Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113273
Yan Chen , Chuanjie Zhang , Xiuhong Weng , Shengjun Jiang , Bo Cheng
Soft tissue wounds result in the loss of essential functions, including sensation and barrier protection. Mild photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration, primarily through its ability to precisely regulate tissue temperature and thereby influence cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this study, gold nanorods (AuNRs) were employed as photosensitizers and co-cultured with fibroblasts to evaluate the effects of mild PTT on collagen organization and wound healing under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser. AuNRs-mediated photothermal stimulation raised the temperature of the culture medium from 18.0 °C to 37.8 °C within 7 min. This controlled thermal stimulation significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation and led to a more random distribution of collagen fibers. Moreover, AuNR-mediated mild PTT promoted the differentiation of fibroblast into myofibroblasts and reduced scar tissue formation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of mild PTT in soft tissue regeneration by modulating fibroblast behavior and remodeling collagen architecture.
{"title":"The impact of near-infrared-triggered photothermal therapy on collagen organization and wound healing","authors":"Yan Chen , Chuanjie Zhang , Xiuhong Weng , Shengjun Jiang , Bo Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft tissue wounds result in the loss of essential functions, including sensation and barrier protection. Mild photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration, primarily through its ability to precisely regulate tissue temperature and thereby influence cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this study, gold nanorods (AuNRs) were employed as photosensitizers and co-cultured with fibroblasts to evaluate the effects of mild PTT on collagen organization and wound healing under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser. AuNRs-mediated photothermal stimulation raised the temperature of the culture medium from 18.0 °C to 37.8 °C within 7 min. This controlled thermal stimulation significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation and led to a more random distribution of collagen fibers. Moreover, AuNR-mediated mild PTT promoted the differentiation of fibroblast into myofibroblasts and reduced scar tissue formation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of mild PTT in soft tissue regeneration by modulating fibroblast behavior and remodeling collagen architecture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113274
Amanda Paino Santana , Daniela Moreira Cunha , Rodolfo Debone Piazza , Mark Wainwright , Magda Feres , Belen Retamal-Valdes , Rafael Scaf de Molon , Valdir Gouveia Garcia , Leticia Helena Theodoro , Wirley Gonçalves Assunção , Erica Dorigatti de Avila
This in vitro study aimed to determine a safe concentration of butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) and an appropriate pre-irradiation time for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to reduce polymicrobial oral biofilm without causing cytotoxicity to human cells. Titanium (Ti) discs simulating implant abutment surfaces were inoculated with saliva from patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis to create a clinically relevant polymicrobial biofilm model. Antimicrobial PDT was performed using BuTB at 0.05 mg/mL and two pre-irradiation times (1 and 5 min), followed by diode laser irradiation (InGaAlP, 660 nm, 75 mW, 60 s, 4.5 J). The antimicrobial efficacy of each protocol was evaluated, and cytotoxicity was assessed on keratinocyte (HaCaT) and human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell lines using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Significant bacterial reduction was observed for both 1-min (8.91 ± 0.5 log₁₀ CFU/mL; p < 0.0001) and 5-min (7.75 ± 0.6 log₁₀ CFU/mL; p < 0.0001) pre-irradiation times, compared to untreated Ti controls (12.21 ± 0.1 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Although the 5-min protocol showed slightly greater antimicrobial activity (p = 0.0076), the 1-min protocol demonstrated favorable cell viability and mitochondrial activity in both HaCaT and HGF cells. These results suggest that BuTB-mediated aPDT, at a low concentration and short pre-irradiation time, can effectively reduce polymicrobial biofilm while preserving cell viability in the conditions studied. While further studies are needed, these in vitro findings provide a valuable foundation for developing safer and more effective aPDT protocols for potential future clinical applications.
{"title":"Butyl toluidine blue as a photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on titanium-associated biofilms","authors":"Amanda Paino Santana , Daniela Moreira Cunha , Rodolfo Debone Piazza , Mark Wainwright , Magda Feres , Belen Retamal-Valdes , Rafael Scaf de Molon , Valdir Gouveia Garcia , Leticia Helena Theodoro , Wirley Gonçalves Assunção , Erica Dorigatti de Avila","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This in vitro study aimed to determine a safe concentration of butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) and an appropriate pre-irradiation time for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to reduce polymicrobial oral biofilm without causing cytotoxicity to human cells. Titanium (Ti) discs simulating implant abutment surfaces were inoculated with saliva from patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis to create a clinically relevant polymicrobial biofilm model. Antimicrobial PDT was performed using BuTB at 0.05 mg/mL and two pre-irradiation times (1 and 5 min), followed by diode laser irradiation (InGaAlP, 660 nm, 75 mW, 60 s, 4.5 J). The antimicrobial efficacy of each protocol was evaluated, and cytotoxicity was assessed on keratinocyte (HaCaT) and human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell lines using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Significant bacterial reduction was observed for both 1-min (8.91 ± 0.5 log₁₀ CFU/mL; <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and 5-min (7.75 ± 0.6 log₁₀ CFU/mL; p < 0.0001) pre-irradiation times, compared to untreated Ti controls (12.21 ± 0.1 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Although the 5-min protocol showed slightly greater antimicrobial activity (<em>p</em> = 0.0076), the 1-min protocol demonstrated favorable cell viability and mitochondrial activity in both HaCaT and HGF cells. These results suggest that BuTB-mediated aPDT, at a low concentration and short pre-irradiation time, can effectively reduce polymicrobial biofilm while preserving cell viability in the conditions studied. While further studies are needed, these in vitro findings provide a valuable foundation for developing safer and more effective aPDT protocols for potential future clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 113274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113272
Shaowu Sun , Xiaona Liu , Jiayi Dong , Xiaoyu Zhao , Chenxi Zhang , Chenyan Wang , Xiaolu Ma , Yan Wang , Xiaona Li , Zhipeng Gao , Weiyi Chen
Ultraviolet-A and riboflavin (UVA/R) crosslinking has emerged as a valuable technique for ocular disease treatments. However, the exact influence of the oxygen and riboflavin on the crosslinking has not been fully explored so far. A kinetic model was developed to predict corneal/scleral stiffening effects under varying oxygen levels, irradiation intensities, and riboflavin solution concentrations during crosslinking at a fixed fluence. The optical properties of porcine sclera were determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Monte Carlo method was employed to evaluate intrastromal light absorption of riboflavin. The roles of oxygen and riboflavin in the reaction mechanism were proposed based on the kinetic interactions of reactive species within the corneal/scleral stroma. Kinetic simulations indicated that increasing intrastromal oxygen concentration, driven by higher ambient oxygen levels, significantly improves crosslinking efficiency. The crosslinker formation rate reach its maximum when the intrastromal riboflavin concentration was approximately 0.245 %. Concentrations that are either too low or too high are adversely affect the formation of crosslinker. Optimal stiffening effects could be achieved by balancing oxygen availability, irradiation intensity, and riboflavin solution concentration. The model accuracy of oxygen prediction was verified by experimental results obtained from corneal crosslinking. Linear correlations were found between the model-predicted concentration of newly induced crosslinkers and the experimentally measured mechanical properties of both the cornea and sclera under various crosslinking protocols. Our study improved the prediction model by introducing accurate optical properties of the sclera. This proposed model provides a possibility for predicting the biomechanical crosslinking efficacy of the cornea/sclera, and may be used for optimizing UVA/R crosslinking protocols in customized treatment for ocular disease.
{"title":"A theoretical model for optimizing UVA/riboflavin crosslinking","authors":"Shaowu Sun , Xiaona Liu , Jiayi Dong , Xiaoyu Zhao , Chenxi Zhang , Chenyan Wang , Xiaolu Ma , Yan Wang , Xiaona Li , Zhipeng Gao , Weiyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultraviolet-A and riboflavin (UVA/R) crosslinking has emerged as a valuable technique for ocular disease treatments. However, the exact influence of the oxygen and riboflavin on the crosslinking has not been fully explored so far. A kinetic model was developed to predict corneal/scleral stiffening effects under varying oxygen levels, irradiation intensities, and riboflavin solution concentrations during crosslinking at a fixed fluence. The optical properties of porcine sclera were determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Monte Carlo method was employed to evaluate intrastromal light absorption of riboflavin. The roles of oxygen and riboflavin in the reaction mechanism were proposed based on the kinetic interactions of reactive species within the corneal/scleral stroma. Kinetic simulations indicated that increasing intrastromal oxygen concentration, driven by higher ambient oxygen levels, significantly improves crosslinking efficiency. The crosslinker formation rate reach its maximum when the intrastromal riboflavin concentration was approximately 0.245 %. Concentrations that are either too low or too high are adversely affect the formation of crosslinker. Optimal stiffening effects could be achieved by balancing oxygen availability, irradiation intensity, and riboflavin solution concentration. The model accuracy of oxygen prediction was verified by experimental results obtained from corneal crosslinking. Linear correlations were found between the model-predicted concentration of newly induced crosslinkers and the experimentally measured mechanical properties of both the cornea and sclera under various crosslinking protocols. Our study improved the prediction model by introducing accurate optical properties of the sclera. This proposed model provides a possibility for predicting the biomechanical crosslinking efficacy of the cornea/sclera, and may be used for optimizing UVA/R crosslinking protocols in customized treatment for ocular disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113271
Subhendu Sekhar Bag , Sayantan Sinha , Aniket Banerjee , Hemanshu Mediboyana , Animes K. Golder
The development of multitasking agents that can sense, as well as damage multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria with no growth, is the need of the hour to overcome the increased mortality associated with antibacterial resistance. Toward this end, to overcome the limitation of organic dyes as fluorescence probes, and other developed quantum dots (QD), we present new of its kind near infrared type-I (NIR-I) CdSe/ZnSe/FeTiO3-based perovskite quantum dot, BagQD, for fluorescence-guided selective bacterial imaging-sensing and permanent disinfection. BagQD possesses unique photodynamic and photophysical properties of the near-infrared NIR-I biological window. The excellent electronic transitions of BagQD resulted in efficient quantitative fluorescent sensing-imaging of gram-positive (G+ve) as well as gram-negative (G-ve) bacterial pathogens, and complete in-situ and in-vivo disinfection/elimination of pathogenic bacteria without regrowth via damaging bacterial cell wall and cellular DNA, by ROS generation during photocatalysis. The material cytotoxicity study showed no harm to the human cell line. Moreover, the therapeutic application of BagQD on in-vivo mice skin wound infection, revealed the generation of hair follicles and epithelization within 6–8 days. Thus, BagQD serves as a new alternative to antibiotics and a smart nanomedicine that can uphold the hope in revolutionizing diagnostics and clinical avenues.
{"title":"Near-IR quantum dot (BagQD) as fluorescent sensor for live-cell imaging and in-vivo antibacterial photocatalytic therapy (APT)","authors":"Subhendu Sekhar Bag , Sayantan Sinha , Aniket Banerjee , Hemanshu Mediboyana , Animes K. Golder","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of multitasking agents that can sense, as well as damage multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria with no growth, is the need of the hour to overcome the increased mortality associated with antibacterial resistance. Toward this end, to overcome the limitation of organic dyes as fluorescence probes, and other developed quantum dots (QD), we present new of its kind near infrared type-I (NIR-I) CdSe/ZnSe/FeTiO<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite quantum dot, <sup><strong><em>Bag</em></strong></sup><strong><em>QD</em></strong>, for fluorescence-guided selective bacterial imaging-sensing and permanent disinfection. <sup><strong><em>Bag</em></strong></sup><strong><em>QD</em></strong> possesses unique photodynamic and photophysical properties of the near-infrared NIR-I biological window. The excellent electronic transitions of <sup><strong><em>Bag</em></strong></sup><strong><em>QD</em></strong> resulted in efficient quantitative fluorescent sensing-imaging of gram-positive (G+ve) as well as gram-negative (G-ve) bacterial pathogens, and complete in-situ and in-vivo disinfection/elimination of pathogenic bacteria without regrowth via damaging bacterial cell wall and cellular DNA, by ROS generation during photocatalysis. The material cytotoxicity study showed no harm to the human cell line. Moreover, the therapeutic application of <sup><strong><em>Bag</em></strong></sup><strong><em>QD</em></strong> on in-vivo mice skin wound infection, revealed the generation of hair follicles and epithelization within 6–8 days. Thus, <sup><strong><em>Bag</em></strong></sup><strong><em>QD</em></strong> serves as a new alternative to antibiotics and a smart nanomedicine that can uphold the hope in revolutionizing diagnostics and clinical avenues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113270
Gabriella Nunes Ferreira , Rafael Ravagnani da Costa , Guilherme A. Paixão , Jaison M. Júnior , Thaila Q. Corrêa , Antonio S.N. de Aguiar , Alessandra R. Lima , Vanderlei S. Bagnato , Sergio A. Yoshioka , Lucas D. Dias
The development of protein-based films derived from plants and agricultural sources has gained significant attention in the medical and food industries due to their broad applicability, sustainability, low cost, and non-toxic nature. Over the years, numerous studies have reported (photo)antimicrobial films aligned with the principles of the circular economy. In this study, zein-based films immobilized with curcumin as a photosensitizer (2.5 % and 5 % w/w) were synthesized and fully characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis, FT-IR, thermogravimetry (TG), and water contact angle measurements. Their potential for photodynamic applications was assessed through photobleaching analysis, confirming the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at both concentrations. Furthermore, microbiological evaluations were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms under two different lighting regimes: continuous and intermittent exposure at specific time intervals (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h). The films demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity, achieving bacterial inactivation of up to 3.5 log reductions. These findings highlight the potential applications of zein-curcumin films as coatings for medical devices (e.g., endotracheal tubes, catheters) and as sustainable food packaging materials. The incorporation of photoantimicrobial properties into biodegradable films opens new perspectives for their use in healthcare and food preservation.
{"title":"Light-activated Zein–curcumin films for the photodynamic inactivation of bacterial biofilms: Continuous vs. intermittent illumination","authors":"Gabriella Nunes Ferreira , Rafael Ravagnani da Costa , Guilherme A. Paixão , Jaison M. Júnior , Thaila Q. Corrêa , Antonio S.N. de Aguiar , Alessandra R. Lima , Vanderlei S. Bagnato , Sergio A. Yoshioka , Lucas D. Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of protein-based films derived from plants and agricultural sources has gained significant attention in the medical and food industries due to their broad applicability, sustainability, low cost, and non-toxic nature. Over the years, numerous studies have reported (photo)antimicrobial films aligned with the principles of the circular economy. In this study, zein-based films immobilized with curcumin as a photosensitizer (2.5 % and 5 % <em>w</em>/w) were synthesized and fully characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis, FT-IR, thermogravimetry (TG), and water contact angle measurements. Their potential for photodynamic applications was assessed through photobleaching analysis, confirming the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at both concentrations. Furthermore, microbiological evaluations were conducted against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> biofilms under two different lighting regimes: continuous and intermittent exposure at specific time intervals (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h). The films demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity, achieving bacterial inactivation of up to 3.5 log reductions. These findings highlight the potential applications of zein-curcumin films as coatings for medical devices (e.g., endotracheal tubes, catheters) and as sustainable food packaging materials. The incorporation of photoantimicrobial properties into biodegradable films opens new perspectives for their use in healthcare and food preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113269
Mirian Denise Stringasci , Michelle Barreto Requena , Clara Maria Gonçalves de Faria , Fernando Silva Ramalho , Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
Skin cancer is the most common neoplasm worldwide and presents a significant health concern. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a therapeutic option for treating malignant and potentially precancerous skin lesions. To improve this technique and design more effective protocols, it is vital to understand the relationship between PDT damage in blood vessels and surrounding tissues. In this study, solid tumors of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were induced in balb/c nude mice. Damages were evaluated using histology and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to compare PDT protocols using systemic and topical photosensitizer (PS) administration with different irradiances. The results are promising and may support the development of new and more effective PDT protocols for clinical treatment, including those that require multiple treatment sessions.
{"title":"Vascular and tissue effects of photodynamic therapy in a murine cutaneous tumor model","authors":"Mirian Denise Stringasci , Michelle Barreto Requena , Clara Maria Gonçalves de Faria , Fernando Silva Ramalho , Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skin cancer is the most common neoplasm worldwide and presents a significant health concern. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a therapeutic option for treating malignant and potentially precancerous skin lesions. To improve this technique and design more effective protocols, it is vital to understand the relationship between PDT damage in blood vessels and surrounding tissues. In this study, solid tumors of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were induced in balb/c nude mice. Damages were evaluated using histology and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to compare PDT protocols using systemic and topical photosensitizer (PS) administration with different irradiances. The results are promising and may support the development of new and more effective PDT protocols for clinical treatment, including those that require multiple treatment sessions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113265
Amer M. Alanazi , Shaheryar Shafqat , Muhammad Omar Niaz , Zainab Dua
Aim
To investigate the restoration of caries-affected dentin (CAD) using adhesive modification technique via diode laser (DL) irradiation of unmodified and modified adhesive with Chitosan nanoparticles (CHNP) before light emitting diode (LED) polymerization, and CHNPs modified adhesive+LED polymerization without DL on micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS), Degree of conversion (DC) and resin tag length (RTL).
Material and methods
Forty-four human mandibular molars were obtained, and CAD was exposed according to ICDAS criteria 5. Teeth were positioned vertically within the auto-cure acrylic resin and randomly distributed into four categories according to the adhesive modification (n = 11). Group1-Etch(E) + Bond(B) + LED,Group 2-E + B(CHNP) + LED, Group 3-E + B + DL + LED and Group 4-E + B(CHNPS) + DL + LED. All samples were restored using composite buildup followed by thermal aging. Surface characterization of CHNP with Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was assessed along with RTL via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). μTBS and failure modes were analyzed utilizing a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope, respectively. The DC was quantified using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A one-way analysis of variance, complemented by Tukey's post hoc test, was implemented for comparisons among the investigated groups (p < 0.05).
Results
Group 4-E + B(CHNP) + DL + LED (107.43 ± 1.55 μm) presented the longest RTL with a score of grade 3 and the highest bond strength (11.54 ± 0.37 MPa). Whereas, Group 1 (E + B+ LED) displayed the shortest RTL (76.63 ± 0.82 μm) and lowest μTBS (9.31 ± 0.17 MPa). The adhesive irradiated with DL before LED polymerization in Groups 2 and 4 presented comparable DC (p˃0.05).
Conclusion
Pre-irradiating both unmodified and modified adhesives with chitosan nanoparticles using a diode laser before LED polymerization seems to be an effective approach. This technique enhances the material's mechanical properties by improving adhesive penetration, which in turn affects the length of resin tags,μTBS, and DC.
目的：通过二极管激光（DL）照射未改性和改性壳聚糖纳米颗粒（CHNP）的胶粘剂，观察未改性和改性壳聚糖纳米颗粒（CHNP）在发光二极管（LED）聚合前修复龋病牙本质（CAD），以及CHNP改性胶粘剂+LED无DL聚合的微拉伸粘结强度（μTBS）、转化度（DC）和树脂标签长度（RTL）的变化。材料与方法：取人下颌磨牙44颗，按照ICDAS标准进行CAD暴露5。将牙齿垂直放置在自动固化丙烯酸树脂中，根据粘接剂改性随机分为四类（n = 11）。Group1-Etch (E) +债券(B) +领导,集团双电子+ B (CHNP) +领导集团3 E + B + DL +领导和集团4 E + B (CHNPS) + DL +领导。所有样品都采用复合材料堆积，然后进行热老化。利用能量色散光谱（EDS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对CHNP进行了表面表征。μTBS和失效模式分别采用通用试验机（UTM）和体视显微镜进行分析。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对直流电进行定量分析。结果显示，4-E + B(CHNP) + DL + LED（107.43±1.55 μm）组的RTL最长，为3级，结合强度最高（11.54±0.37 MPa）。组1 （E + B+ LED）的RTL最短（76.63±0.82 μm）， μTBS最低（9.31±0.17 MPa）。2组和4组在LED聚合前用DL辐照后的DC值相当（p < 0.05）。结论：在LED聚合前，用二极管激光对未改性和改性的壳聚糖纳米颗粒进行预照射是一种有效的方法。该技术通过提高胶粘剂的渗透性来提高材料的机械性能，从而影响树脂标签、μTBS和DC的长度。
{"title":"Restoration of carious dentin using diode irradiation on unmodified and chitosan nanoparticle-modified adhesive before LED polymerization: A SEM, FTIR, and μTBS evaluation.","authors":"Amer M. Alanazi , Shaheryar Shafqat , Muhammad Omar Niaz , Zainab Dua","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate the restoration of caries-affected dentin (CAD) using adhesive modification technique via diode laser (DL) irradiation of unmodified and modified adhesive with Chitosan nanoparticles (CHNP) before light emitting diode (LED) polymerization, and CHNPs modified adhesive+LED polymerization without DL on micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS), Degree of conversion (DC) and resin tag length (RTL).</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Forty-four human mandibular molars were obtained, and CAD was exposed according to ICDAS criteria 5. Teeth were positioned vertically within the auto-cure acrylic resin and randomly distributed into four categories according to the adhesive modification (<em>n</em> = 11). Group1-Etch(E) + Bond(B) + LED,Group 2-E + B(CHNP) + LED, Group 3-E + B + DL + LED and Group 4-E + B(CHNPS) + DL + LED. All samples were restored using composite buildup followed by thermal aging. Surface characterization of CHNP with Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was assessed along with RTL via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). μTBS and failure modes were analyzed utilizing a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope, respectively. The DC was quantified using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A one-way analysis of variance, complemented by Tukey's post hoc test, was implemented for comparisons among the investigated groups (<em>p</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Group 4-E + B(CHNP) + DL + LED (<em>107.43 ± 1.55</em> μ<em>m) presented the longest RTL with a score of grade 3 and the highest bond strength</em> (<em>11.54 ± 0.37 MPa). Whereas,</em> Group 1 (E + B+ LED) displayed the shortest RTL (<em>76.63 ± 0.82</em> μ<em>m) and lowest</em> μTBS <em>(9.31</em> ± <em>0.17 MPa).</em> The adhesive irradiated with DL before LED polymerization in Groups 2 and 4 presented comparable DC (p˃0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pre-irradiating both unmodified and modified adhesives with chitosan nanoparticles using a diode laser before LED polymerization seems to be an effective approach. This technique enhances the material's mechanical properties by improving adhesive penetration, which in turn affects the length of resin tags,μTBS, and DC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113268
Marina V. Mal'shakova , Nikolay D. Belykh , Lydia N. Shestakova , Natalia E. Galochkina , Artem O. Belotelov , Sergey S. Soroko , Irina V. Balalaeva , Dmitry V. Belykh , Natalia Yu. Shilyagina
Recent studies of photosensitizers have increasingly focused on improving their aqueous solubility, reducing dark toxicity and enhancing photodynamic activity. In our work, we have synthesized and characterized a series of chlorin e6 derivatives varying in the number of galactose moieties in the molecule and way they are linked to the chlorin macrocycle. We established that the quantity and localization of galactose moieties in the macrocycle affects both dark and photoinduced cytotoxicity. All of the studied derivatives exhibited singlet oxygen quantum yield photogeneration comparable to that of the clinically approved chlorin e6 dimeglumine (Photoditazine®) with marginal exceeding. Although the incorporation of galactose moieties to the periphery of the chlorin macrocycle led to slightly decreased photostability of resulting derivatives, it did not significantly hinder their photodynamic activity. Moreover, cellular uptake of the obtained derivatives was significantly improved compared to that of Photoditazine®. Collectively, favorable spectral, photochemical, photobiological characteristics, along with improved aqueous solubility, suggest that chlorin e6 derivatives with peripheral galactose substituents are promising photosensitizers for clinical applications.
{"title":"Synthesis of new chlorin e6 derivatives bearing galactose moieties on the macrocyclic periphery and their structure–activity relationships","authors":"Marina V. Mal'shakova , Nikolay D. Belykh , Lydia N. Shestakova , Natalia E. Galochkina , Artem O. Belotelov , Sergey S. Soroko , Irina V. Balalaeva , Dmitry V. Belykh , Natalia Yu. Shilyagina","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies of photosensitizers have increasingly focused on improving their aqueous solubility, reducing dark toxicity and enhancing photodynamic activity. In our work, we have synthesized and characterized a series of chlorin e<sub>6</sub> derivatives varying in the number of galactose moieties in the molecule and way they are linked to the chlorin macrocycle. We established that the quantity and localization of galactose moieties in the macrocycle affects both dark and photoinduced cytotoxicity. All of the studied derivatives exhibited singlet oxygen quantum yield photogeneration comparable to that of the clinically approved chlorin e<sub>6</sub> dimeglumine (Photoditazine®) with marginal exceeding. Although the incorporation of galactose moieties to the periphery of the chlorin macrocycle led to slightly decreased photostability of resulting derivatives, it did not significantly hinder their photodynamic activity. Moreover, cellular uptake of the obtained derivatives was significantly improved compared to that of Photoditazine®. Collectively, favorable spectral, photochemical, photobiological characteristics, along with improved aqueous solubility, suggest that chlorin e<sub>6</sub> derivatives with peripheral galactose substituents are promising photosensitizers for clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113267
Ashok Priyadarshi, Gaurav K. Keshri, Divya Yadav, Asheesh Gupta
Burns cause severe tissue damage and impose a significant psychological and financial burden, highlighting the need for innovative, effective, and cost-efficient therapeutic interventions for tissue repair. Research indicates that multimodal therapy enhances healing by positively regulating various phases of tissue repair. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which employs low-power light, offers a promising non-pharmacological energy-based healing approach for non-healing wounds. Absorbed photons stimulate cellular metabolism, increase ATP production, and modulate molecular signaling pathways, thereby facilitating the repair process. In this study, we investigated the effects of combined NIR pulsed 810 nm and superpulsed 904 nm lasers PBMT on inflammation, pain, and redox status during transdermal burn wound healing in rats. Animals were divided into five groups, namely uninjured, control (burn), pulsed 810 nm, superpulsed 904 nm lasers, and dual wavelength PBMT. Combined PBMT exhibited a positive synergistic effect on the burn repair process by significantly (P < 0.05) reducing inflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NOS-2, IL-6), pain (substance P-receptor, COX-2), and oxidative stress (ROS, 4-HNE adduct, LPO, 3-NT), while increasing redox potential/endogenous antioxidant (Nrf2, catalase), and maintaining cytoprotection (GRP78) seven days post-wounding. These molecular findings were well-supported by histopathological analysis, which indicated decreased mast cell infiltration, exhibiting the potent anti-inflammatory effects of the combined PBMT. Altogether, the current findings demonstrate that dual PBMT synergistically accelerates the repair of full-thickness burns, exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory responses, reduces oxidative stress, activates the antioxidant defense pathway, and maintains cellular redox homeostasis. This non-invasive dual NIR PBMT presents a promising translational therapeutic approach for burn repair in clinical care.
{"title":"Dual near-infrared wavelength photobiomodulation accelerates transdermal burn wound repair via anti-inflammatory, pain relief and redox-regulating mechanisms","authors":"Ashok Priyadarshi, Gaurav K. Keshri, Divya Yadav, Asheesh Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burns cause severe tissue damage and impose a significant psychological and financial burden, highlighting the need for innovative, effective, and cost-efficient therapeutic interventions for tissue repair. Research indicates that multimodal therapy enhances healing by positively regulating various phases of tissue repair. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which employs low-power light, offers a promising non-pharmacological energy-based healing approach for non-healing wounds. Absorbed photons stimulate cellular metabolism, increase ATP production, and modulate molecular signaling pathways, thereby facilitating the repair process. In this study, we investigated the effects of combined NIR pulsed 810 nm and superpulsed 904 nm lasers PBMT on inflammation, pain, and redox status during transdermal burn wound healing in rats. Animals were divided into five groups, namely uninjured, control (burn), pulsed 810 nm, superpulsed 904 nm lasers, and dual wavelength PBMT. Combined PBMT exhibited a positive synergistic effect on the burn repair process by significantly (<em>P</em> < 0.05) reducing inflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NOS-2, IL-6), pain (substance P-receptor, COX-2), and oxidative stress (ROS, 4-HNE adduct, LPO, 3-NT), while increasing redox potential/endogenous antioxidant (Nrf2, catalase), and maintaining cytoprotection (GRP78) seven days post-wounding. These molecular findings were well-supported by histopathological analysis, which indicated decreased mast cell infiltration, exhibiting the potent anti-inflammatory effects of the combined PBMT. Altogether, the current findings demonstrate that dual PBMT synergistically accelerates the repair of full-thickness burns, exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory responses, reduces oxidative stress, activates the antioxidant defense pathway, and maintains cellular redox homeostasis. This non-invasive dual NIR PBMT presents a promising translational therapeutic approach for burn repair in clinical care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113266
Martina Capozza , Alberto Mangia , Michela Gagliardi , Rachele Stefania , Francesca Garello , Laura Conti , Enzo Terreno
The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been well demonstrated in vitro, but in vivo studies have only shown a delay in tumour growth. Tumour recurrence is often reported in clinical trials and is usually associated with limited tumour uptake of the photosensitiser (PS). In this study, sonoporation (SNP) is utilised as a physical targeting tool to enhance the uptake of an untargeted PS in cells and tumour tissues. Using a chemometric approach, we identified the optimal sonoporation stimulus to maximise uptake and cell viability (frequency 1.05 MHz, tON (percentage of positive signal in a single pulse): 50 %, DC: 90 %, burst: 1 s, sonoporation time 1 min). We achieved a viability of 83.9 % ± 10.3, and an uptake in live cells of 53.1 % ± 6.6. The combination of sonoporation and photodynamic therapy resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. In a triple-negative breast cancer model, sonoporation combined with photodynamic therapy significantly inhibited tumour growth. For the first time, our results highlight the potential of sonoporation as a non-invasive method to increase the intratumour uptake of photosensitisers, offering a promising strategy to improve PDT efficacy.
{"title":"In situ sonoporation to enhance the tumour uptake of silicon phthalocyanine and improve PDT effectiveness in a triple negative breast cancer murine model","authors":"Martina Capozza , Alberto Mangia , Michela Gagliardi , Rachele Stefania , Francesca Garello , Laura Conti , Enzo Terreno","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been well demonstrated <em>in vitro</em>, but <em>in vivo</em> studies have only shown a delay in tumour growth. Tumour recurrence is often reported in clinical trials and is usually associated with limited tumour uptake of the photosensitiser (PS). In this study, sonoporation (SNP) is utilised as a physical targeting tool to enhance the uptake of an untargeted PS in cells and tumour tissues. Using a chemometric approach, we identified the optimal sonoporation stimulus to maximise uptake and cell viability (frequency 1.05 MHz, tON (percentage of positive signal in a single pulse): 50 %, DC: 90 %, burst: 1 s, sonoporation time 1 min). We achieved a viability of 83.9 % ± 10.3, and an uptake in live cells of 53.1 % ± 6.6. The combination of sonoporation and photodynamic therapy resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. In a triple-negative breast cancer model, sonoporation combined with photodynamic therapy significantly inhibited tumour growth. For the first time, our results highlight the potential of sonoporation as a non-invasive method to increase the intratumour uptake of photosensitisers, offering a promising strategy to improve PDT efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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