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Multiphase equilibria modeling with GCA-EOS. Part III: CO2 with the homologous series of carboxylic acids 基于GCA-EOS的多相平衡建模。第三部分:CO2与羧酸的同源系列
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106489
Jacqueline Mansano Ortega , Vladimir Ferreira Cabral , Francisco Adrián Sánchez
Knowledge of phase equilibria and critical properties of CO2 + carboxylic acid systems is essential for supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) processes, such as oil deacidification. However, modeling these systems is challenging due to their highly asymmetrical behavior. In this study, we apply the Group Contribution with Association Equation of State (GCA-EOS) to model vapor−liquid and liquid−liquid equilibria of the homologous series of CO2 + carboxylic acids. The GCA-EOS, previously validated for alkanes and alcohols, is extended to cover short and long-chain carboxylic acids. Using a single set of parameters, we validate the model against experimental data for C2−C20 acids, temperatures from 293 K to 473 K, and pressures up to 400 bar. The model successfully predicts phase equilibria across the entire homologous series, making it a reliable tool for assessing the multiphase behavior of these systems in SCFE applications.
了解二氧化碳+羧酸体系的相平衡和临界特性对于超临界流体萃取(SCFE)工艺(如石油脱酸)至关重要。然而,由于这些体系的行为极不对称,对其建模极具挑战性。在本研究中,我们应用了关联状态方程(GCA-EOS)来模拟 CO2 + 羧酸同源系列的汽液和液液平衡。GCA-EOS 先前已在烷烃和醇类中得到验证,现扩展到短链和长链羧酸。我们使用一组参数,根据 C2-C20 酸的实验数据、293 K 至 473 K 的温度和高达 400 bar 的压力对模型进行了验证。该模型成功预测了整个同源系列的相平衡,使其成为评估 SCFE 应用中这些体系多相行为的可靠工具。
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引用次数: 0
Complex phase behaviours related to gas injection in reservoir fluids 气藏流体注气的复杂相行为
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106475
F.E. Benelli, G.O. Pisoni, M. Cismondi-Duarte
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) involves several techniques, including the injection of gas (such as natural gas, nitrogen, or CO2) into the reservoir to increase its pressure, thereby displacing oil from one or more injection wells to production wells. For this process to be effective, it is essential that the injected gas and the oil reach a homogeneous state. Particularly, the First-Contact Minimum Miscibility Pressure (FC-MMP) offers a reliable (and safe) initial estimate for the pressure at which the EOR process should be conducted. In this work, an efficient algorithm is developed that allows computing complete pressure(P)-α diagrams (α: percentage of injected gas) at a fixed temperature using traditional cubic equations of state (EoS), including complex cases with three-phase regions. This algorithm is used to study both the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of the P-α diagrams and to analyse how FC-MMP changes with the injection of different gases or gas mixtures. Various reservoir fluids from the literature (with and without asphaltenes and with varying levels of CO2 and methane) are evaluated. In one section, three injection gases are used: CO2, N2, and a synthetic natural gas mixture, comparing their effects on the P-α diagrams. Then, the impact of interaction parameters on phase equilibrium and FC-MMP is analysed, and the role of asphaltene precipitation is discussed. The study concludes with a quantitative comparison between the FC-MMP calculated here and the Multiple-Contact MMP (MC-MMP) reported for the same fluids. Additionally, the problem of whether asphaltenes precipitation should be considered or ignored in the determination of the FC-MMP is analysed and discussed, with different perspectives for conventional and non-conventional shale type reservoirs.
提高采收率(EOR)涉及多种技术,包括向储层注入气体(如天然气、氮气或二氧化碳)以增加其压力,从而将石油从一个或多个注入井中置换到生产井中。为了使这一过程有效,注入的气体和油达到均匀状态至关重要。特别是,第一次接触最小混相压力(FC-MMP)提供了一个可靠(且安全)的初始压力估计,在该压力下进行EOR过程。在这项工作中,开发了一种有效的算法,允许使用传统的三次状态方程(EoS)在固定温度下计算完整的压力(P)-α图(α:注入气体的百分比),包括具有三相区域的复杂情况。该算法用于研究P-α图的定性和定量行为,并分析FC-MMP随注入不同气体或气体混合物而发生的变化。评估了文献中的各种储层流体(含沥青质和不含沥青质以及具有不同水平的二氧化碳和甲烷)。在一个部分中,使用了三种注入气体:CO2, N2和合成天然气混合物,比较它们对P-α图的影响。分析了相互作用参数对相平衡和FC-MMP的影响,讨论了沥青质沉淀的作用。最后,对相同流体计算的FC-MMP和报道的多接触MMP (MC-MMP)进行了定量比较。此外,从常规和非常规页岩储层的不同角度,分析和讨论了在确定FC-MMP时应考虑还是忽略沥青质沉淀的问题。
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引用次数: 0
High concentrations of CO and CO2 inhibit lignite gasification in supercritical water 高浓度的CO和CO2抑制了褐煤在超临界水中的气化
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106486
Rui Zhang, Shuaiqi Zhao, Han Huang, Kunpeng Zhao, Bofeng Bai
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology enables the efficient utilisation of lignite to produce H2, CO, and CO2. Coal gasification differs under different atmospheres and H2 promotes the pyrolysis of carbon structures. While simultaneous increases in H2, CO, and CO2 are observed, their combined effect on the SCWG of coal remains unknown. Formic acid (FA) was used to produce H2, CO, and CO2 in the supercritical water, and the impact of the gaseous product generated from high-concentration (>30 wt%) FA decomposition on the SCWG of lignite was experimentally investigated. In comparison to lignite gasification in pure supercritical water, the carbon efficiency of lignite gasification in 30 wt% FA solution decreased by 7.66 %, and the mass conversion of lignite decreased by 4.0 %. Higher concentrations of CO and CO2 yielded stronger inhibition of lignite SCWG.
超临界水气化(SCWG)技术能够有效利用褐煤生产H2、CO和CO2。不同气氛下煤的气化程度不同,H2促进碳结构的热解。虽然观察到H2、CO和CO2同时增加,但它们对煤的SCWG的综合影响尚不清楚。利用甲酸(FA)在超临界水中生成H2、CO和CO2,实验研究了高浓度(>30 wt%) FA分解生成的气态产物对褐煤SCWG的影响。与纯超临界水中的褐煤气化相比,30 wt% FA溶液中褐煤气化的碳效率降低了7.66 %,褐煤的质量转化率降低了4.0% %。CO和CO2浓度越高,对褐煤SCWG的抑制作用越强。
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引用次数: 0
Copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2- acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide 丙烯酸与2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烷磺酸在超临界二氧化碳中的共聚
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106485
Ramses S. Meleán Brito , Juan M. Milanesio , Juan M. Padró , Cristian Villa-Pérez , Aurélie Colas , Miriam C. Strumia , Séverine Camy , Mathias Destarac , Facundo Mattea
This study explores the copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a sustainable alternative to traditional solvent-based methods. Using free-radical polymerization in scCO2, copolymers were synthesized without the need for additional drying. The influence of AMPS concentration in the feed on copolymer properties was investigated, achieving reactions with monomer conversions ranging from 61.3 to 92.9 mol%. Analytical characterization confirmed low AMPS incorporation across samples, with molar mass and hydrodynamic properties varying based on the AMPS content. Notably, two distinct polymer configurations were observed depending on whether the initial AMPS concentration was above or below 12 mol%, with polymers exhibiting molar masses between 13.2×10⁵ and 14.2×10⁵ g mol−1. Rheological analysis revealed that higher AMPS concentrations led to increased hydrodynamic radii, enhanced thickening capacity, and improved resistance to both monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl₂) salts in aqueous solutions.
本研究探讨了丙烯酸和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(AMPS)在超临界二氧化碳(scCO2)中的共聚,作为传统溶剂基方法的可持续替代方案。在scCO2中采用自由基聚合法合成共聚物,无需额外的干燥。研究了进料中AMPS浓度对共聚物性能的影响,得到了单体转化率为61.3 ~ 92.9 mol%的反应。分析表征证实了样品中AMPS的掺入率较低,其摩尔质量和流体动力学性质根据AMPS含量而变化。值得注意的是,根据初始AMPS浓度高于或低于12 mol%,观察到两种不同的聚合物构型,聚合物的摩尔质量在13.2×10和14.2×10之间。流变学分析表明,较高的AMPS浓度会增加流体动力半径,增强增稠能力,并提高水溶液中对一价(NaCl)和二价(cacl2)盐的抗性。
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引用次数: 0
Failure behavior analysis of oxide film formed on super-heater tubes of boiler during deep peak process 锅炉过热管深峰过程氧化膜失效行为分析
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106474
Chuang He, Tingshan Guo, Qinxin Zhao, Zhiyuan Liang
High-temperature components in the supercritical power plant experienced alternating thermal stresses under deep peak regulation, accelerating the cracking and spalling of the oxide film formed on the steam-side of super-heaters and re-heaters. This study employed the corrosion testing and finite element simulations to investigate the failure behavior of oxide films on super-heaters made by heat-resistant steelsT91 and austenitic HR3C during deep peak conditions. The experimental results indicate that the oxide film on T91was a double layer film containing Fe3O4 and Fe-Cr oxides, which was much thicker than that on HR3C. The spalling of the outer oxide film on T91 was more severe than that of HR3C. The analysis of thermal stress-strain under various loads and oxide film thicknesses revealed the significant shear stress between Fe3O4 and Fe-Cr within the oxide film on T91 steel. The significant shear stress caused the bigger strain within the oxide film on T91 steel, causing the spalling of the oxide film. Compared to the strain within the oxide film on T91 steel, the stress-strain within Cr2O3 oxide film on HR3C steel was notably lower than that on T91 steel. The failure behaviors of the oxide film on T91 and HR3C were quantitatively explained through experimental result and stress-strain simulation with the oxide film. The failure models of the oxide film on investigated steels were put forward.
超临界电厂高温部件在深调峰条件下承受交变热应力,加速了过热加热器和再加热器蒸汽侧氧化膜的开裂和剥落。采用腐蚀试验和有限元模拟研究了由耐热钢st91和奥氏体HR3C制成的过热器在深峰条件下氧化膜的失效行为。实验结果表明,t91上的氧化膜为含Fe3O4和Fe-Cr氧化物的双层氧化膜,比HR3C上的氧化膜厚得多。T91的外氧化膜剥落比HR3C的严重。不同载荷和氧化膜厚度下的热应力应变分析表明,T91钢氧化膜内Fe3O4和Fe-Cr之间存在显著的剪切应力。显著的剪切应力导致T91钢氧化膜内部应变较大,导致氧化膜剥落。与T91钢的氧化膜内应变相比,HR3C钢的Cr2O3氧化膜内应力应变明显低于T91钢。通过实验结果和氧化膜的应力应变模拟,定量解释了氧化膜在T91和HR3C上的破坏行为。提出了所研究钢氧化膜的失效模型。
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引用次数: 0
Liquefaction of soybean husk in a semi-continuous mode by subcritical water 亚临界水半连续液化大豆壳的研究
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106476
Crisleine P. Draszewski , Caroline M. Weise , Fransciso D. Vezaro , Flávio D. Mayer , Ederson R. Abaide , Fernanda de Castilhos
Agro-industrial residues, such as soybean husks, are low-cost and can be converted into products. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of temperature (230, 260, 300, and 340 °C) and the solvent/feed ratio (40 and 80) in the subcritical water process in semi-continuous mode under soybean husks in fermentable sugar, platform chemicals, bio-oil and hydrochar yields. Contextually, fermentable sugar yield of 7.12 ± 0.43 g/ 100 g Soybean husk and bio-oil yield of 30.72 ± g/ 100 g soybean husk were obtained using the condition at 260 °C, solvent/feed ratio 80. Regarding Higher Heating Value, for bio-oil, the values varied between 22.76 ± 0.14 and 24.86 ± 0.09 MJ.kg−1, and for hydrochar samples it varied between 20.14 ± 0.14 and 30.14 ± 0.11 MJ.kg−1.
农业工业残留物,如大豆外壳,成本低,可以转化为产品。因此,这项工作的目的是评估温度(230、260、300和340℃)和溶剂/料比(40和80)在半连续模式下在大豆壳下的亚临界水过程中对可发酵糖、平台化学品、生物油和碳氢化合物产量的影响。在260℃、料液比为80的条件下,可发酵糖得率为7.12±0.43 g/ 100 g,生物油得率为30.72±g/ 100 g。对于较高的热值,生物油的热值在22.76±0.14 ~ 24.86±0.09 MJ之间。对于碳氢化合物样品,其变化范围在20.14±0.14和30.14±0.11 MJ.kg−1之间。
{"title":"Liquefaction of soybean husk in a semi-continuous mode by subcritical water","authors":"Crisleine P. Draszewski ,&nbsp;Caroline M. Weise ,&nbsp;Fransciso D. Vezaro ,&nbsp;Flávio D. Mayer ,&nbsp;Ederson R. Abaide ,&nbsp;Fernanda de Castilhos","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agro-industrial residues, such as soybean husks, are low-cost and can be converted into products. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of temperature (230, 260, 300, and 340 °C) and the solvent/feed ratio (40 and 80) in the subcritical water process in semi-continuous mode under soybean husks in fermentable sugar, platform chemicals, bio-oil and hydrochar yields. Contextually, fermentable sugar yield of 7.12 ± 0.43 g/ 100 g Soybean husk and bio-oil yield of 30.72 ± g/ 100 g soybean husk were obtained using the condition at 260 °C, solvent/feed ratio 80. Regarding Higher Heating Value, for bio-oil, the values varied between 22.76 ± 0.14 and 24.86 ± 0.09 MJ.kg<sup>−1</sup>, and for hydrochar samples it varied between 20.14 ± 0.14 and 30.14 ± 0.11 MJ.kg<sup>−1</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-yield production of lactide isomers from depolymerization of polylactic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide 在超临界二氧化碳中通过解聚聚乳酸高产生产内酯异构体
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106473
Seda Sivri, Naime Aslı Sezgi, Cerag Dilek
Chemical depolymerization of polylactic acid (PLA) was demonstrated in supercritical carbon dioxide medium. No catalyst, organic solvent or water was employed in the reaction. The primary feedstocks used in ring opening polymerization of PLA, lactide isomers, were produced with high yield. More specifically, lactides were produced as the sole nongaseous products with a 93 % yield based on the initial polymer mass at 200 °C and 310 bar in 120 min. The influences of the reaction temperature, time, and pressure on PLA depolymerization products were investigated. While the lactide yield and distribution were highly influenced by the reaction temperature and time, further improvement was attained with an increase in the pressure. The results demonstrate that supercritical CO2 can be applied as a promising reaction medium for PLA degradation, providing a high-yield production of its feedstock. The process can enable green depolymerization of polylactic acid and promote its circular economy with a closed loop production.
在超临界二氧化碳介质中演示了聚乳酸(PLA)的化学解聚。反应中未使用催化剂、有机溶剂或水。聚乳酸开环聚合反应中使用的主要原料--内酯异构体以高产率被生产出来。更具体地说,在 200 °C 和 310 巴条件下,120 分钟内生产出的内酯是唯一的非气态产物,产量为初始聚合物质量的 93%。研究了反应温度、时间和压力对聚乳酸解聚产物的影响。虽然内酯产量和分布受反应温度和时间的影响很大,但随着压力的增加,产量和分布得到了进一步改善。研究结果表明,超临界 CO2 可作为聚乳酸降解的理想反应介质,提供高产率的原料生产。该工艺可实现聚乳酸的绿色解聚,并通过闭环生产促进其循环经济。
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引用次数: 0
Clean production and dyeing of fluorescent yellow dyes based on naphthalic anhydride in supercritical carbon dioxide 在超临界二氧化碳中清洁生产和染色基于萘酐的荧光黄色染料
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106470
Yutao Feng , Junyang Zhu , Hailong Cui , Ziyi Lu , Jinglong Li , Ying Wang , Chengqi Jiao , Xiaoqing Xiong
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was selected as the medium for the synthesis and dyeing of four naphthalimide dyes (Y-1, Y-2, Y-3, and Y-4). They were synthesized through the reaction of 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalene dianhydride with various amines. These dyes demonstrated good photophysical properties and thermal stability, aligning with the prerequisites for scCO2 dyeing. Consequently, the scCO2 dyeing of polyester fabrics using these four dyes was investigated, and the optimal dyeing conditions were established in the range of 1820 MPa, 120130℃, and 8090 min. Surface analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of the dyes on the fabrics, with no significant damage to the fabric structure under the dyeing conditions. Additionally, the dyed fabrics exhibited good color fastness to soap washing and friction with level 4 or above. Overall, the clean preparation and dyeing of naphthalimide dyes hold promise for reducing environmental pollution.
四种萘啶酰亚胺染料(Y-1、Y-2、Y-3 和 Y-4)的合成和染色选择了超临界二氧化碳(scCO2)作为介质。它们是通过 4-溴-1,8-萘二酐与各种胺反应合成的。这些染料具有良好的光物理性质和热稳定性,符合 scCO2 染色的先决条件。因此,利用这四种染料对涤纶织物进行了 scCO2 染色研究,并在 1820 兆帕、120130℃ 和 8090 分钟的范围内确定了最佳染色条件。表面分析表明,染料在织物上分布均匀,染色条件对织物结构没有明显破坏。此外,染色织物的皂洗色牢度和摩擦色牢度都达到了 4 级以上。总之,萘二甲酰亚胺染料的清洁制备和染色有望减少环境污染。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide for eugenol impregnation in 3D printed polylactic acid structures 探索超临界二氧化碳在 3D 打印聚乳酸结构中浸渍丁香酚的潜力
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106469
Janet de los Angeles Chinellato Díaz , Marcelo R. Romero , María L. Goñi , Nicolás A. Gañán , Facundo Mattea
Biocompatible implants are essential for improving human health and longevity. Incorporating bioactive compounds, such as eugenol, into implant materials can improve biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. This study examines the effects of supercritical eugenol impregnation on the physical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid samples produced by Fused Deposition Modeling. Impregnation was performed using a lab-scale high-pressure system, evaluating the impact of impregnation time on eugenol loading, distribution, and morphology. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed homogeneous eugenol distribution with impregnation times exceeding 1 h, achieving loadings up to 12 wt%. Eugenol was released slowly over extended periods in a phosphate-buffered solution. Impregnated samples displayed more amorphous thermal behavior, with decreased Tg due to the plasticizing effect of the CO₂-eugenol mixture. Mechanical properties were slightly altered, with reduced stiffness and increased toughness. Microscopic deformations induced by impregnation could potentially enhance cellular adhesion, improving biocompatible material performance.
生物相容性植入物对于改善人类健康和延长寿命至关重要。在植入材料中加入丁香酚等生物活性化合物可以提高生物相容性和治疗效果。本研究探讨了超临界丁香酚浸渍对通过熔融沉积建模技术生产的 3D 打印聚乳酸样品物理性质的影响。浸渍使用实验室规模的高压系统进行,评估了浸渍时间对丁香酚负载、分布和形态的影响。傅立叶变换红外光谱证实,在浸渍时间超过 1 小时的情况下,丁香酚分布均匀,负载量高达 12 wt%。丁香酚在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中长时间缓慢释放。由于 CO₂- 丁香酚混合物的塑化作用,浸渍样品显示出更多的无定形热行为,Tg 值降低。机械性能略有改变,刚度降低,韧性增加。浸渍引起的微观变形可能会增强细胞粘附性,从而改善生物相容性材料的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Recovery of bioactive compounds from pineapple waste through high-pressure technologies 高压技术从菠萝废弃物中回收生物活性化合物
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106455
Felipe de Andrade Maia, Luiz Henrique Fasolin
This study aimed to obtain bioactive compounds from the residue from pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) juice processing, using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The SFE were performed using ethanol as a co-solvent and evaluating different pressure, temperature, and co-solvent percentage. For the PLE, temperature and ethanol percentage were assessed. The best extraction conditions for SFE were 20 MPa, 60 °C, and 15 % ethanol, while for PLE they were obtained at 10 MPa, 100 °C with 50 % and 75 % ethanol. Both methods presented a higher concentration of bioactives than other recognized vegetable waste sources. However, it was observed that PLE showed a higher overall extract yield, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. The main phenolic compounds identified were caffeic acid and ferulic acid. Therefore, pineapple residue is a potential source of bioactive compounds, and the pressurized liquid extraction technique proved more efficient for their recovery.
采用超临界流体萃取(SFE)和加压液体萃取(PLE)两种方法对菠萝汁加工残渣进行生物活性化合物的提取。以乙醇为共溶剂进行SFE,并评估不同的压力,温度和共溶剂的百分比。对于PLE,评估温度和乙醇百分比。SFE的最佳提取条件为:20 MPa、60℃、15 %乙醇;PLE的最佳提取条件为:10 MPa、100℃、50 %乙醇、75 %乙醇。两种方法的生物活性浓度均高于其他已知的蔬菜废弃物来源。然而,观察到PLE具有更高的总提取率,酚类化合物,类黄酮,类胡萝卜素和抗氧化活性。鉴定出的主要酚类化合物为咖啡酸和阿魏酸。因此,菠萝渣是生物活性化合物的潜在来源,而加压液体萃取技术对其回收效率更高。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Supercritical Fluids
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