Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01768-z
Matěj Novák, Roman Pavela, Eleonora Spinozzi, Marta Ferrati, Riccardo Petrelli, Filippo Maggi, Renato Ricciardi, Giovanni Benelli
This study was designed to investigate the acute toxicity (mortality) and sublethal effects (fertility and potential natality) of carlina oxide, the main constituent of Carlina acaulis essential oil (EO), against adults of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Moreover, its toxicity was evaluated against two aphid natural enemies, i.e., Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The highest tested concentration (3.0 mL L−1) resulted in 96.7% mortality of adults of the target pest, highlighting that this concentration of carlina oxide had a similar effectiveness as the positive control we used. Furthermore, probit analysis allowed the estimation of a LC50 of 1.06 mL L−1 and a LC90 of 2.58 mL L−1 for the target pest, which resulted in a much higher mortality rate than that found on natural enemies, i.e., A. aphidimyza (6.7 ± 4.7% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC90) and C. carnea (7.0 ± 5.5% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC90), showing the limited non-target impact of carlina oxide. The use of LC30 and LC50 of this compound allowed the fertility inhibition of the target pest by 35.68 ± 6.21% and 23.66 ± 10.58%, respectively, and potential natality inhibition of the target pest by 52.78 ± 4.48% and 59.69 ± 5.60%, respectively. Of note, carlina oxide showed excellent insecticidal activity against M. dirhodum, comparable to the commercial insecticide considered. Overall, the low toxicity of carlina oxide toward A. aphidimyza and C. carnea makes it a safe compound for non-target organisms as well as suitable for developing a green insecticide for the management of M. dirhodum and perhaps other insects of agricultural or medical and veterinary interest.
{"title":"Lethal and sublethal effects of carlina oxide on the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum and its non-target impact on two biological control agents","authors":"Matěj Novák, Roman Pavela, Eleonora Spinozzi, Marta Ferrati, Riccardo Petrelli, Filippo Maggi, Renato Ricciardi, Giovanni Benelli","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01768-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01768-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was designed to investigate the acute toxicity (mortality) and sublethal effects (fertility and potential natality) of carlina oxide, the main constituent of <i>Carlina acaulis</i> essential oil (EO), against adults of <i>Metopolophium dirhodum</i> (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Moreover, its toxicity was evaluated against two aphid natural enemies, i.e., <i>Aphidoletes aphidimyza</i> Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and <i>Chrysoperla carnea</i> Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The highest tested concentration (3.0 mL L<sup>−1</sup>) resulted in 96.7% mortality of adults of the target pest, highlighting that this concentration of carlina oxide had a similar effectiveness as the positive control we used. Furthermore, probit analysis allowed the estimation of a LC<sub>50</sub> of 1.06 mL L<sup>−1</sup> and a LC<sub>90</sub> of 2.58 mL L<sup>−1</sup> for the target pest, which resulted in a much higher mortality rate than that found on natural enemies, i.e., <i>A. aphidimyza</i> (6.7 ± 4.7% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC<sub>90</sub>) and <i>C. carnea</i> (7.0 ± 5.5% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC<sub>90</sub>), showing the limited non-target impact of carlina oxide. The use of LC<sub>30</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub> of this compound allowed the fertility inhibition of the target pest by 35.68 ± 6.21% and 23.66 ± 10.58%, respectively, and potential natality inhibition of the target pest by 52.78 ± 4.48% and 59.69 ± 5.60%, respectively. Of note, carlina oxide showed excellent insecticidal activity against <i>M. dirhodum,</i> comparable to the commercial insecticide considered. Overall, the low toxicity of carlina oxide toward <i>A. aphidimyza</i> and <i>C. carnea</i> makes it a safe compound for non-target organisms as well as suitable for developing a green insecticide for the management of <i>M. dirhodum</i> and perhaps other insects of agricultural or medical and veterinary interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01758-1
Sven Hofmann, Martin Schebeck, Markus Kautz
The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is a widespread pest in Norway spruce-dominated forests in Eurasia. Predicting its phenology and voltinism is crucial to plan forest management measures and to mitigate mass outbreaks. Current phenology models are based on constant temperatures inferred from laboratory experiments; however, insect life cycles under natural conditions are rather driven by diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Therefore, phenology models based on fluctuating temperatures would reflect field conditions more realistically and might thus improve model predictions. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the development of I. typographus, applying mean temperatures between 3 and 35 °C and diurnal temperature oscillations of up to ± 15 °C. Subsequently, we calibrated developmental rate models and applied them to climate data, in order to assess the effect of temperature fluctuations on voltinism under field conditions. Our results showed that diurnal temperature oscillations significantly affected developmental rates. Compared to constant temperatures, development was faster at temperature oscillations falling below the lower developmental threshold, and slower at temperature oscillations exceeding the developmental optimum. Furthermore, short exposures to suboptimal temperatures affected I. typographus less than expected from constant conditions. Natural temperature fluctuations thus accelerate development under cool, shaded conditions, whilst slowing it under hot, sun-exposed conditions, thereby ultimately affecting voltinism. Our findings highlight the importance to account for diurnal temperature fluctuations for more accurate predictions of developmental rates of I. typographus in natural thermal environments, and provide the fundament for improving current phenology models to support effective bark beetle management in a warming climate.
欧洲云杉树皮甲虫(Ips typographus)是欧亚大陆以挪威云杉为主的森林中的一种广泛虫害。预测其物候和伏期对于规划森林管理措施和减轻大规模爆发至关重要。目前的物候模型是基于实验室实验推断出的恒定温度;然而,自然条件下昆虫的生命周期是由昼夜和季节性温度波动驱动的。因此,基于波动温度的物候模型能更真实地反映野外条件,从而改进模型预测。在一项实验室实验中,我们应用 3 至 35 ° C 的平均温度和高达 ± 15 ° C 的昼夜温度波动研究了典型滇金丝猴的发育过程。随后,我们对发育率模型进行了校准,并将其应用于气候数据,以评估野外条件下温度波动对伏牛的影响。我们的研究结果表明,昼夜温度波动对发育速度有显著影响。与恒定温度相比,当温度波动低于较低的发育阈值时,发育速度较快,而当温度波动超过最佳发育温度时,发育速度较慢。此外,与恒定条件下的预期相比,短时间暴露在亚理想温度下对 typographus 的影响较小。因此,自然温度波动会在凉爽、遮荫的条件下加速发育,而在炎热、暴露在阳光下的条件下则会减缓发育,从而最终影响伏立。我们的研究结果突显了考虑昼夜温度波动对更准确地预测I. typographus在自然热环境中的发育速度的重要性,并为改进当前的物候学模型提供了基础,以支持在气候变暖的情况下对树皮甲虫进行有效管理。
{"title":"Diurnal temperature fluctuations improve predictions of developmental rates in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus","authors":"Sven Hofmann, Martin Schebeck, Markus Kautz","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01758-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01758-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European spruce bark beetle <i>Ips typographus</i> is a widespread pest in Norway spruce-dominated forests in Eurasia. Predicting its phenology and voltinism is crucial to plan forest management measures and to mitigate mass outbreaks. Current phenology models are based on constant temperatures inferred from laboratory experiments; however, insect life cycles under natural conditions are rather driven by diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Therefore, phenology models based on fluctuating temperatures would reflect field conditions more realistically and might thus improve model predictions. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the development of <i>I. typographus</i>, applying mean temperatures between 3 and 35 °C and diurnal temperature oscillations of up to ± 15 °C. Subsequently, we calibrated developmental rate models and applied them to climate data, in order to assess the effect of temperature fluctuations on voltinism under field conditions. Our results showed that diurnal temperature oscillations significantly affected developmental rates. Compared to constant temperatures, development was faster at temperature oscillations falling below the lower developmental threshold, and slower at temperature oscillations exceeding the developmental optimum. Furthermore, short exposures to suboptimal temperatures affected <i>I. typographus</i> less than expected from constant conditions. Natural temperature fluctuations thus accelerate development under cool, shaded conditions, whilst slowing it under hot, sun-exposed conditions, thereby ultimately affecting voltinism. Our findings highlight the importance to account for diurnal temperature fluctuations for more accurate predictions of developmental rates of <i>I. typographus</i> in natural thermal environments, and provide the fundament for improving current phenology models to support effective bark beetle management in a warming climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140192672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lepidopteran borers stand out as the most destructive pests in sugarcane, leading to reductions in stalk weight, juice quality and sugar recovery. Presently, integrated pest management (IPM) systems are utilized for sugarcane borer management, employing diverse methods encompassing cropping system, chemical pesticides, behavioral manipulation, biological agents and the selection of resistant varieties. However, the effectiveness of this strategy remains controversial due to concerns about harmful residues, formulation limitations, environmental variability, labor shortages and increased input costs. Currently, multiple lines of transgenic sugarcane expressing insecticidal genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been developed globally, offering the prospect of increases production with reduced pesticides application, thereby eliminating the negative effect of IPM. In Brazil, the first genetically modified sugarcane cultivars resistant to the sugarcane borer have been approved and released for commercial cultivation, shedding a bright light on a viable solution for sugarcane borers. This paper reviews borer species and distribution, the significant damage caused by sugarcane borers, current control approaches and the future effective control strategies. Additionally, this work provides comprehensive understanding on Bt sugarcane, serving as an additional tool to complement conventional sugarcane borers control resistance programs.
{"title":"Sugarcane borers: species, distribution, damage and management options","authors":"Ao-Mei Li, Zhong-Liang Chen, Fen Liao, Yong Zhao, Cui-Xian Qin, Miao Wang, You-Qiang Pan, Shao-Long Wei, Dong-Liang Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01750-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01750-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lepidopteran borers stand out as the most destructive pests in sugarcane, leading to reductions in stalk weight, juice quality and sugar recovery. Presently, integrated pest management (IPM) systems are utilized for sugarcane borer management, employing diverse methods encompassing cropping system, chemical pesticides, behavioral manipulation, biological agents and the selection of resistant varieties. However, the effectiveness of this strategy remains controversial due to concerns about harmful residues, formulation limitations, environmental variability, labor shortages and increased input costs. Currently, multiple lines of transgenic sugarcane expressing insecticidal genes from the bacterium <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) have been developed globally, offering the prospect of increases production with reduced pesticides application, thereby eliminating the negative effect of IPM. In Brazil, the first genetically modified sugarcane cultivars resistant to the sugarcane borer have been approved and released for commercial cultivation, shedding a bright light on a viable solution for sugarcane borers. This paper reviews borer species and distribution, the significant damage caused by sugarcane borers, current control approaches and the future effective control strategies. Additionally, this work provides comprehensive understanding on Bt sugarcane, serving as an additional tool to complement conventional sugarcane borers control resistance programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viral diseases like yellow fever, dengue, and Zika have an alarming impact on public health. These diseases can be transmitted by Aedes mosquito species, such as Ae. albopictus, which is now found in many countries outside its original range. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. are enteric bacterial symbionts of insect-preying nematodes and are known to produce an array of natural products with various activities including larvicidal activity. In this study, the effects of natural products produced by four Xenorhabdus and one Photorhabdus bacteria on the ovipositional behavior of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were assessed. Utilizing a binary choice assay in insect cages, gravid female mosquitoes were presented with two oviposition cups containing water supplemented with varying concentrations of bacterial supernatants (50–1% concentrations) versus control medium. After 72 h, the eggs deposited on filter papers were counted. The oviposition attractant index (OAI) feature of the bacterial supernatant was evaluated using the number of eggs laid in the cups. Notably, all tested supernatants exhibited concentration-dependent deterrence of oviposition. Xenorhabdus cabanillasii displayed the strongest deterrent effect, inhibiting egg-laying at 50–5% concentrations (OAI: − 0.87 to − 0.35), followed by X. nematophila (50–10%, OAI: − 0.82 to − 0.52). Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, X. doucetiae, and P. kayaii showed significant deterrence at ≥ 20% concentrations. Using promoter exchange mutants generated by the easyPACId approach, fabclavine from X. szentirmaii was identified as the bioactive compound with evident deterrent effects. Such deterrents targeting egg-laying could be valuable for controlling populations by disrupting their breeding in suitable habitats.
{"title":"Effects of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial metabolites on the ovipositional activity of Aedes albopictus","authors":"Mustapha Touray, Harun Cimen, Edna Bode, Helge B. Bode, Selcuk Hazir","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01760-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01760-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Viral diseases like yellow fever, dengue, and Zika have an alarming impact on public health. These diseases can be transmitted by <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species, such as Ae. albopictus, which is now found in many countries outside its original range. <i>Xenorhabdus</i> and <i>Photorhabdus</i> spp. are enteric bacterial symbionts of insect-preying nematodes and are known to produce an array of natural products with various activities including larvicidal activity. In this study, the effects of natural products produced by four <i>Xenorhabdus</i> and one <i>Photorhabdus</i> bacteria on the ovipositional behavior of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes were assessed. Utilizing a binary choice assay in insect cages, gravid female mosquitoes were presented with two oviposition cups containing water supplemented with varying concentrations of bacterial supernatants (50–1% concentrations) versus control medium. After 72 h, the eggs deposited on filter papers were counted. The oviposition attractant index (OAI) feature of the bacterial supernatant was evaluated using the number of eggs laid in the cups. Notably, all tested supernatants exhibited concentration-dependent deterrence of oviposition. <i>Xenorhabdus cabanillasii</i> displayed the strongest deterrent effect, inhibiting egg-laying at 50–5% concentrations (OAI: − 0.87 to − 0.35), followed by <i>X. nematophila</i> (50–10%, OAI: − 0.82 to − 0.52). <i>Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, X. doucetiae,</i> and <i>P. kayaii</i> showed significant deterrence at ≥ 20% concentrations. Using promoter exchange mutants generated by the easyPACId approach, fabclavine from <i>X. szentirmaii</i> was identified as the bioactive compound with evident deterrent effects. Such deterrents targeting egg-laying could be valuable for controlling populations by disrupting their breeding in suitable habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gelsemium elegans Benth. (Loganiaceae), also known as heartbreak herb, can be used in the manufacture of herbal medicines. Insecticidal activity has also been found and can be used to develop botanical insecticides. This study aimed to reveal the insecticidal mechanism of its extracts against red fire ants and provide strategies for the development of biopesticides and the promotion of green and sustainable agriculture. 16s rRNA, pathohistological, behavioral, and enzyme activity assays were performed to reveal its biological effects, including the effects on non-target organisms. Our results showed that red fire ants exposed to G. elegans extracts exhibited slowed growth, reduced feeding, and decreased aggressiveness. The midgut and its peritrophic membrane of red fire ant were significantly disrupted, the diversity of gut microbial community was reduced, and the balance of microbial composition was disturbed. Significant increases in functional abundance of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism pathway and P450s enzyme activity confirmed the toxic stress of G. elegans extract. Functional prediction of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway showed that the functional abundance of novobiocin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, lysosome, proteasome, and wingless/integrated signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in the gut. Besides, G. elegans extracts induced an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. These results revealed dysregulation of immune system and metabolic functions in red fire ants, as well as toxic effects of G. elegans extracts on physiological functions and nerves. These findings revealed the insecticidal mechanism of G. elegans and supported the development of eco-friendly insecticides for red fire ants.
Gelsemium elegans Benth.(又名伤心草,可用于制造草药。研究还发现其具有杀虫活性,可用于开发植物杀虫剂。本研究旨在揭示其提取物对红火蚁的杀虫机制,为开发生物农药和促进绿色可持续农业提供策略。研究人员通过 16s rRNA、病理组织学、行为学和酶活性测定来揭示其生物效应,包括对非靶标生物的影响。我们的研究结果表明,红火蚁暴露于 G. elegans 提取物后,生长速度减慢,摄食量减少,攻击性降低。红火蚁的中肠及其营养周膜受到明显破坏,肠道微生物群落的多样性降低,微生物组成的平衡被打破。异种生物降解和代谢途径的功能丰度以及P450s酶活性的显著增加证实了优雅蚁提取物的毒性胁迫作用。京都基因和基因组百科全书》通路功能预测显示,新生物素生物合成、类黄酮生物合成、溶酶体、蛋白酶体和无翼/整合信号通路的功能丰度在肠道中受到显著抑制。此外,草履虫提取物还能诱导乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的增加。这些结果揭示了红火蚁免疫系统和新陈代谢功能的失调,以及草履虫提取物对生理功能和神经的毒性作用。这些研究结果揭示了草履虫的杀虫机制,有助于开发针对红火蚁的环保型杀虫剂。
{"title":"Effects of Gelsemium elegans extract on the red fire ant: disruption of peritrophic membrane integrity and alteration of gut microbial diversity, composition, and function","authors":"Qun Zheng, Wenjuan Yan, Shiqi Zhu, Xiaoran Miao, Jian Wu, Zewei Lin, Suqing Huang, Dongmei Cheng, Hanhong Xu, Zhixiang Zhang, Peiwen Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01769-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01769-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Gelsemium elegans</i> Benth. (<i>Loganiaceae</i>), also known as heartbreak herb, can be used in the manufacture of herbal medicines. Insecticidal activity has also been found and can be used to develop botanical insecticides. This study aimed to reveal the insecticidal mechanism of its extracts against red fire ants and provide strategies for the development of biopesticides and the promotion of green and sustainable agriculture. 16s rRNA, pathohistological, behavioral, and enzyme activity assays were performed to reveal its biological effects, including the effects on non-target organisms. Our results showed that red fire ants exposed to <i>G. elegans</i> extracts exhibited slowed growth, reduced feeding, and decreased aggressiveness. The midgut and its peritrophic membrane of red fire ant were significantly disrupted, the diversity of gut microbial community was reduced, and the balance of microbial composition was disturbed. Significant increases in functional abundance of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism pathway and P450s enzyme activity confirmed the toxic stress of <i>G. elegans</i> extract. Functional prediction of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway showed that the functional abundance of novobiocin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, lysosome, proteasome, and wingless/integrated signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in the gut. Besides, <i>G. elegans</i> extracts induced an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. These results revealed dysregulation of immune system and metabolic functions in red fire ants, as well as toxic effects of <i>G. elegans</i> extracts on physiological functions and nerves. These findings revealed the insecticidal mechanism of <i>G. elegans</i> and supported the development of eco-friendly insecticides for red fire ants.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01771-4
Abstract
Due to climate change, outbreaks of insect-vectored plant viruses have become increasingly unpredictable. In-depth insights into region-level spatio-temporal dynamics of insect vector migration can be used to forecast plant virus outbreaks in agricultural landscapes; yet, it is often poorly understood. To explore this, we examined the incidence of beet curly top virus (BCTV) in 2,196 tomato fields from 2013 to 2022. In America, the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) is the exclusive vector of BCTV. We examined factors associated with BCTV incidence and spring migration of the beet leafhopper from non-agricultural overwintering areas. We conducted an experimental study to demonstrate beet leafhopper dispersal in response to greenness of plants, and spring migration time was estimated using a model based on vegetation greenness. We found a negative correlation between vegetation greenness and spring migration probability from the overwintering areas. Furthermore, BCTV incidence was significantly associated with spring migration time rather than environmental conditions per se. Specifically, severe BCTV outbreaks in California in 2013 and 2021 were accurately predicted by the model based on early beet leafhopper spring migration. Our results provide experimental and field-based support that early spring migration of the insect vector is the primary factor contributing to BCTV outbreaks. Additionally, the predictive model for spring migration time was implemented into a web-based mapping system, serving as a decision support tool for management purposes. This article describes an experimental and analytical framework of considerable relevance to region-wide forecasting and modeling of insect-vectored diseases of concern to crops, livestock, and humans.
{"title":"Timing matters: remotely sensed vegetation greenness can predict insect vector migration and therefore outbreaks of curly top disease","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01771-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01771-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Due to climate change, outbreaks of insect-vectored plant viruses have become increasingly unpredictable. In-depth insights into region-level spatio-temporal dynamics of insect vector migration can be used to forecast plant virus outbreaks in agricultural landscapes; yet, it is often poorly understood. To explore this, we examined the incidence of <em>beet curly top virus</em> (BCTV) in 2,196 tomato fields from 2013 to 2022. In America, the beet leafhopper (<em>Circulifer tenellus</em>) is the exclusive vector of BCTV. We examined factors associated with BCTV incidence and spring migration of the beet leafhopper from non-agricultural overwintering areas. We conducted an experimental study to demonstrate beet leafhopper dispersal in response to greenness of plants, and spring migration time was estimated using a model based on vegetation greenness. We found a negative correlation between vegetation greenness and spring migration probability from the overwintering areas. Furthermore, BCTV incidence was significantly associated with spring migration time rather than environmental conditions <em>per se</em>. Specifically, severe BCTV outbreaks in California in 2013 and 2021 were accurately predicted by the model based on early beet leafhopper spring migration. Our results provide experimental and field-based support that early spring migration of the insect vector is the primary factor contributing to BCTV outbreaks. Additionally, the predictive model for spring migration time was implemented into a web-based mapping system, serving as a decision support tool for management purposes. This article describes an experimental and analytical framework of considerable relevance to region-wide forecasting and modeling of insect-vectored diseases of concern to crops, livestock, and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01765-2
Eva Papek, Elisabeth Ritzer, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Anthony I. Cognato, Peter Baier, Gernot Hoch, Thomas Kirisits, Martin Schebeck
The bark beetle Ips acuminatus is an important pest in pine-dominated forests of Eurasia. Recently, the frequency of I. acuminatus outbreaks and mortality of host trees have increased, most likely as a result of climate change-related alterations in environmental conditions. Therefore, detailed information on the species’ natural history is essential to understand its potential to damage forests and to apply sustainable management measures. We provide a comprehensive overview on the life history of I. acuminatus, focusing on traits that might explain outbreaks and the ability to cause tree mortality. We review its importance for European forestry, outbreak behavior, host plant usage, reproductive biology, temperature-dependent development, diapause and overwintering behavior, and interactions with fungi, bacteria, nematodes and other arthropods. Interestingly, I. acuminatus has a strong nutritional dependency on the fungus Ophiostoma macrosporum, underlined by the presence of a prominent oral mycetangium, a spore-carrying organ, in females, which is not known for other Ips species. Moreover, I. acuminatus can reproduce sexually and asexually (pseudogamy). Additionally, information on the species’ evolutionary past provides valuable insights into the origin of certain traits. We present a phylogeny of the genus Ips and examine selected life-history traits in an evolutionary context. Together with its sister species Ips chinensis, I. acuminatus forms a separate clade within Ips. The ancestor of Ips bark beetles originated about 20 million years ago and was a pine-colonizing species inhabiting the Holarctic. Finally, open fields of research are identified to guide future work on this ecologically and economically important pine bark beetle.
{"title":"The pine bark beetle Ips acuminatus: an ecological perspective on life-history traits promoting outbreaks","authors":"Eva Papek, Elisabeth Ritzer, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Anthony I. Cognato, Peter Baier, Gernot Hoch, Thomas Kirisits, Martin Schebeck","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01765-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01765-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bark beetle <i>Ips acuminatus</i> is an important pest in pine-dominated forests of Eurasia. Recently, the frequency of <i>I. acuminatus</i> outbreaks and mortality of host trees have increased, most likely as a result of climate change-related alterations in environmental conditions. Therefore, detailed information on the species’ natural history is essential to understand its potential to damage forests and to apply sustainable management measures. We provide a comprehensive overview on the life history of <i>I. acuminatus</i>, focusing on traits that might explain outbreaks and the ability to cause tree mortality. We review its importance for European forestry, outbreak behavior, host plant usage, reproductive biology, temperature-dependent development, diapause and overwintering behavior, and interactions with fungi, bacteria, nematodes and other arthropods. Interestingly, <i>I. acuminatus</i> has a strong nutritional dependency on the fungus <i>Ophiostoma macrosporum</i>, underlined by the presence of a prominent oral mycetangium, a spore-carrying organ, in females, which is not known for other <i>Ips</i> species. Moreover, <i>I. acuminatus</i> can reproduce sexually and asexually (pseudogamy). Additionally, information on the species’ evolutionary past provides valuable insights into the origin of certain traits. We present a phylogeny of the genus <i>Ips</i> and examine selected life-history traits in an evolutionary context. Together with its sister species <i>Ips chinensis, I. acuminatus</i> forms a separate clade within <i>Ips.</i> The ancestor of <i>Ips</i> bark beetles originated about 20 million years ago and was a pine-colonizing species inhabiting the Holarctic. Finally, open fields of research are identified to guide future work on this ecologically and economically important pine bark beetle.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140139523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01763-4
Daegan J. G. Inward, Emilio Caiti, Kerry Barnard, Séverine Hasbroucq, Katy Reed, Jean-Claude Grégoire
A breeding population of the tree-killing European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus was detected in England for the first time in 2018 and was initially assumed to have arrived with infested timber. To test the hypothesis that the beetles are dispersing naturally across the English channel, extensive trap networks were deployed in 2021 and 2022 to track the flight activity of the beetles from an outbreak hotspot in France and Belgium to southern England, including parallel ‘coastal’ traps on either side of the channel. Beetles were caught all along the transect, decreasing in abundance with distance from the outbreak area. Linear modelling indicates that beetles dispersed into England during 2021 and 2022, and that during a large-scale dispersal event in June 2021, beetles could have penetrated more than 160 km inland. The 2021 dispersal event initiated new incursions of the beetle in southeast England and demonstrates the extraordinary distance I. typographus may move under outbreak conditions. Our findings support the hypothesis of a damaging forest pest aerially dispersing across the barrier of the English channel and suggest that future incursions of this and other plant-associated pests may move via the same pathway.
{"title":"Evidence of cross-channel dispersal into England of the forest pest Ips typographus","authors":"Daegan J. G. Inward, Emilio Caiti, Kerry Barnard, Séverine Hasbroucq, Katy Reed, Jean-Claude Grégoire","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01763-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01763-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A breeding population of the tree-killing European spruce bark beetle <i>Ips typographus</i> was detected in England for the first time in 2018 and was initially assumed to have arrived with infested timber. To test the hypothesis that the beetles are dispersing naturally across the English channel, extensive trap networks were deployed in 2021 and 2022 to track the flight activity of the beetles from an outbreak hotspot in France and Belgium to southern England, including parallel ‘coastal’ traps on either side of the channel. Beetles were caught all along the transect, decreasing in abundance with distance from the outbreak area. Linear modelling indicates that beetles dispersed into England during 2021 and 2022, and that during a large-scale dispersal event in June 2021, beetles could have penetrated more than 160 km inland. The 2021 dispersal event initiated new incursions of the beetle in southeast England and demonstrates the extraordinary distance <i>I. typographus</i> may move under outbreak conditions. Our findings support the hypothesis of a damaging forest pest aerially dispersing across the barrier of the English channel and suggest that future incursions of this and other plant-associated pests may move via the same pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140135979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01762-5
Abstract
Omnivores obtain resources from more than one trophic level, choosing food based on quantity and quality. They usually engage in intraguild predation (IGP) when prey is scarce. Orius laevigatus is an example of omnivore that becomes superior predator of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii when released in a combined system under low levels of the preferred prey, the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Here, we test two genetically enhanced O. laevigatus strains for bigger size and better fitness feeding on pollen (BIG30 and 2POL-11, respectively), hence with a wider dietary diversification, to elucidate the potential effects on prey preference and IGP on the predatory mite, in comparison with a commercial population of O. laevigatus. To do that, predation rates were registered on adult phytoseiids solely or in a choice situation at different availability ratios of adult thrips under laboratory conditions. The effect of pollen as supplemental food on IGP and prey preference was examined, too. We found that our two enhanced lines killed up to 9% less predatory mites and fed preferably on adult thrips, compared to the commercial population. While BIG30 showed a significantly higher total predation rate, killing up to 150% more adult thrips, 2POL-11 is defined as an efficient user of resources, switching between different prey and pollen showing low IGP. Pollen supplementation had a significant effect on reducing IGP, but only for 2POL-11 the influence on prey preference was significant. The theory of intraguild predation and the impact of prey switching on food webs and biological control strategies are also discussed.
{"title":"Relevance of diet diversification in the coexistence between Orius laevigatus and Amblyseius swirskii: prey switching and intraguild predation","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01762-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01762-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Omnivores obtain resources from more than one trophic level, choosing food based on quantity and quality. They usually engage in intraguild predation (IGP) when prey is scarce. <em>Orius laevigatus</em> is an example of omnivore that becomes superior predator of the predatory mite <em>Amblyseius swirskii</em> when released in a combined system under low levels of the preferred prey, the thrips <em>Frankliniella occidentalis</em>. Here, we test two genetically enhanced <em>O. laevigatus</em> strains for bigger size and better fitness feeding on pollen (BIG30 and 2POL-11, respectively), hence with a wider dietary diversification, to elucidate the potential effects on prey preference and IGP on the predatory mite, in comparison with a commercial population of <em>O. laevigatus</em>. To do that, predation rates were registered on adult phytoseiids solely or in a choice situation at different availability ratios of adult thrips under laboratory conditions. The effect of pollen as supplemental food on IGP and prey preference was examined, too. We found that our two enhanced lines killed up to 9% less predatory mites and fed preferably on adult thrips, compared to the commercial population. While BIG30 showed a significantly higher total predation rate, killing up to 150% more adult thrips, 2POL-11 is defined as an efficient user of resources, switching between different prey and pollen showing low IGP. Pollen supplementation had a significant effect on reducing IGP, but only for 2POL-11 the influence on prey preference was significant. The theory of intraguild predation and the impact of prey switching on food webs and biological control strategies are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"364 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140135916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01766-1
Dexian Li, Kaisong Jiang, Xiaoxia Wang, Deguang Liu
The effect of environmental change on activity of insecticides against insects has been greatly debated, and it is of significance to evaluate general patterns of change and explore the potential mechanisms that drive the changes in the context of global climate change. To that end, we constructed three multilevel meta-analyses and phylogenetically-corrected models based on 810 individual effect sizes of insecticide activity from 95 studies with variable levels of temperatures, humidities, and CO2 concentrations. We found that increasing temperatures could overall increase the insecticidal activity of insecticides by 1.33 times. Increasing temperatures will boost the activity of some types of insecticides (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), but decrease the activity of some other types (e.g., sodium channel modulators). Activities of stomach toxicants and fumigants are overall more sensitive to increasing temperatures than other insecticides. The sensitivity of insects in Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera to insecticides will also tend to increase significantly due to increasing temperatures. The magnitude of warming was found to have strong interactive effects with both insecticide class and insect group. Although moisture changes were showed to have no significant effects on insecticidal activity overall, our meta-regression analyses identified a positive relationship between insecticide activity and the magnitude of humidity change. No significant relationships between changes in CO2 concentrations and insecticide activity were identified. Our results are critical in adaptation of insecticide application and pest management strategies, and forecasting insecticide risks (e.g., resistance development) across global climate regions under future warming conditions.
{"title":"Insecticide activity under changing environmental conditions: a meta-analysis","authors":"Dexian Li, Kaisong Jiang, Xiaoxia Wang, Deguang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10340-024-01766-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01766-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of environmental change on activity of insecticides against insects has been greatly debated, and it is of significance to evaluate general patterns of change and explore the potential mechanisms that drive the changes in the context of global climate change. To that end, we constructed three multilevel meta-analyses and phylogenetically-corrected models based on 810 individual effect sizes of insecticide activity from 95 studies with variable levels of temperatures, humidities, and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. We found that increasing temperatures could overall increase the insecticidal activity of insecticides by 1.33 times. Increasing temperatures will boost the activity of some types of insecticides (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), but decrease the activity of some other types (e.g., sodium channel modulators). Activities of stomach toxicants and fumigants are overall more sensitive to increasing temperatures than other insecticides. The sensitivity of insects in Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera to insecticides will also tend to increase significantly due to increasing temperatures. The magnitude of warming was found to have strong interactive effects with both insecticide class and insect group. Although moisture changes were showed to have no significant effects on insecticidal activity overall, our meta-regression analyses identified a positive relationship between insecticide activity and the magnitude of humidity change. No significant relationships between changes in CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and insecticide activity were identified. Our results are critical in adaptation of insecticide application and pest management strategies, and forecasting insecticide risks (e.g., resistance development) across global climate regions under future warming conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16736,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pest Science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}