdered extract. The secondary metabolites in the bulb were screened and identified. A proximate analysis was also ran to determine the moisture content, ash value, protein, fats, carbohydrate and fibre value of the bulb. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, acid compounds, reducing sugars and oils were present while steroids were absent. Similarly, the results of the proximate analysis showed that onion bulb contains mostly carbohydrates(78.36%) and crude protein (11.53%) while crude fat and crude fibre had the least concentrations of 0.97 and 0.07 % respectively. The research has indicated that onion is widely used around the world as a food product and has also been used for medicinal applications. It has a very long folkloric history of use in a wide range of ailments. Keywords : Allium cepa , phytochemistry, proximate analysis, Alliaceae, allicin, methanolic extraction Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74341253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-03DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63398
M. Uhumwangho, K. Latha, S. Sunil, M. Srikanth, K. Murthy
The study was carried out to investigate drug release profile of gastroretentive drug delivery system (GDDS) of diltiazem hydrochloride prepared with a hydrophilic polymer (hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose), hydrophobic polymer (ethyl cellulose) and a waxy material (carnauba wax). Drug profiles were compared with a commercial formulation of the drug (MKT). Sodium bicarbonate (30%) was incorporated as gas generating agent. Formulations were either prepared alone with the individual polymer or admixed with carnauba wax. Formulations containing carnauba wax were prepared by melt granulation technique. Tablets were evaluated for tensile strength, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiiles. Release data were subjected to analysis by four different mathematical models namely, – zero order flux, first order, Higuchi square root of time relationship and Korsmeyer equations. All formulated tablets and MKT had tensile strength values between 1.05 - 1.32 MNm -2 . One of the test formulations (F7) gave a comparable release profile with the commercial sample, MKT. For instance, the % maximum release (m∞) and time to attain this (t∞) for F7 and MKT were (96%, 99%) and (12, 12 h) respectively, while their dissolution rates (m∞/t∞) were 8 %h -1 and 8.3 %h -1 respectively. All the formulations fitted well into Korsmeyer and Peppas model (correlation coefficient r value ≥ 0.95). Release exponent (n) for F7 and MKT formulations were 0.150 and 0.286 respectively with a corresponding release rate constant values of 65.4 and 43.8. This showed that release of diltiazem hydrochloride from these formulations followed Fickian diffusion mechanism. An optimised GDDS of diltiazem hydrochloride using carnuba wax as a matrix, comparable with MKT has been developed. Keywords : Gastroretentive drug delivery system, melt granulation, floating, diltiazem hydrochloride, Carnauba wax Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)
采用亲水性聚合物(羟丙基甲基纤维素)、疏水性聚合物(乙基纤维素)和蜡质材料(巴西棕榈蜡)制备盐酸地尔硫卓胃保留型给药系统(GDDS)，研究其药物释放特性。将药物概况与该药物的商业配方(MKT)进行比较。加入碳酸氢钠(30%)作为生气剂。配方要么单独与单个聚合物制备，要么与巴西棕榈蜡混合。采用熔融造粒技术制备了含有巴西棕榈蜡的配方。评估片剂的抗拉强度、体外浮力和药物释放特性。发布数据采用四种不同的数学模型进行分析，即-零阶通量、一阶通量、Higuchi平方根时间关系和Korsmeyer方程。所有配方片剂和MKT的抗拉强度值在1.05 ~ 1.32 MNm -2之间。其中一个测试配方(F7)给出了与商业样品(MKT)相当的释放概况。例如，F7和MKT的最大释放% (m∞)和达到该(t∞)的时间分别为(96%，99%)和(12,12 h)，而它们的溶出率(m∞/t∞)分别为8% h -1和8.3% h -1。各配方均符合Korsmeyer和Peppas模型(相关系数r值≥0.95)。F7和MKT的释放指数(n)分别为0.150和0.286，相应的释放速率常数分别为65.4和43.8。结果表明，盐酸地尔硫卓的释放符合菲克扩散机制。以卡鲁巴蜡为基体，优选出与MKT相当的盐酸地尔硫卓GDDS。关键词:胃保留给药系统，熔融造粒，漂浮，盐酸地尔硫卓，巴西棕榈蜡
{"title":"Formulation of gastro-retentive floating tables of Diltiazem Hydrochloride wtih carnauba wax by melt granulation technique","authors":"M. Uhumwangho, K. Latha, S. Sunil, M. Srikanth, K. Murthy","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63398","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate drug release profile of gastroretentive drug delivery system (GDDS) of diltiazem hydrochloride prepared with a hydrophilic polymer (hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose), hydrophobic polymer (ethyl cellulose) and a waxy material (carnauba wax). Drug profiles were compared with a commercial formulation of the drug (MKT). Sodium bicarbonate (30%) was incorporated as gas generating agent. Formulations were either prepared alone with the individual polymer or admixed with carnauba wax. Formulations containing carnauba wax were prepared by melt granulation technique. Tablets were evaluated for tensile strength, in vitro buoyancy and drug release profiiles. Release data were subjected to analysis by four different mathematical models namely, – zero order flux, first order, Higuchi square root of time relationship and Korsmeyer equations. All formulated tablets and MKT had tensile strength values between 1.05 - 1.32 MNm -2 . One of the test formulations (F7) gave a comparable release profile with the commercial sample, MKT. For instance, the % maximum release (m∞) and time to attain this (t∞) for F7 and MKT were (96%, 99%) and (12, 12 h) respectively, while their dissolution rates (m∞/t∞) were 8 %h -1 and 8.3 %h -1 respectively. All the formulations fitted well into Korsmeyer and Peppas model (correlation coefficient r value ≥ 0.95). Release exponent (n) for F7 and MKT formulations were 0.150 and 0.286 respectively with a corresponding release rate constant values of 65.4 and 43.8. This showed that release of diltiazem hydrochloride from these formulations followed Fickian diffusion mechanism. An optimised GDDS of diltiazem hydrochloride using carnuba wax as a matrix, comparable with MKT has been developed. Keywords : Gastroretentive drug delivery system, melt granulation, floating, diltiazem hydrochloride, Carnauba wax Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81991143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-03DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63396
U. Odoh, Co Ezugwe, C. Menkiti, M. Ezejiofo
The wound healing properties of the methanol extract of the leaves of Jatropha curcas were studied by incision and excision wound models in rats. The wound healing effect was compared to that of the standard antibiotic, Cicatrin R . The histopathological profile, phytochemistry and the acute toxicity were also studied. An attempt was made to resolve the extract into its components using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Result of the incision and excision wound model shows significant (P Jatropha curcas . The prohealing action was due to increased collagen deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. The leaves of Jatropha curcas were found to contain alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, tannins, reducing sugars, fats and oils. The intraperitoneal acute toxicity test (LD 50 ) of the extract in mice showed that it as relatively safe, since at a dose of 5000 mg/kg there was no death. Among chromatographic solvent systems tested, chloroform:ethylacetate (6:4) gave the best resolution of the extract giving the highest number of spots. The present study demonstrates wound healing potential of Jatropha curcas Keywords : wound healing, Jatropha curcas, angiogenesis, epithelization, proliferation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)
{"title":"Chromotographic and wound healing studies of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiacea)","authors":"U. Odoh, Co Ezugwe, C. Menkiti, M. Ezejiofo","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63396","url":null,"abstract":"The wound healing properties of the methanol extract of the leaves of Jatropha curcas were studied by incision and excision wound models in rats. The wound healing effect was compared to that of the standard antibiotic, Cicatrin R . The histopathological profile, phytochemistry and the acute toxicity were also studied. An attempt was made to resolve the extract into its components using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Result of the incision and excision wound model shows significant (P Jatropha curcas . The prohealing action was due to increased collagen deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. The leaves of Jatropha curcas were found to contain alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, tannins, reducing sugars, fats and oils. The intraperitoneal acute toxicity test (LD 50 ) of the extract in mice showed that it as relatively safe, since at a dose of 5000 mg/kg there was no death. Among chromatographic solvent systems tested, chloroform:ethylacetate (6:4) gave the best resolution of the extract giving the highest number of spots. The present study demonstrates wound healing potential of Jatropha curcas Keywords : wound healing, Jatropha curcas, angiogenesis, epithelization, proliferation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89978899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-03DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63378
Jo Kadiri, Is Okofor
The emulsifying property of grewia gum in arachis oil emulsion was evaluated. The gum was extracted by maceration, filtration, precipitation and drying techniques. The gum was used at 0.1 to 0.4% w/v to stabilize arachis oil emulsion containing 7.5% w/v acacia. The globule size, globule number and viscosity of the emulsion were the parameters used to evaluate the stability of the emulsion. There was a significant difference (P Keywords : grewia gum, acacia emulsion, evaluation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)
{"title":"Emulsion stabilizing property of Grewia gum in Arachis oil emulsionARACHIS OIL EMULSION","authors":"Jo Kadiri, Is Okofor","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I2.63378","url":null,"abstract":"The emulsifying property of grewia gum in arachis oil emulsion was evaluated. The gum was extracted by maceration, filtration, precipitation and drying techniques. The gum was used at 0.1 to 0.4% w/v to stabilize arachis oil emulsion containing 7.5% w/v acacia. The globule size, globule number and viscosity of the emulsion were the parameters used to evaluate the stability of the emulsion. There was a significant difference (P Keywords : grewia gum, acacia emulsion, evaluation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82683624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-02DOI: 10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I1.63339
J. Onyechi, C. Marriott, D. Ganderton
Inhalation of drugs offers the opportunity to treat diseases of the respiratory tract. The use of dry powder inhalers is preferred to metered dose inhalers and nebulizers in this mode of drug delivery delivery. A multi-dose dry powder inhaler device, KCHALER TM device, which delivers drugs passively into the respiratory tract, was developed in our laboratories. In this study, we report the deposition pattern of disodium cromoglycate and salbutamol obtained with the device in the Twin Impinger BP. The effect of type of mouthpiece attached to the KCHALER TM device, on respirable fraction obtained with the Twin Impinger BP was also evaluated. The surface texture of carrier particles used in the formulation of the inhalation mixes and type of mouthpiece, affected the respirable fraction obtained in mixtures containing salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate. Keywords: Dry powder inhalers, multiple-dose dry powder inhaler device, salbutamol deposition, Twin impinger BP Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 1 (2010)
{"title":"Deposition of Disodiun Cromoglycate and Salbutamol from a multiple-dose dry powder inhaler device","authors":"J. Onyechi, C. Marriott, D. Ganderton","doi":"10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I1.63339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPHAS.V7I1.63339","url":null,"abstract":"Inhalation of drugs offers the opportunity to treat diseases of the respiratory tract. The use of dry powder inhalers is preferred to metered dose inhalers and nebulizers in this mode of drug delivery delivery. A multi-dose dry powder inhaler device, KCHALER TM device, which delivers drugs passively into the respiratory tract, was developed in our laboratories. In this study, we report the deposition pattern of disodium cromoglycate and salbutamol obtained with the device in the Twin Impinger BP. The effect of type of mouthpiece attached to the KCHALER TM device, on respirable fraction obtained with the Twin Impinger BP was also evaluated. The surface texture of carrier particles used in the formulation of the inhalation mixes and type of mouthpiece, affected the respirable fraction obtained in mixtures containing salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate. Keywords: Dry powder inhalers, multiple-dose dry powder inhaler device, salbutamol deposition, Twin impinger BP Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 1 (2010)","PeriodicalId":16719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79653246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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