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Characterization and potential mechanism of resistance to double-stranded RNA in willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora 柳叶甲(Plagiodera versicolora)对双链 RNA 的抗性特征和潜在机制
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01764-3
Chongyu Liao, Miao Zhang, Jiang Zhang

RNAi-based pesticides have emerged gradually in recent decades and are believed to be the next generation of pesticides. Although resistance to RNA pesticides has been developed and selected in the laboratory in western corn rootworm and Colorado potato beetle, whether RNAi resistance is a general phenomenon in other coleopteran insects and the underlying mechanism of resistance to RNA pesticides are still unclear. Here, we report the development of a highly dsRNA-resistant (> 4110-fold) population (Pv-30R) of Plagiodera versicolora after seven episodes of selection by feeding a laboratory-reared susceptible population (Pv-S) with the leaves of willow plants coated with dsRNA targeting a signal recognition particle protein 54 k (Srp54k) gene. We showed that Pv-30R was cross-resistant to other dsRNAs (dsActin and dsSnap) but susceptible to the Cry3Bb protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, and the resistance was an autosomal and recessive trait. Although no significant differences of the dsRNA stability in the midgut of larvae between Pv-S and Pv-30R were observed, uptake of dsRNA in the midgut tissue of larvae from Pv-30R was disrupted. Overall, these results demonstrate that high levels of resistance to RNA pesticides can developed quickly in P. versicolora in laboratory condition as observed before for other coleopterans, and possibly sharing similar mechanisms of resistance to dsRNA.

近几十年来,基于 RNAi 的农药逐渐兴起,被认为是下一代农药。虽然在实验室中已在西部玉米根虫和科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫中产生并筛选出对 RNA 农药的抗性,但 RNAi 抗性是否是其他鞘翅目昆虫的普遍现象以及对 RNA 农药抗性的内在机制仍不清楚。在此,我们报告了通过给实验室饲养的易感种群(Pv-S)喂食涂有针对信号识别颗粒蛋白 54 k(Srp54k)基因的 dsRNA 的柳树叶片,经过七次选择后,Plagiodera versicolora 的高 dsRNA 抗性(> 4110 倍)种群(Pv-30R)的发展情况。我们发现,Pv-30R 对其他 dsRNA(dsActin 和 dsSnap)具有交叉抗性,但对苏云金芽孢杆菌的 Cry3Bb 蛋白易感,而且这种抗性是常染色体隐性性状。虽然 Pv-S 和 Pv-30R 在幼虫中肠中的 dsRNA 稳定性没有明显差异,但 Pv-30R 幼虫中肠组织对 dsRNA 的吸收被破坏。总之,这些结果表明,在实验室条件下,P. versicolora 对 RNA 杀虫剂的高水平抗性可以迅速发展,这与之前在其他鞘翅目昆虫中观察到的情况相同,并且可能具有类似的 dsRNA 抗性机理。
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引用次数: 0
May biocontrol agents artificially selected for their aggressiveness improve crop protection? 人工选择具有攻击性的生物控制剂能否改善作物保护?
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01780-3
Pierre Royer, François Dumont, Caroline Provost, Eric Lucas

In agroecosystems, the efficiency of biocontrol agents could be improved through the artificial selection of specific traits that would enhance their zoophagy level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of artificially selected populations of the omnivorous predatory bug, Nabis americoferus, on the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, in organic strawberry crops. Six populations of N. americoferus were selected according to their aggressiveness, three were composed of highly aggressive individuals, whereas the other lines contained docile individuals. The first hypothesis was that, since aggressive predators display a higher attack rate, aggressive lines would exhibit a higher pest control and a better crop protection than docile lines. The second hypothesis was that, when two biocontrol agents species are used conjointly, the presence of at least one docile population would generate a higher synergy between both species. N. americoferus populations were released in an experimental strawberry field, with or without a second intraguild predator, the Anthocorid, Orius insidiosus. Results support the first hypothesis that the aggressive lines generate a better pest control and a better strawberries crop protection than docile lines but only at low pest density. The second hypothesis is neither supported nor rejected since the combination of docile lines and O. insidiosus led to a better pest control at high pest density, but led to a reduced crop protection at low pest density. Our study shows that the artificial selection of aggressiveness has the potential to improve the effectiveness of biocontrol programs.

在农业生态系统中,可以通过人工选择特定性状来提高生物控制剂的效率,从而提高其食性水平。本研究旨在评估人工选择的杂食性捕食蝽 Nabis americoferus 种群对有机草莓作物中玷污植物蝽 Lygus lineolaris 的影响。根据其攻击性选择了六个 N. americoferus 种群,其中三个种群由攻击性很强的个体组成,而其他品系则包含温顺的个体。第一个假设是,由于攻击性强的捕食者攻击率较高,因此攻击性强的品系会比温顺的品系表现出更强的害虫控制能力和更好的作物保护能力。第二个假设是,在同时使用两种生物控制剂时,如果至少有一个温顺的种群存在,两种生物控制剂之间的协同作用会更大。我们在草莓试验田中释放了 N. americoferus 种群,同时还释放了或不释放第二种谷内捕食者--Anthocorid,Orius insidiosus。结果支持第一个假设,即攻击性品系比温顺品系能更好地控制害虫,更好地保护草莓作物,但仅限于害虫密度较低的情况。第二个假设既没有被支持,也没有被否定,因为温顺品系与 O. insidiosus 的组合在害虫密度高时能更好地控制害虫,但在害虫密度低时却降低了对作物的保护。我们的研究表明,人工选择攻击性有可能提高生物防治计划的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Rising temperatures favour defence-suppressing herbivores 气温升高有利于抑制防御的食草动物
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01781-2
Jéssica Teodoro-Paulo, Jacques A. Deere, João Valeriano-Santos, Steven Charlesworth, Alison B. Duncan, Merijn R. Kant, Juan M. Alba

Rising temperatures due to climate change are predicted to accelerate the life cycle of arthropod herbivores thereby exacerbating pest formation. Notorious pests like spider mites thrive in areas with high temperatures (32–35 °C), and it is predicted that the size and number of such areas will expand in the coming decades. Higher temperatures can directly accelerate population growth, but also indirectly affect them through changes in the plant's defensive mechanisms. Spider mites have been shown to adapt to plant defences, with natural selection favouring defence-suppressing traits. However, it is not known to what extent suppression is affected by rising temperatures and how this might tie into the rate of adaptation and pest damage. In this study, we investigated the effect of two temperatures (25 °C and 32 °C), on the spider mite–tomato interaction, predicting the influence of rising temperatures on favouring defence-adapted mites. We found that all mite strains caused more plant damage at 32 °C, but temperature did not affect the overall patterns of induction and suppression of defence genes. Although fecundity was higher for all strains at 32 °C, juvenile and adult survival was lower, especially for inducer mites. With these data, we parametrized population models for the two strains over three months, indicating that suppressor mites might displace inducers at the higher temperature, either when it is constant or in the form of heat waves. Our models predict that in areas with higher temperatures, defence-suppressing mites are favoured, which will accelerate and consequently spur pest formation.

据预测,气候变化导致的气温升高将加速节肢动物食草动物的生命周期,从而加剧害虫的形成。蜘蛛螨等臭名昭著的害虫在气温较高(32-35 °C)的地区生长旺盛,据预测,未来几十年此类地区的面积和数量都将扩大。温度升高会直接加速害虫数量的增长,但也会通过改变植物的防御机制间接影响害虫。事实证明,蜘蛛螨能适应植物的防御机制,自然选择有利于抑制防御的特性。然而,人们还不知道气温升高会在多大程度上影响蛛螨的抑制作用,也不知道这将如何影响蛛螨的适应速度和害虫危害。在这项研究中,我们调查了两种温度(25 °C和32 °C)对蜘蛛螨与番茄相互作用的影响,并预测了温度升高对有利于适应防御的螨类的影响。我们发现,所有螨株在 32 °C时对植物造成的损害都更大,但温度并不影响防御基因诱导和抑制的总体模式。虽然 32 °C时所有螨株的繁殖率都较高,但幼螨和成螨的存活率都较低,尤其是诱导螨。根据这些数据,我们对两个品系三个月的种群模型进行了参数化,结果表明,在较高温度下,抑制螨可能会取代诱导螨,无论是在温度恒定时还是在热浪形式下。我们的模型预测,在温度较高的地区,防御抑制螨会受到青睐,这将加速害虫的形成,从而刺激害虫的繁殖。
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引用次数: 0
Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies multiplex from naturally infected to healthy Rhamnus alaternus by Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris 通过Phaenus spumarius和Neophilaenus campestris将Xylella fastidiosa亚种多重菌从自然感染的鼠李树传播到健康的鼠李树
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01775-0
Anita Nencioni, Elisabetta Gargani, Agostino Strangi, Domenico Rizzo, Immacolata Iovinella, Patrizia Sacchetti, Pio Federico Roversi, Ilaria Cutino

In Europe, the recently reported plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex affects several wild, ornamental, and cultivated trees causing scorch diseases. In 2018, the sequence type 87 was reported in Tuscany on Mediterranean shrubs and trees. Although spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) were already identified as main vectors of this bacterium in Europe, their role in the transmission of this subspecies has not been ascertained yet. In this study the ability of Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris to acquire and transmit Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex sequence type 87 from and to Rhamnus alaternus was evaluated in two-year semi-field experiments. To acquire the bacterium, insects were confined on wild, naturally infected R. alaternus shrubs for 120 h. Then, they were transferred to healthy plants and maintained in cages for 96 h. To follow the infection, plant samples were collected every two months for three times. Tested plants were destroyed at the end of experiments and roots, twigs and leaves were analysed. Philaenus spumarius showed a significantly higher survival rate than N. campestris. The infection status of both insects and plants was assessed through molecular analysis. P. spumarius and N. campestris were able to infect healthy plants although the acquisition rate and the estimated probability of transmission appeared to be low. These findings provide new accounts on the role of two polyphagous insect vectors in spreading a quarantine organism, which is lethal to a huge number of plant species. However, further studies are needed to disclose more specific interactions within this complex pathosystem.

在欧洲,最近报道的植物病原体 Xylella fastidiosa subsp.multiplex影响着多种野生、观赏和栽培树木,导致焦枯病。2018 年,在托斯卡纳报告了地中海灌木和树木上的序列 87 型。虽然唾蝇(半翅目:蚜蝇科)已被确定为该细菌在欧洲的主要传播媒介,但它们在该亚种传播中的作用尚未确定。本研究在为期两年的半田间试验中评估了 Philaenus spumarius 和 Neophilaenus campestris 从鼠尾草中获取并向鼠尾草传播 Xylella fastidiosa 亚种多重序列 87 型的能力。为了获得该细菌,昆虫被关在野生、自然感染的鼠李灌木上 120 小时,然后被转移到健康植物上,并在笼子里保持 96 小时。实验结束后销毁受试植物,并对根、枝和叶进行分析。从实验结果来看,Phaenus spumarius 的存活率明显高于 N. campestris。通过分子分析评估了昆虫和植物的感染状况。尽管感染率和估计的传播概率似乎都很低,但 P. spumarius 和 N. campestris 仍能感染健康植物。这些发现为两种多食性昆虫载体在传播检疫生物方面的作用提供了新的说明,这种检疫生物对大量植物物种都是致命的。然而,要揭示这一复杂病理生态系统中更具体的相互作用,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term expansion of cereal crops promotes regional population increase of polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera 谷类作物的长期扩展促进了多食性卷叶螟的区域种群增长
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01778-x
Long Yang, Minlong Li, Jie Liu, Juan Zeng, Yanhui Lu

Changes in land use is an important driver of insect pest population dynamics, but the long-term effects of land use may be contingent on changes in some factors. To identify potential effects of change in cropping pattern on agricultural pest population trends, data from large temporal and spatial scales are needed but are rarely available. Here, we used long-term (15 years) pest monitoring data across a regional scale and across independent gradients of land-use intensity at the landscape level (61 agro-landscapes with a radius of 2.0 km), to investigate the effects of the expansion of area devoted to major cereal crops on population trends of polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera in northern China. We found that an increased proportion of the land planted to maize and wheat in the landscape had an indirectly positive effect on the activity density of the summer population of H. armigera by increasing the population density of the preceding spring generations. Stable carbon isotope analysis suggested that maize acted as the source habitat for H. armigera population in the growing season. At the regional level, long-term expansion of maize and wheat production, as well as the contraction of cotton area, was associated with an increased density of H. armigera in spring generations across years, although temperature and precipitation factors also had significant effects on pest population sizes. These results across both temporal and spatial scales indicated that, in addition to Bt cotton contraction, increased cereal crops cultivation was an important driver of the H. armigera population increases in recent decades in northern China.

土地利用的变化是虫害种群动态的重要驱动因素,但土地利用的长期影响可能取决于某些因素的变化。要确定种植模式的变化对农业害虫种群趋势的潜在影响,需要大时空尺度的数据,但目前很少有这种数据。在此,我们使用了跨区域尺度和跨景观水平(半径为 2.0 千米的 61 个农业景观)土地利用强度独立梯度的长期(15 年)害虫监测数据,研究了中国北方主要谷类作物种植面积扩大对多食性害虫 Helicoverpa armigera 种群趋势的影响。我们发现,玉米和小麦种植面积比例的增加,通过提高春季前几代的种群密度,间接地对胡蜂虫夏季种群的活动密度产生了积极影响。稳定碳同位素分析表明,玉米在生长季节是 H. armigera 种群的源栖息地。在区域层面上,玉米和小麦生产的长期扩张以及棉花面积的缩小与春季世代 H. armigera 的密度跨年度增加有关,尽管温度和降水因素对害虫种群数量也有显著影响。这些跨时空尺度的研究结果表明,除了Bt棉花面积缩减之外,谷物种植面积的增加也是近几十年来中国北方棉铃虫种群数量增加的重要驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial distribution of Vespa velutina-mediated beekeeping risk in France and Germany Vespa velutina介导的养蜂风险在法国和德国的空间分布
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01782-1
Fabrice Requier, Fabian Nürnberger, Sandra V. Rojas-Nossa, Quentin Rome

The Yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) was accidentally introduced into south-western of France in 2004 and rapidly spread throughout France and neighbouring countries. This insect predator hunts honey bees leading to a hornet-mediated beekeeping risk (HBR) with potential mortality of honey bee colonies and important economic costs. However, the spatial distribution of HBR is not yet assessed and is urgently required to formulate suitable management plans in Western Europe. We conducted a two-year citizen science survey in France and Germany to assess the spatial distribution of (1) the hornet and (2) HBR, and to (3) determine the environmental factors involved. A total of 1678 beekeepers participated in the survey. As expected, the hornet was established throughout the French territory, and was mainly detected near the French border in Germany. We found that HBR was substantially lower in Germany than in France. Temperature had a positive effect on both hornet presence and HBR, whereas distance to the introduction point had a negative effect in both France and Germany. These results suggest that the impact of V. velutina on beekeeping is not homogenous across the invasion range and could be reduced on the eastern front due to the continental climate. Taking into account the spatial variability of HBR could help to formulate regionally adapted management plans to limit the impact of V. velutina on biodiversity, human health and economic sectors.

黄腿大黄蜂(Vespa velutina nigrithorax)于 2004 年被意外引入法国西南部,并迅速在法国及其邻国蔓延。这种昆虫天敌捕食蜜蜂,导致了以黄脚大黄蜂为媒介的养蜂风险(HBR),可能造成蜜蜂群的死亡和重要的经济损失。然而,目前尚未对大黄蜂的空间分布进行评估,因此迫切需要在西欧制定合适的管理计划。我们在法国和德国开展了一项为期两年的公民科学调查,以评估(1)大黄蜂和(2)HBR的空间分布,并(3)确定相关的环境因素。共有 1678 名养蜂人参与了调查。不出所料,大黄蜂在整个法国境内都有分布,而且主要是在法国与德国的边境附近被发现。我们发现,德国的大黄蜂繁殖率大大低于法国。在法国和德国,温度对大黄蜂的出现和HBR都有积极影响,而与引进点的距离则有消极影响。这些结果表明,V. velutina对养蜂业的影响在整个入侵范围内并不一致,在东部前线,由于大陆性气候,其影响可能会减弱。考虑到 HBR 的空间可变性,有助于制定适应地区的管理计划,以限制 V. velutina 对生物多样性、人类健康和经济部门的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Biology, impact, management and potential distribution of Aromia bungii, a major threat to fruit crops around the world 对世界各地水果作物构成重大威胁的 Aromia bungii 的生物学特性、影响、管理和潜在分布情况
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01767-0
Kiran Jonathan Horrocks, Jinping Zhang, Tim Haye, M. Lukas Seehausen, Ramona Maggini, Xiaoqing Xian, Juhong Chen, Francesco Nugnes, Jana Collatz, Angela Gruber, Tara D. Gariepy

Aromia bungii Faldermann (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an emerging invasive pest of economically important Prunus species that is native to China, Mongolia, the Russian Far East, Korea, and Vietnam. It was recently introduced to Japan, Germany, and Italy, where it is spreading and damaging crops and ornamental trees. It exhibits an adaptable lifecycle, a high reproductive output, and the larvae live concealed under the bark of infested trees, which are traits that promote its invasiveness. Detection and monitoring of A. bungii currently rely upon visual identification of infested trees that are usually already damaged, which is inefficient and not target-specific. Current control methods rely primarily upon the labour-intensive physical removal of infested trees. Although native parasitoid natural enemies of A. bungii provide control in Chinese orchards, none are appropriate for classical biological control in invaded areas due to biosafety concerns surrounding their broad host ranges. However, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes may provide viable options for biological control in invaded ranges. Recent advancements in semiochemical baited traps may provide sustainable, target-specific, and efficacious methods to monitor and control A. bungii. There remains much to learn about the biology and control of A. bungii, and continued advancements in the study of sustainable control tools are needed for the management of this emerging pest.

Aromia bungii Faldermann(鞘翅目:Cerambycidae)是一种新出现的入侵害虫,原产于中国、蒙古、俄罗斯远东地区、韩国和越南,危害具有重要经济价值的 Prunus 树种。它最近被引入日本、德国和意大利,并在这些国家蔓延和危害农作物和观赏树木。它的生命周期适应性强,繁殖能力强,幼虫隐蔽在被害树木的树皮下生活,这些特征都促进了它的入侵性。目前,对 A. bungii 的检测和监控主要依靠目测识别受侵染的树木,而这些树木通常已经受损,这种方法效率低下,而且没有针对性。目前的控制方法主要依靠劳动密集型的物理移除受侵扰的树木。虽然在中国果园中,椿象(A. bungii)的本地寄生天敌可提供防治效果,但由于其寄主范围广泛,生物安全问题令人担忧,因此没有一种天敌适合用于入侵地区的经典生物防治。不过,昆虫病原真菌和线虫可以为入侵地区的生物防治提供可行的选择。最近在半化学诱饵诱捕器方面取得的进展可能会提供可持续的、针对特定目标的、有效的方法来监测和控制 A. bungii。关于弓背蝇的生物学和控制,仍有许多知识需要学习,需要继续推进对可持续控制工具的研究,以管理这种新出现的害虫。
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引用次数: 0
New lethal liquid bait for control of pest ants 用于控制害蚁的新型致死液体诱饵
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01773-2
Asim Renyard, Kennedy Hoven, Charlotte Pinard, Gerhard Gries

An aqueous ant bait consisting of sucrose (4.55% w/v), essential amino acids (EAAs, 1%), and water is known to be highly appealing to multiple ant species throughout the foraging season. Here, we tested whether this bait, combined with boric acid as the lethal agent, has potential for control of pest ants. Specifically, we: (1) assessed bait lethality to diverse species of ants (European fire ants, Myrmica rubra, western carpenter ants, Camponotus modoc, thatching ants, Formica oreas); (2) tested the effect of boric acid concentration on mortality of M. rubra workers and colonies; (3) compared consumption, and demise timeline, of lethal liquid baits and lethal gel baits; and (4) investigated whether lethal liquid baits reduce the size of M. rubra colonies. In laboratory experiments, the bait induced rapid worker mortality (< 22 days) in all three species of ants tested. Increasing the concentration of boric acid from 1% to 5.4% accelerated the demise of only worker ants, but not queen ants, in M. rubra colonies, indicating that 1% boric acid is sufficiently lethal. Worker ants of M. rubra strongly preferred liquid baits to gel baits of identical nutrient composition, with the former bait accelerating worker demise. In a field experiment in a public park heavily infested with M. rubra, the 12 treatment colonies provided with a lethal liquid bait (4.55% sucrose; 1% EAAs; 1% boric acid) over 114 days significantly declined, whereas the 12 control colonies provided with the corresponding non-lethal bait did not. The bait, with appropriately adapted bait deployment protocol, should be tested for control of other pest ants, particularly those that preferentially feed on liquid foods.

众所周知,一种由蔗糖(4.55% w/v)、必需氨基酸(EAAs,1%)和水组成的水性蚂蚁诱饵在整个觅食季节对多种蚂蚁具有很强的吸引力。在此,我们测试了这种饵料与作为致死剂的硼酸结合是否具有控制害蚁的潜力。具体来说,我们(1) 评估了饵料对不同种类蚂蚁(欧洲火蚁、红火蚁、西部木匠蚁、Camponotus modoc、茅草蚁)的致死率;(2) 测试了硼酸浓度对红火蚁工蚁和蚁群死亡率的影响;(3) 比较了致死液体饵料和致死凝胶饵料的消耗量和消亡时间轴;(4) 调查了致死液体饵料是否会减少红火蚁蚁群的规模。在实验室实验中,毒饵导致所有三种受测蚂蚁的工蚁迅速死亡(22 天)。将硼酸的浓度从 1%提高到 5.4%,只加速了工蚁的死亡,而没有加速红玛瑙蚁后的死亡,这表明 1%的硼酸具有足够的杀伤力。与营养成分相同的凝胶饵料相比,红花蚁工蚁更喜欢液体饵料,前者能加速工蚁的死亡。在一个被红蚁害严重侵扰的公共公园进行的现场实验中,12 个被施以致死液体诱饵(4.55% 蔗糖;1% EAAs;1% 硼酸)的处理蚁群在 114 天内显著减少,而 12 个被施以相应非致死诱饵的对照蚁群则没有减少。这种饵料,加上适当调整的饵料投放方案,应该用于控制其他害蚁,特别是那些以液体食物为食的害蚁。
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引用次数: 0
A whole ecosystem approach to pear psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri) management in a changing climate 在不断变化的气候中管理梨木虱(Cacopsylla pyri)的全生态系统方法
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01772-3
Laura A. Reeves, Michael P. D. Garratt, Michelle T. Fountain, Deepa Senapathi

Whole ecosystem-based approaches are becoming increasingly common in pest management within agricultural systems. These strategies consider all trophic levels and abiotic processes within an ecosystem, including interactions between different factors. This review outlines a whole ecosystem approach to the integrated pest management of pear psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri Linnaeus) within pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchards, focusing on potential disruptions as a result of climate change. Pear psyllid is estimated to cost the UK pear industry £5 million per annum and has a significant economic impact on pear production globally. Pesticide resistance is well documented in psyllids, leading to many growers to rely on biological control using natural enemies during the summer months. In addition, multiple insecticides commonly used in pear psyllid control have been withdrawn from the UK and Europe, emphasising the need for alternative control methods. There is growing concern that climate change could alter trophic interactions and phenological events within agroecosystems. For example, warmer temperatures could lead to earlier pear flowering and pest emergence, as well as faster insect development rates and altered activity levels. If climate change impacts pear psyllid differently to natural enemies, then trophic mismatches could occur, impacting pest populations. This review aims to evaluate current strategies used in C. pyri management, discuss trophic interactions within this agroecosystem and highlight potential changes in the top-down and bottom-up control of C. pyri as a result of climate change. This review provides a recommended approach to pear psyllid management, identifies evidence gaps and outlines areas of future research.

基于整个生态系统的方法在农业系统的害虫管理中越来越常见。这些策略考虑了生态系统中的所有营养级和非生物过程,包括不同因素之间的相互作用。本综述概述了在梨园中对梨木虱(Cacopsylla pyri Linnaeus)进行虫害综合防治的全生态系统方法,重点关注气候变化可能造成的破坏。据估计,梨木虱每年给英国梨产业造成 500 万英镑的损失,并对全球梨生产造成重大经济影响。梨木虱对杀虫剂的抗药性有据可查,导致许多种植者在夏季依靠天敌进行生物防治。此外,多种常用于梨木虱防治的杀虫剂已从英国和欧洲撤出,这凸显了替代防治方法的必要性。人们越来越担心气候变化会改变农业生态系统中的营养相互作用和物候变化。例如,气温升高可能导致梨树提前开花和害虫出现,以及昆虫发育速度加快和活动水平改变。如果气候变化对梨木虱和天敌的影响不同,则可能出现营养失配,影响害虫种群。本综述旨在评估当前管理梨木虱的策略,讨论该农业生态系统中的营养交互作用,并强调气候变化对梨木虱自上而下和自下而上控制的潜在变化。本综述提出了梨木虱管理的建议方法,确定了证据差距,并概述了未来的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
Substrate-borne vibrations produced during the interaction with natural enemies alter aphids probing behavior 与天敌互动时产生的底物振动改变了蚜虫的探测行为
IF 4.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-024-01761-6
Caterina Zippari, Rachele Nieri, Zeinab Hamouche, Abderrahmane Boucherf, Giovanni Tamburini, Gianfranco Anfora, Vincenzo Verrastro, Valerio Mazzoni, Daniele Cornara

The “ecology of fear”, i.e., physiological and behavioral alterations displayed by pests in response to predation risk, has recently been proposed as a sustainable alternative to chemicals for pest control. However, the development of such a strategy requires a detailed understanding of the signals and cues underlying the pest-antagonist interaction and eliciting the prey behavioral alteration. Here, we characterized the substrate-borne vibrations produced during the interaction between the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and its antagonists, the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani and the ladybug Adalia bipunctata. Thereafter, coupling the electrical penetration graph (EPG) with a stimulus controller, we evaluated whether the playback of the vibrations, alone and in combination with the alarm pheromone, impacted aphid probing behavior and interaction with the host plant. Aphids responded to vibrations exhibiting longer non-probing, shorter intracellular probes, i.e. the behavior through which the insect evaluates host plant quality, delay in accessing the phloem vessels and decrease of the frequency of phloem salivation events. In contrast, on plants treated with the alarm pheromone, insects displayed longer intracellular probes. We hypothesize that the alarm pheromone, signaling a distant threat, might induce a careful evaluation of the host plant in order to decide the magnitude of the reaction. On the other hand, vibrations might indicate a closely approaching threat pushing the aphid to rush the host evaluation process and the whole feeding process. The possible repercussion of the behavioral alterations observed on the dynamics of aphid-borne plant virus transmission is also discussed.

"恐惧生态学",即害虫为应对捕食风险而表现出的生理和行为变化,最近已被提出作为一种可持续的害虫控制化学替代方法。然而,开发这种策略需要详细了解害虫与拮抗剂相互作用的基本信号和线索,以及引起猎物行为改变的信号和线索。在这里,我们描述了绿桃蚜 Myzus persicae 与其拮抗剂寄生蜂 Aphidius colemani 和瓢虫 Adalia bipunctata 交互作用时产生的基质振动。之后,我们将电穿透图(EPG)与刺激控制器结合起来,评估了振动单独播放或与报警信息素结合播放是否会影响蚜虫的探测行为以及与寄主植物的相互作用。蚜虫对振动的反应是延长非探测时间、缩短胞内探测时间(即昆虫评估寄主植物质量的行为)、延迟进入韧皮部血管以及降低韧皮部流涎频率。与此相反,在用警报信息素处理过的植物上,昆虫的胞内探测时间更长。我们推测,报警信息素发出的信号是一种遥远的威胁,它可能会诱导昆虫对寄主植物进行仔细评估,以决定反应的程度。另一方面,振动可能表示威胁正在逼近,促使蚜虫匆忙进行寄主评估和整个取食过程。此外,还讨论了观察到的行为变化对蚜虫传播植物病毒的动态可能产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Pest Science
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