Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106352
Zhaozhong Yang , Wanyu Luo , Liehui Zhang , Jingyi Zhu , Xiaogang Li , Yulong Zhao , Xin Chen , Chen Liu
SC-CO2 fracturing technology is a feasible method for green extraction of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. However, due to a series of problems such as sand transportation during SC-CO2 fracturing, CO2 thickening has become the focus of current research. Polymer thickeners have been widely used in oilfields. Due to the macroscopic nature and limitations of laboratory experiments, we have not been able to elucidate the microscopic mechanism of polymer thickening CO2 and the viscosity change of the CO2 fracturing fluid system downhole after polymer addition. In this study, we used all-atom modeling and molecular simulation of the COMPASSII force field. We selected nine polymers to study their microscopic properties and the factors affecting their effects. Finally, we simulated the viscosity change of the CO2 system after the addition of polymer tackifiers in the wellbore under the CO2 fracturing construction conditions by combining the data from one well in the oilfield.
SC-CO2压裂技术是非常规油气藏绿色开采的可行方法。然而,由于在 SC-CO2 压裂过程中存在运砂等一系列问题,CO2 增稠成为当前研究的重点。聚合物增稠剂已广泛应用于油田。由于实验室实验的宏观性和局限性,我们一直未能阐明聚合物增稠 CO2 的微观机理以及添加聚合物后井下 CO2 压裂液体系的粘度变化。在本研究中,我们使用 COMPASSII 力场进行了全原子建模和分子模拟。我们选择了九种聚合物,研究它们的微观特性及其影响因素。最后,我们结合油田一口井的数据,模拟了在二氧化碳压裂施工条件下,井筒中添加聚合物增粘剂后二氧化碳体系的粘度变化。
{"title":"A molecular dynamics investigation into the polymer tackifiers in supercritical CO2 fracturing fluids under wellbore conditions","authors":"Zhaozhong Yang , Wanyu Luo , Liehui Zhang , Jingyi Zhu , Xiaogang Li , Yulong Zhao , Xin Chen , Chen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>SC-CO<sub>2</sub> fracturing technology is a feasible method for green extraction of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. However, due to a series of problems such as sand transportation during SC-CO<sub>2</sub> fracturing, CO<sub>2</sub> thickening has become the focus of current research. Polymer thickeners have been widely used in oilfields. Due to the macroscopic nature and limitations of laboratory experiments, we have not been able to elucidate the microscopic mechanism of polymer thickening CO<sub>2</sub> and the viscosity change of the CO<sub>2</sub> fracturing fluid system downhole after polymer addition. In this study, we used all-atom modeling and molecular simulation of the COMPASSII force field. We selected nine polymers to study their microscopic properties and the factors affecting their effects. Finally, we simulated the viscosity change of the CO<sub>2</sub> system after the addition of polymer tackifiers in the wellbore under the CO<sub>2</sub> fracturing construction conditions by combining the data from one well in the oilfield.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141638718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106353
A. Dandre , G. Philippot , M. Maglione , J.M. Bassat , W. Baaziz , O. Ersen , C. Aymonier
In this study, strontium titanate (SrTiO3) nanoparticles were obtained utilizing a one-step supercritical continuous solvothermal synthesis process involving acetylacetonate precursors for both strontium and titanium cations instead of the historical alkoxide ones. These precursors are expensive, difficult to access (especially for strontium isopropoxyde) and inadequately stable, forcing the use of a glove box and controlled atmospheres, which is not the case for acetylacetonates. Pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles with a crystallite size of roughly 20 nm were successfully synthesized. In addition to the cubic structure of SrTiO3, FTIR revealed surface functions that are typical of "wet" processes, while Raman spectroscopy showed the activation of non-centrosymmetric modes brought on by non-linear contributions. The nanoparticles show a faceted shape and are stable at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C), according to in-situ high temperature XRD measurements. However, due to a chemical deficiency in strontium, titanium dioxide (TiO2) phases are formed at higher temperatures. In-situ high temperature HRTEM investigations showed the existence of two populations of particles, with a better stability for the bigger-sized particles after thermal treatment as well as the sintering and restructuring of the smallest ones. Also, the microscopy results suggest the possibility of a chemical inhomogeneity within the crystallites. Overall, this study offers important new knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized SrTiO3 nanoparticles and their thermal stability using a novel supercritical continuous solvothermal approach based on the use of acetylacetonate precursors.
{"title":"New solvothermal flow synthesis of strontium titanate nanoparticles based on the use of acetylacetonate precursors in water/ethanol mixture","authors":"A. Dandre , G. Philippot , M. Maglione , J.M. Bassat , W. Baaziz , O. Ersen , C. Aymonier","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, strontium titanate (SrTiO<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles were obtained utilizing a one-step supercritical continuous solvothermal synthesis process involving acetylacetonate precursors for both strontium and titanium cations instead of the historical alkoxide ones. These precursors are expensive, difficult to access (especially for strontium isopropoxyde) and inadequately stable, forcing the use of a glove box and controlled atmospheres, which is not the case for acetylacetonates. Pure SrTiO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles with a crystallite size of roughly 20 nm were successfully synthesized. In addition to the cubic structure of SrTiO<sub>3</sub>, FTIR revealed surface functions that are typical of \"wet\" processes, while Raman spectroscopy showed the activation of non-centrosymmetric modes brought on by non-linear contributions. The nanoparticles show a faceted shape and are stable at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C), according to <em>in-situ</em> high temperature XRD measurements. However, due to a chemical deficiency in strontium, titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) phases are formed at higher temperatures. <em>In-situ</em> high temperature HRTEM investigations showed the existence of two populations of particles, with a better stability for the bigger-sized particles after thermal treatment as well as the sintering and restructuring of the smallest ones. Also, the microscopy results suggest the possibility of a chemical inhomogeneity within the crystallites. Overall, this study offers important new knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized SrTiO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles and their thermal stability using a novel supercritical continuous solvothermal approach based on the use of acetylacetonate precursors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 106353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001888/pdfft?md5=3dcb0274f24be3641efa8c8216d528e2&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001888-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrothermal extraction of green coffee beans was examined by using a semi-batch type apparatus and an optical cell for extracting beneficial compounds. Extraction curves were evaluated across varying temperatures (373–523 K) and pressures (0.6–2.1 MPa). At 473 K, increasing pressure enhanced the extraction of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC), and caffeine. At 2.1 MPa, TPC remained constant with temperature, while AOC, CQAs, and caffeine initially increased then decreased at higher temperatures. Direct observations confirmed high temperature promoted extraction. An extraction model was proposed to account for decomposition of components at high temperatures, effectively reproducing experimental curves. This model estimated equilibrium values and rate constants representing initial extraction rate. The obtained results indicate that adjusting temperature, extraction time, and pressure can control extract composition during hydrothermal extraction of green coffee beans.
{"title":"Effects of temperature and pressure on hydrothermal extraction kinetics of green coffee beans","authors":"Takafumi Sato , Takeru Kudo , Masato Takamatsu , Tetsuo Honma , Naotsugu Itoh","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrothermal extraction of green coffee beans was examined by using a semi-batch type apparatus and an optical cell for extracting beneficial compounds. Extraction curves were evaluated across varying temperatures (373–523 K) and pressures (0.6–2.1 MPa). At 473 K, increasing pressure enhanced the extraction of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC), and caffeine. At 2.1 MPa, TPC remained constant with temperature, while AOC, CQAs, and caffeine initially increased then decreased at higher temperatures. Direct observations confirmed high temperature promoted extraction. An extraction model was proposed to account for decomposition of components at high temperatures, effectively reproducing experimental curves. This model estimated equilibrium values and rate constants representing initial extraction rate. The obtained results indicate that adjusting temperature, extraction time, and pressure can control extract composition during hydrothermal extraction of green coffee beans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 106350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106348
Felipe R. Toledo, José M. del Valle
In this work, we simulated the heat transfer in a two-vessel (1-m3, length-to-diameter ratio of 4) industrial plant to assess the effect of the temperature gradients formed during the reconditioning stage on the extraction curves. We simulated the extraction of 1-mm particles using 5 mm/s of CO2 at 48 MPa and 40 °C (case with an imposed temperature gradient) or 60 °C (case with temperature gradients from the reconditioning stage), with the service fluid at 60 °C. The results of these non-isothermal extractions were compared with those obtained in representative isothermal cases. The temperature gradients slightly affected the cumulative extraction curves in non-isothermal cases. We considered the presence of a basket containing the solid substrate. We also changed the superficial CO2 velocity to 3 or 10 mm/s and the particle size to 0.50 or 1.25 mm to compare the extraction curves. The effects of the basket and the changes in superficial CO2 velocity and particle size were minor. We simulated a limit case with higher temperature and pressure (80 °C and 70 MPa), where the extraction time was extremely short (10 min) and more significant temperature gradients were formed during the reconditioning stage. We observed more significant differences at this extreme extraction condition than when using an isothermal process at the required extraction temperature.
{"title":"Effect of heat transfer on the pressurization, extraction, and depressurization stages of a supercritical CO2 extraction process. 2. Simulation of a two-vessel industrial plant","authors":"Felipe R. Toledo, José M. del Valle","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we simulated the heat transfer in a two-vessel (1-m<sup>3</sup>, length-to-diameter ratio of 4) industrial plant to assess the effect of the temperature gradients formed during the reconditioning stage on the extraction curves. We simulated the extraction of 1-mm particles using 5 mm/s of CO<sub>2</sub> at 48 MPa and 40 °C (case with an imposed temperature gradient) or 60 °C (case with temperature gradients from the reconditioning stage), with the service fluid at 60 °C. The results of these non-isothermal extractions were compared with those obtained in representative isothermal cases. The temperature gradients slightly affected the cumulative extraction curves in non-isothermal cases. We considered the presence of a basket containing the solid substrate. We also changed the superficial CO<sub>2</sub> velocity to 3 or 10 mm/s and the particle size to 0.50 or 1.25 mm to compare the extraction curves. The effects of the basket and the changes in superficial CO<sub>2</sub> velocity and particle size were minor. We simulated a limit case with higher temperature and pressure (80 °C and 70 MPa), where the extraction time was extremely short (10 min) and more significant temperature gradients were formed during the reconditioning stage. We observed more significant differences at this extreme extraction condition than when using an isothermal process at the required extraction temperature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 106348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible silicone rubber (SR) foams with tunable cellular morphologies were fabricated via supercritical CO2 foaming. Conductive carbon black (CB) modified at a low cost and with high complex viscosity was preferentially selected. The effects of the pore size and void fraction on the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of the SR/CB composite foams were carefully investigated. The pore size of the foams affected the specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) and absorption coefficient (A), whereas the variation in the void fraction did not generate evident changes. In comparison with its solid counterpart, a foam with a pore diameter of 59.9 μm showed a 50 % decrease in density, 31.6 % increase in absorptivity, and 95.7 % increase in SSE, demonstrating a considerable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Decreases in the pore size and void fraction of the foams improved compression modulus and strength. In addition, sample preparation process was simplified, making industrial production easier.
{"title":"Facile preparation of conductive silicone rubber composite foams with tunable cell morphologies and absorption-dominant characteristics","authors":"Tianping Zhang , Menglong Xu , Weijun Zhen , Ling Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flexible silicone rubber (SR) foams with tunable cellular morphologies were fabricated <em>via</em> supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> foaming. Conductive carbon black (CB) modified at a low cost and with high complex viscosity was preferentially selected. The effects of the pore size and void fraction on the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of the SR/CB composite foams were carefully investigated. The pore size of the foams affected the specific shielding effectiveness (<em>SSE</em>) and absorption coefficient (<em>A</em>), whereas the variation in the void fraction did not generate evident changes. In comparison with its solid counterpart, a foam with a pore diameter of 59.9 μm showed a 50 % decrease in density, 31.6 % increase in absorptivity, and 95.7 % increase in <em>SSE</em>, demonstrating a considerable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI <em>SE</em>). Decreases in the pore size and void fraction of the foams improved compression modulus and strength. In addition, sample preparation process was simplified, making industrial production easier.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 106346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141715104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106344
Meryem Boufetacha , Abdelilah Ayad , Nicolas Thiebault , Nadia Boussetta , Elkhadir Gharibi , Mohammed Benali
Rosmarinus officinalis L. is one of the most widely exploited medicinal plants for its bioactive compounds, including rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR). This study aims to selectively extract these compounds, using supercritical fluids extraction with carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvents, based on the Hansen solubility parameters approach. This approach predicted that CA and CAR are highly soluble in the supercritical fluid. However, a weak interaction was predicted between RA and this fluid. The experimental findings indicated the highest amounts of RA and CA were observed at 150 bar and 80°C, resulting in yields of 3.43 mg/g dry weight (DW), and 18.9 mg/g DW, respectively. Favourable extraction conditions for CAR were recorded at 250 bar and 40°C, with a content of 19.1 mg/g DW. Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH tests revealed that extracts obtained at 250 bar at 40 and 80°C rich in CAR have a stronger antioxidant power.
迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)是一种被广泛利用的药用植物,其生物活性化合物包括迷迭香酸(RAs)、肉毒碱(CA)和肉毒酚(CAR)。本研究以汉森溶解度参数法为基础,以二氧化碳和乙醇为助溶剂,采用超临界流体萃取法选择性地提取这些化合物。该方法预测 CA 和 CAR 在超临界流体中的溶解度很高。然而,根据预测,RA 与该流体之间的相互作用较弱。实验结果表明,在 150 巴和 80 摄氏度的条件下,RA 和 CA 的含量最高,产量分别为 3.43 毫克/克干重(DW)和 18.9 毫克/克干重。在 250 巴和 40 摄氏度的条件下,CAR 的提取效果较好,含量为 19.1 毫克/克干重。使用 DPPH 试验对抗氧化活性进行评估后发现,在 250 bar、40 和 80°C 条件下提取的富含 CAR 的提取物具有更强的抗氧化能力。
{"title":"Selective extraction of carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L. using supercritical fluid and their antioxidant activity","authors":"Meryem Boufetacha , Abdelilah Ayad , Nicolas Thiebault , Nadia Boussetta , Elkhadir Gharibi , Mohammed Benali","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Rosmarinus officinalis</em> L. is one of the most widely exploited medicinal plants for its bioactive compounds, including rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAR). This study aims to selectively extract these compounds, using supercritical fluids extraction with carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvents, based on the Hansen solubility parameters approach. This approach predicted that CA and CAR are highly soluble in the supercritical fluid. However, a weak interaction was predicted between RA and this fluid. The experimental findings indicated the highest amounts of RA and CA were observed at 150 bar and 80°C, resulting in yields of 3.43 mg/g dry weight (DW), and 18.9 mg/g DW, respectively. Favourable extraction conditions for CAR were recorded at 250 bar and 40°C, with a content of 19.1 mg/g DW. Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH tests revealed that extracts obtained at 250 bar at 40 and 80°C rich in CAR have a stronger antioxidant power.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106345
Mohammad Mahdi Barzegar, Feridun Esmaeilzadeh, Ali Zandifar
This study investigates the estimation of solute solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) within a pressure and temperature range of 80 bar to 490.29 bar and 308 K to 423 K. We propose a novel empirical model that establishes a correlation between relevant parameters and the targeted solubility. A feature importance algorithm facilitated the development of this empirical model. The model’s accuracy is comprehensively evaluated using 40 published experimental datasets, with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 9.9 %. It demonstrates superior performance compared to 12 previously established models. Furthermore, a fine-tuned artificial neural network (ANN) is developed to harness the unique capabilities of machine learning techniques. The ANN outperforms the proposed model, achieving a significantly lower AARD% of 4.38. This outcome emphasizes the potential of machine learning techniques, particularly ANNs, for achieving superior accuracy.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of density-based and neural network modeling for predicting the solubility of organic compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Barzegar, Feridun Esmaeilzadeh, Ali Zandifar","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the estimation of solute solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO<sub>2</sub>) within a pressure and temperature range of 80 bar to 490.29 bar and 308 K to 423 K. We propose a novel empirical model that establishes a correlation between relevant parameters and the targeted solubility. A feature importance algorithm facilitated the development of this empirical model. The model’s accuracy is comprehensively evaluated using 40 published experimental datasets, with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 9.9 %. It demonstrates superior performance compared to 12 previously established models. Furthermore, a fine-tuned artificial neural network (ANN) is developed to harness the unique capabilities of machine learning techniques. The ANN outperforms the proposed model, achieving a significantly lower AARD% of 4.38. This outcome emphasizes the potential of machine learning techniques, particularly ANNs, for achieving superior accuracy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO3-NaNbO3 particles, which contains compositions of interest as lead-free piezoelectric materials. Precursor solutions containing Nb2O5, NaOH/KOH were hydrothermally reacted at 190 0C for 15 hours using either a conventional reactor or a reactor with stirring. For 50 % KOH or lower, the product was cubic or elongated cuboid/belt-shaped NaNbO3, whereas solely KOH resulted in hexagonal plate-like KNbO3. When 75 % KOH was used, the product was a mixture of large K5Na3Nb6O19·9 H2O hexagonal plates and smaller NaNbO3 cubes. We hypothesized this phase segregation was induced by highly concentrated microenvironments, and stirring would prevent that. Accordingly, stirring hydrothermal treatment of 75 % KOH solution produced only K5Na3Nb6O19·H2O hexagonal plates, which could be transformed to K0.7Na0.3NbO3 by calcination. By reducing the hydrothermal treatment time to 1 – 6 hours we isolated reaction intermediates, and based on them propose a kinetics-controlled mechanism for hydrothermal reactions of Nb2O5 and KOH/NaOH.
{"title":"Effect of stirring and KOH/NaOH ratio on phase formation in hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO3-NaNbO3 particles","authors":"Ellawala K. Chandima Pradeep, Alexandre Chauvel, Cenk Abdurrahmanoglu, Ragnar Kiebach, Astri Bjørnetun Haugen","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO<sub>3</sub>-NaNbO<sub>3</sub> particles, which contains compositions of interest as lead-free piezoelectric materials. Precursor solutions containing Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, NaOH/KOH were hydrothermally reacted at 190 <sup>0</sup>C for 15 hours using either a conventional reactor or a reactor with stirring. For 50 % KOH or lower, the product was cubic or elongated cuboid/belt-shaped NaNbO<sub>3</sub>, whereas solely KOH resulted in hexagonal plate-like KNbO<sub>3</sub>. When 75 % KOH was used, the product was a mixture of large K<sub>5</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>6</sub>O<sub>19</sub>·9 H<sub>2</sub>O hexagonal plates and smaller NaNbO<sub>3</sub> cubes. We hypothesized this phase segregation was induced by highly concentrated microenvironments, and stirring would prevent that. Accordingly, stirring hydrothermal treatment of 75 % KOH solution produced only K<sub>5</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>6</sub>O<sub>19</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O hexagonal plates, which could be transformed to K<sub>0.7</sub>Na<sub>0.3</sub>NbO<sub>3</sub> by calcination. By reducing the hydrothermal treatment time to 1 – 6 hours we isolated reaction intermediates, and based on them propose a kinetics-controlled mechanism for hydrothermal reactions of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and KOH/NaOH.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684462400175X/pdfft?md5=9896c0d608550f2b36abe1d0085df976&pid=1-s2.0-S089684462400175X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141607432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106341
Aref Mamakhel , Magnus Kløve , Martin Bondesgaard , Troels L. Christiansen , Steen Uttrup Pedersen , Jørgen Skibsted , Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
Amphoteric oxides can be challenging to produce in phase pure form due to their sensitivity to the pH of the reaction mixture. The high-pressure, high-temperature reaction conditions of hydrothermal processes make the pH difficult to control. Here we report a simple approach to obtain nanoparticles of amphoteric oxides, where cheap metal nitrate precursors are reacted in alcohol (2-propanol) water mixtures (25 vol%:75 vol%) to maintain a neutral pH under solvothermal conditions. Phase pure SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in a continuous flow solvothermal reactor at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 7 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, 119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption, UV–VIS, and as anode material in CR2032 Li-ion battery cells. To demonstrate generality, amphoteric oxides ZnO, Bi2O3, Cr2O3 and γ-AlOOH were also synthesized.
{"title":"Amphoteric SnO2 nanoparticles via pH-controlled continuous flow solvothermal synthesis","authors":"Aref Mamakhel , Magnus Kløve , Martin Bondesgaard , Troels L. Christiansen , Steen Uttrup Pedersen , Jørgen Skibsted , Bo Brummerstedt Iversen","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amphoteric oxides can be challenging to produce in phase pure form due to their sensitivity to the pH of the reaction mixture. The high-pressure, high-temperature reaction conditions of hydrothermal processes make the pH difficult to control. Here we report a simple approach to obtain nanoparticles of amphoteric oxides, where cheap metal nitrate precursors are reacted in alcohol (2-propanol) water mixtures (25 vol%:75 vol%) to maintain a neutral pH under solvothermal conditions. Phase pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized in a continuous flow solvothermal reactor at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 7 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, <sup>119</sup>Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption, UV–VIS, and as anode material in CR2032 Li-ion battery cells. To demonstrate generality, amphoteric oxides ZnO, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and γ-AlOOH were also synthesized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001761/pdfft?md5=fa89cf655ae986f2f7fd6596993da994&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001761-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106338
Marvin Dorn , Lukas Franke , Paul Figiel , Sabine Kareth , Eckhard Weidner , Christoph Held , Marcus Petermann
The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is of increasing importance for the development of a closed carbon cycle. Here, electrolytes are often used to increase the electrical conductivity and thus the current density. In addition, the use of compressed CO2 and electrolyte-containing organic solvents suppresses hydrogen evolution. However, the electrical conductivity of CO2-saturated electrolyte solutions is mostly unknown. Therefore, their electrical conductivity was investigated in this work at different electrolyte concentrations, pressures (up to 150 bar) and temperatures (298.15 K and 343.15 K). In addition, the simplified Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA-simple) model, supported by ePC-SAFT for density modeling, was used to successfully model the conductivity. The results show that CO2-saturated electrolyte solutions generally exhibit lower conductivities than CO2-free electrolyte solutions. However, at very low electrolyte and CO2 concentrations, the conductivities were higher in CO2-saturated electrolyte solutions than in CO2-free electrolyte solutions, which is a new finding in the literature.
电化学二氧化碳还原反应(CO2RR)对于开发封闭式碳循环的重要性与日俱增。在这种情况下,通常使用电解质来增加导电性,从而提高电流密度。此外,使用压缩的 CO 和含电解质的有机溶剂可抑制氢的演化。然而,CO 饱和电解质溶液的电导率大多不为人知。因此,本研究对不同电解质浓度、压力(最高 150 巴)和温度(298.15 K 和 343.15 K)下的电导率进行了研究。此外,在 ePC-SAFT 的密度建模支持下,使用简化的平均球形近似(MSA-simple)模型成功地建立了电导率模型。结果表明,CO 饱和电解质溶液的电导率通常低于不含 CO 的电解质溶液。然而,在电解质和 CO 浓度很低的情况下,CO 饱和电解质溶液的电导率要高于无 CO 的电解质溶液,这在文献中是一个新发现。
{"title":"Measurement and modeling of the electrical conductivity of organic electrolyte solutions and their mixtures with compressed CO2","authors":"Marvin Dorn , Lukas Franke , Paul Figiel , Sabine Kareth , Eckhard Weidner , Christoph Held , Marcus Petermann","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is of increasing importance for the development of a closed carbon cycle. Here, electrolytes are often used to increase the electrical conductivity and thus the current density. In addition, the use of compressed CO<sub>2</sub> and electrolyte-containing organic solvents suppresses hydrogen evolution. However, the electrical conductivity of CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions is mostly unknown. Therefore, their electrical conductivity was investigated in this work at different electrolyte concentrations, pressures (up to 150 bar) and temperatures (298.15 K and 343.15 K). In addition, the simplified Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA-simple) model, supported by ePC-SAFT for density modeling, was used to successfully model the conductivity. The results show that CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions generally exhibit lower conductivities than CO<sub>2</sub>-free electrolyte solutions. However, at very low electrolyte and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, the conductivities were higher in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions than in CO<sub>2</sub>-free electrolyte solutions, which is a new finding in the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001736/pdfft?md5=95fd1acbf1ab9cbd8710a02275c15cc1&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001736-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141464132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}