Journal of Supercritical Fluids最新文献_第2页

Multi-objective optimization of a novel non-uniform variable cross-section zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger for supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle 超临界CO2布雷顿循环非均匀变截面之字形印刷电路换热器多目标优化

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106904

Houdong Shi , Bingguo Zhu , Qing Zhang

This study proposes a novel non-uniform variable cross-section zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger (UZPCHE) to address the demand for high-performance and compact heat exchangers in the precooler of the supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle (SCO₂-BC). Three geometric parameters including the variable diameter (d1) and the inner and outer chord lengths (L1 and L2) of the turning region are selected as design variables, with the Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and compactness performance (Q/V) as optimization objectives. A quadratic response surface model (RSM) is established using the Box–Behnken design, and grey relational analysis (GRA) is employed to elucidate the influence degree of geometric parameters on thermal–hydraulic performance. Subsequently, a multi-objective optimization framework integrating the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is applied to derive the optimal compromise design. The results indicate that the developed RSM exhibits high predictive accuracy. The d1 is identified as the dominant parameter, contributing approximately 38 % to the objective functions. The optimized non-uniform variable-cross-section printed circuit heat exchanger (UZPCHE, d1 = 1.2 mm, L1 = 2.5 mm, L2 = 2.7 mm) exhibits superior thermohydraulic performance (PEC=1.173) compared to the traditional zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger (TZPCHE), wavy channel printed circuit heat exchanger (WAPCHE), and straight channel printed circuit heat exchanger (STPCHE). Furthermore, the optimized UZPCHE reduces the maximum equivalent stress in the solid region compared to the TZPCHE. These findings provide valuable insights for the structural optimization of printed circuit heat exchangers in supercritical CO₂ power systems.

针对超临界CO2布雷顿循环（SCO2-BC）预冷器对高性能紧凑型换热器的需求，提出了一种新型非均匀可变截面之字印刷电路换热器（UZPCHE）。选取车体变径（d1）和内外弦长（L1和L2） 3个几何参数作为设计变量，以努塞尔数（Nu）、摩擦系数(f)和紧致性能（Q/V）为优化目标。采用Box-Behnken设计方法建立了二次响应面模型（RSM），并采用灰色关联分析（GRA）分析几何参数对热工性能的影响程度。随后，将非支配排序遗传算法II （NSGA-II）与理想解相似性排序偏好技术（TOPSIS）相结合，建立了多目标优化框架，推导出最优妥协设计。结果表明，该方法具有较高的预测精度。d1被确定为主导参数，对目标函数的贡献约为38% %。优化后的非均匀变截面印刷电路换热器（UZPCHE, d1 = 1.2 mm, L1 = 2.5 mm, L2 = 2.7 mm）与传统的之字形印刷电路换热器（TZPCHE）、波浪形印刷电路换热器（WAPCHE）和直线型印刷电路换热器（STPCHE）相比，具有更好的热液性能（PEC=1.173）。此外，与TZPCHE相比，优化后的UZPCHE降低了固体区的最大等效应力。这些发现为超临界CO2电力系统中印刷电路热交换器的结构优化提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Recovery of phytochemicals from cimin black grape seeds with sub/super-critical carbon dioxide extraction 亚/超临界二氧化碳萃取法回收亚红黑葡萄籽中的植物化学物质

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106894

Tunahan Engin , Eyyup Karaogul , Sümeyra Al Çiçek , Ayhan Çiğdem , Duried Alwazeer , Kairat Bekbayev , Galiya Abdilova , Bakytzhan Bolkenov

In this study, Sub/Super-Critical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied as mathematical modeling and optimization approaches for the recovery of phytochemicals from grape seeds. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as 80 bar pressure, 60 °C temperature, and 5 min time. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract obtained under these conditions was 91.86 mg GAE/100 mL extract. Antioxidant activity was determined as 13,100.3 µmol TE/100 mL extract using the DPPH method and 2 004.93 µmol TE/100 mL extract using the ABTS method. Catechin (200.997 mg/L) was the most concentrated phenolic, and chlorogenic acid was the lowest one in the extract. Additionally, the epicatechin content was 91.12 mg/L, and the total phenolic content, as determined by HPLC, was 291.84 mg/L extract. Pearson correlation analysis showed a high correlation between the results obtained and the experimental data. The results were confirmed by the color distributions in the heat map, clustering in the PCA analysis, and hierarchical analysis. These results confirm the success of the modeling and optimization. In conclusion, the pressure, temperature, and time parameters were found to be decisive for achieving high bioactivity. Sub/Super-critical extraction is an effective method for extracting bioactive compounds from agricultural by-products such as grape seeds, using a process that's both efficient and environmentally friendly.

本研究以亚/超临界二氧化碳（scCO₂）提取和响应面法（RSM）为数学建模和优化方法，对葡萄种子中植物化学物质的回收进行了研究。最佳提取条件为压力80 bar，温度60℃，时间5 min。在此条件下得到的提取物总酚含量为91.86 mg GAE/100 mL提取物。DPPH法测定其抗氧化活性为13,100.3µmol TE/100 mL， ABTS法测定其抗氧化活性为2 004.93µmol TE/100 mL。其中儿茶素含量最高（200.997 mg/L），绿原酸含量最低。表儿茶素含量为91.12 mg/L，总酚含量为291.84 mg/L。Pearson相关分析表明，所得结果与实验数据具有较高的相关性。结果通过热图中的颜色分布、PCA分析中的聚类和层次分析得到证实。这些结果证实了建模和优化的成功。总之，压力、温度和时间参数是获得高生物活性的决定性因素。亚/超临界萃取是一种从葡萄籽等农业副产品中提取生物活性化合物的有效方法，该方法既高效又环保。

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引用次数: 0

Sequential supercritical and pressurized liquid extraction of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus: Optimizing yield and preserving glycoside integrity 连续超临界和加压液体提取黄芪黄酮：优化得率和保持糖苷完整性

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106917

Marie Sajfrtová , Helena Sovová , Naděžda Vrchotová , Jan Tříska , Roman Pavela

The root of Astragalus membranaceus (AR), one of the most popular Chinese herbal medicines, is used to treat various diseases. Flavonoids (FL), both glycosides and aglycons, belong to its biologically active components. The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of AR sequential extraction on the yield of flavonoids and their composition in extracts. Two high-pressure extraction methods were applied, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water were used as CO₂ modifiers and solvents. The complete succession of applied extraction solvents was neat supercritical CO₂, modified CO₂, pressurized organic solvent and overheated water. The PLE results show an increasing yield of FL with increasing modifier polarity from ethyl acetate to ethanol and methanol, and then a decrease for water. The maximum yield of FL, 9.1 mg/100 g AR, was provided by PLE with ethanol at 120 °C and 10 MPa. Similar was the relationship between solvent power of CO₂ modifiers and their polarity in SFE, but the yield of FL was an order of magnitude lower. Thus, according to the FL yield, there was practically no difference between a simple PLE and more complicated sequential extraction SFE, PLE. A marked difference was however in the glycosides-to-aglycons ratio, which was higher in sequential extraction. It is hypothesized that water residue in AR is removed by SFE, preventing thus hydrolysis of glycosides during the following PLE.

黄芪（Astragalus aceus， AR）的根是最受欢迎的中草药之一，用于治疗各种疾病。黄酮类化合物（Flavonoids， FL）是一种具有生物活性的成分，可分为糖苷类和糖苷类。本研究的目的是考察AR序贯提取对黄酮类化合物得率及其组成的影响。采用了超临界流体萃取（SFE）和加压液体萃取（PLE）两种高压萃取方法。采用乙醇、甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水作为CO2的改性剂和溶剂。萃取溶剂依次为纯超临界CO2、改性CO2、加压有机溶剂和过热水。PLE结果表明，随着改性剂极性的增加，从乙酸乙酯到乙醇和甲醇的收率增加，然后对水的收率降低。在120°C、10 MPa条件下，乙醇萃取的最大得率为9.1 mg/100 g AR。在SFE中，CO2改性剂的溶剂功率与其极性之间的关系类似，但FL的产率要低一个数量级。因此，从FL得率来看，简单的PLE和更复杂的顺序提取SFE， PLE几乎没有区别。然而，在糖苷与糖苷的比例上存在显著差异，顺序提取的糖苷与糖苷的比例更高。假设AR中的水残渣被SFE除去，从而在接下来的PLE中防止糖苷水解。

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引用次数: 0

Solubility of supercritical CO2 in biopolymers PBAT and PHBV 超临界CO2在生物聚合物PBAT和PHBV中的溶解度

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106893

Friso G. Versteeg , Guilherme de M.R. Lima , Francesco Picchioni , Kevin M. van Geem , Pablo Druetta

As environmental concerns surrounding conventional plastics continue to grow, biodegradable alternatives such as polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) have been and are gaining attention as promising candidates for sustainable polymeric foams production. These bioplastics offer potential for use in environmentally friendly foaming processes, particularly when paired with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), a non-toxic and inert foaming agent. Understanding the solubility of CO₂ in these polymers is critical for optimizing the foaming conditions and material performance. In this work, the solubility of scCO₂ in PBAT and PHBV was experimentally determined over a temperature range of 373 K to 413 K and pressures up to 130 bar using a magnetic suspension balance (MSB). In order to interpret the results and estimate the degree of swelling, the Sanchez–Lacombe Equation of State (SL-EoS) was applied. Since the solubility of CO₂ can be influenced by the semi-crystalline nature of the polymers, a crystallinity correction was incorporated into the model to better reflect the interaction of CO₂ with the amorphous regions. This adjustment improved the agreement between experimental and calculated values, providing a more accurate representation of solubility behaviour. The developed model serves as a useful predictive tool for designing efficient and sustainable foaming processes using PBAT and PHBV.

随着传统塑料对环境的关注不断增加，生物可降解的替代品，如聚己二酸丁二酯（PBAT）和聚（3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸酯）（PHBV）作为可持续聚合物泡沫生产的有希望的候选者已经并且正在受到关注。这些生物塑料为环保发泡工艺提供了潜力，特别是当与超临界二氧化碳（scCO2）（一种无毒的惰性发泡剂）配对时。了解二氧化碳在这些聚合物中的溶解度对于优化发泡条件和材料性能至关重要。在这项工作中，使用磁悬浮天平（MSB）在温度范围为373 K至413 K和压力高达130 bar的情况下，实验测定了scCO2在PBAT和PHBV中的溶解度。为了解释结果并估计膨胀程度，采用了Sanchez-Lacombe状态方程（SL-EoS）。由于CO2的溶解度会受到聚合物半结晶性质的影响，因此在模型中加入了结晶度校正，以更好地反映CO2与非晶态区域的相互作用。这种调整改善了实验值和计算值之间的一致性，提供了更准确的溶解度行为表示。所建立的模型为设计高效、可持续的PBAT和PHBV发泡工艺提供了有用的预测工具。

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引用次数: 0

Phosphate-induced corrosion of nickel alloys in supercritical water: Mechanistic insights into passivation and accelerated corrosion at elevated temperatures 镍合金在超临界水中的磷酸盐诱导腐蚀：在高温下钝化和加速腐蚀的机理

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106901

Shaoming Ding , Yanhui Li , Wang Zhu , Limei Xing , Qibo Wang , Zhouyang Bai , Pengfei Gao , Fengxiao Hou

This study examines the corrosion behavior of Inconel 600 and Inconel 625 alloys in supercritical water environments containing phosphates, with a focus on the temperature-dependent effects of phosphate in both dissolved and molten states. At 400 °C, dissolved phosphate acts as a passivating agent, forming protective metal phosphate films that reduce corrosion. At 600 °C, the low solubility of phosphate causes it to precipitate into a molten state. This significantly accelerates corrosion by dissolving the protective oxide film and enhancing ion diffusion, increasing the film thickness from 0.16 μm to 0.675 μm. The higher Cr content in Inconel 625 resulted in an 65.9 % reduction in oxide thickness relative to Inconel 600, indicating enhanced oxidation resistance. The core theoretical innovation of this study lies in identifying the dual role of phosphate in alloy corrosion: acting as a passivating agent at lower temperatures and as a corrosion accelerator at higher temperatures. This study further clarifies the competitive relationship between phosphate and oxygen, the mechanism by which molten salts accelerate corrosion, and the synergistic molten corrosion effect of Na⁺. The findings provide valuable insights into corrosion protection strategies for supercritical water oxidation systems, contributing to the optimization of material design in extreme environments.

本研究考察了因科乃尔600和因科乃尔625合金在含磷酸盐的超临界水环境中的腐蚀行为，重点研究了磷酸盐在溶解和熔融状态下的温度依赖效应。在400°C时，溶解的磷酸盐作为钝化剂，形成保护性的金属磷酸盐膜，减少腐蚀。在600℃时，磷酸盐的低溶解度使其沉淀成熔融状态。通过溶解氧化保护膜和增强离子扩散，使氧化保护膜的厚度从0.16 μm增加到0.675 μm，从而显著加速腐蚀。与Inconel 600相比，较高的Cr含量使Inconel 625的氧化物厚度降低了65.9 %，表明其抗氧化性增强。本研究的核心理论创新在于确定了磷酸盐在合金腐蚀中的双重作用：低温时作为钝化剂，高温时作为腐蚀促进剂。本研究进一步阐明了磷酸盐与氧的竞争关系、熔盐加速腐蚀的机理以及Na⁺的协同熔蚀效应。这些发现为超临界水氧化系统的腐蚀防护策略提供了有价值的见解，有助于在极端环境下优化材料设计。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the dynamic response mechanisms of a lead-bismuth fast reactor coupled with a transcritical CO2 power cycle 跨临界CO2动力循环耦合的铅铋快堆动态响应机制研究

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106903

Zhaoyang Yuan , Xuanang Zhang , Jintao He , Yonghao Zhang , Jie Yu , Zhen Wang , Lingfeng Shi , Hua Tian , Gequn Shu

The integration of a lead-bismuth fast reactor (LFR) with a transcritical CO₂ (T-CO₂) power cycle represents a promising offshore nuclear energy solution. Although prior research has advanced the primary and secondary circuits separately, their dynamic interactions under tightly coupled conditions remain insufficiently explored. This work establishes a dynamic system model to investigate bidirectional disturbance propagation and load-following coordination between the two circuits. Results indicate that reducing reactor power by 5 % and 10 % decreases secondary circuit output by 13.8 % and 28.4 %, respectively. Variations in secondary circuit parameters, such as pump speed and cold source temperature, alter the CO₂ mass flow rate and evaporator heat transfer, leading to temperature changes in the primary coolant. Through inherent temperature feedback, the reactor autonomously adjusts its power, demonstrating strong closed-loop coupling. Notably, pump speed has a greater influence on secondary circuit output than cold source temperature, contributing approximately 5.6 % more to the output work variation. During load following, adjusting only reactor power lowers both turbine inlet temperature and system efficiency. In contrast, coordinated adjustment of reactor power and secondary circuit flow maintains a more stable thermal state while adapting to load changes, improving average thermal efficiency by 2.1 % compared to the reactor-only strategy. This study clarifies key thermophysical coupling mechanisms in the LFR–T-CO₂ system and provides a valuable reference for the coordinated control of marine nuclear power systems under dynamic operating conditions.

铅铋快堆（LFR）与跨临界CO2 （T-CO2）动力循环的集成代表了一种有前途的海上核能解决方案。虽然先前的研究已经分别提出了主回路和次回路，但它们在紧密耦合条件下的动态相互作用仍然没有得到充分的探讨。本文建立了一个动态系统模型来研究两个电路之间的双向扰动传播和负载跟随协调。结果表明，电抗器功率每降低5 %和10 %，二次回路输出分别降低13.8 %和28.4 %。二次回路参数的变化，如泵转速和冷源温度，会改变CO2质量流量和蒸发器传热，从而导致一次冷却剂的温度变化。电抗器通过固有的温度反馈，自主调节功率，表现出强闭环耦合。值得注意的是，泵转速比冷源温度对二次回路输出的影响更大，对输出功变化的贡献约为5.6% %。在负荷跟踪期间，仅调整反应堆功率会降低涡轮入口温度和系统效率。相比之下，电抗器功率和二次回路流量的协调调整在适应负荷变化的同时保持了更稳定的热状态，与仅电抗器策略相比，平均热效率提高了2.1 %。本研究阐明了LFR-T-CO2系统中关键的热物理耦合机理，为船舶核电系统在动态运行条件下的协调控制提供了有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Material selection strategy against high-temperature high-pressure Cl/CO2-containing corrosive environment 高温高压含Cl/ co2腐蚀环境下的材料选择策略

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106918

Bihui Wang , Weikai Yi , Xuefei Gao , Xinyu Hu , Kaiyang Li

This study evaluated the corrosion behavior of seven metallic materials in a CO₂-saturated aqueous solution (150°C, 30 MPa) with Cl^- concentrations ranging from 7000 to 100,000 mg/L. Most materials exhibited severe corrosion at Cl^- concentrations ≥ 50,000 mg/L. Super-13Cr showed significant weight loss, accompanied by surface Cr-rich oxides spallation and substrate dissolution. Cross-sectional analysis revealed a porous double-layer structure (Cr₂O₃-rich outer layer and Fe-Cr oxide inner layer) in Super-13Cr. 316 L and duplex stainless steels exhibited pitting corrosion, with 2507 demonstrating superior resistance to pitting. The number of spherical TiO₂ particles on the titanium alloy surface increased with rising Cl^- concentration. Nickel-based alloys maintained a metallic luster at low Cl^- concentrations but exhibited differential behavior at high Cl^- concentrations: Alloy 625 showed severe localized corrosion, while Alloy 718 formed a uniform, light yellow film. Increased Cr and Mo content in the alloy promotes the formation of a thin and stable Cr₂O₃ layer. However, excessively high Mo content accelerates the Fe dissolution, leading to the formation of Cr-O phases.

本研究评估了7种金属材料在二氧化碳饱和水溶液（150°C, 30 MPa）中Cl-浓度从7000到100,000 mg/L的腐蚀行为。当Cl浓度≥ 50,000 mg/L时，大多数材料表现出严重的腐蚀。Super-13Cr表现出明显的失重现象，并伴有表面富cr氧化物的剥落和基体的溶解。横截面分析显示Super-13Cr为多孔双层结构（外层富cr2o3，内层Fe-Cr氧化物）。316 L和双相不锈钢表现出点蚀，2507表现出更好的抗点蚀能力。随着Cl-浓度的升高，钛合金表面的TiO2球形颗粒数量增加。镍基合金在低Cl浓度下保持金属光泽，但在高Cl浓度下表现出不同的行为：Alloy 625表现出严重的局部腐蚀，而Alloy 718形成均匀的淡黄色膜。合金中Cr和Mo含量的增加促进了薄而稳定的Cr2O3层的形成。过高的Mo含量加速了Fe的溶解，导致Cr-O相的形成。

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引用次数: 0

A supercritical carbon dioxide pre-isothermal crystallization foaming strategy for lightweight TPU/PLA composite foam with enhanced compressive strength and elasticity 提高抗压强度和弹性的轻质TPU/PLA复合泡沫的超临界二氧化碳预等温结晶发泡策略

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106921

Huazhen Jiang, Panfeng Shao, Guangxian Li, Xia Liao

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foam has extensively application in vibration damping, sport protective materials and other fields due to excellent elasticity and lightweight properties. The advantages of non-toxicity, low cost and non-combustibility, resulting from the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) foaming, have emerged as a desirable method for producing TPU foam compared to traditional chemical foaming. However, the TPU foam produced by scCO₂ foaming will shrink severely, which seriously limits the applications of TPU foam. Therefore, a strategy to regulate the matrix strength of TPU by adding a second PLA phase and to control the crystallization behavior through pre-isothermal crystallization was proposed to control the foaming behavior of the TPU/PLA blend in this research. The results showed that the cell structure can be optimized and the final expansion ratio can be improved obviously by pre-isothermal crystallization foaming with the best final expansion ratio of 11.6 times. Moreover, the mechanism of shrink behavior was verified by Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) model. In addition, the maximum stress and energy loss ecoefficiency of TPU/PLA foam can also be optimized by pre-isothermal crystallization foaming due to the uniform cell structure and increased crystallinity. This paper provides a new approach to produce a high expansion ratio TPU foam with satisfactory cyclic compressive properties.

热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）泡沫由于其优异的弹性和轻质性能，在减振、运动防护材料等领域有着广泛的应用。与传统化学发泡相比，超临界二氧化碳（scCO2）发泡具有无毒、低成本和不可燃的优点，已成为生产TPU泡沫的理想方法。然而，scCO2发泡生产的TPU泡沫会严重收缩，严重限制了TPU泡沫的应用。因此，本研究提出了通过加入第二PLA相调节TPU基体强度和通过预等温结晶控制结晶行为的策略来控制TPU/PLA共混物的发泡行为。结果表明，采用预等温结晶发泡可以优化晶胞结构，明显提高终膨胀比，最佳终膨胀比为11.6倍。利用Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts （KWW）模型验证了其收缩机理。此外，由于胞体结构均匀，结晶度提高，采用预等温结晶发泡也可以优化TPU/PLA泡沫的最大应力和能量损失生态效率。本文为制备具有良好循环压缩性能的高膨胀比TPU泡沫材料提供了一条新途径。

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引用次数: 0

Pressure-rise path and phase control during commissioning of supercritical CO2 pipelines 超临界CO2管道调试过程中的升压路径与相位控制

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106925

Xinze Li , Dezhong Wang , Ziyi Hui , Xiaokai Xing

Compared with traditional pipelines, supercritical CO₂ pipelines exhibit significant multiphase changes during commissioning, with large variations in pressure and temperature. Currently, the coordinated variation patterns during this process lack experimental verification and theoretical support for control methods. Based on a Chinese demonstration project (61 km, DN250, 12 MPa), this study combines numerical simulation and experimental validation to investigate phase‑transition mechanisms and pressure‑rise control. Two pressure‑rise paths are identified: gas phase → supercritical phase (no liquid phase) and gas phase → gas‑liquid coexistence → liquid phase→ dense phase (with liquid phase). In the gas‑liquid stage of the latter, density changes stepwise while pressure remains almost unchanged, consuming considerable time. To save time, reduce CO₂ consumption, and avoid abrupt density changes, the gas phase → supercritical phase path is recommended. High ambient temperature and high initial mass flow rate are key to avoiding the liquid phase. Critical thresholds for the project are: ambient temperature ≥ 9.6 ℃, inlet mass flow ≥ 5.2 kg/s, injection temperature ≥ 32 ℃. The results provide theoretical and engineering guidance for safe and efficient commissioning of supercritical CO₂ pipelines.

与传统管道相比，超临界CO2管道在调试过程中表现出明显的多相变化，压力和温度变化较大。目前，这一过程中的协调变化模式缺乏实验验证和控制方法的理论支持。本研究基于中国某示范工程（61 km, DN250, 12 MPa），将数值模拟与实验验证相结合，探讨相变机理和压升控制。确定了两种压力上升路径：气相→超临界相（无液相）和气相→气液共存→液相→密相（有液相）。在后者的气液阶段，密度逐级变化，而压力几乎保持不变，耗费相当长的时间。为节省时间，减少CO2消耗，避免密度突变，建议采用气相→超临界相路径。高环境温度和高初始质量流量是避免液相的关键。项目临界阈值为：环境温度≥ 9.6℃，进口质量流量≥ 5.2 kg/s，注射温度≥ 32℃。研究结果为超临界CO2管道的安全高效调试提供了理论和工程指导。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study on the influence of equation of state on non-equilibrium condensation of CO2 in the Laval nozzle 状态方程对拉瓦尔喷嘴内CO2非平衡冷凝影响的数值研究

IF 4.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2026.106923

Yuguang Chen, Zhiheng Wang, Guang Xi

This paper investigates the influence of equation of state (EOS) on the non-equilibrium condensation (NEC) phenomenon of CO₂ in the Laval nozzle. First, the NEC model based on droplet nucleation theory was established. Subsequently, a procedure for generating thermophysical property tables based on the SW EOS was developed, and full-property formulations for cubic EOSs (PR, RK, and SRK) were derived. All EOSs were implemented into the solver via C programming. The results demonstrate that, compared with the built-in EOS of the solver, the proposed property model incorporating full real gas effects exhibits superior predictive performance. The SW EOS is not adopted due to its poor prediction of the condensation onset location. The cubic EOSs yield similar results for subsonic condensation; however, for supersonic condensation occurring in the divergent section of the nozzle, the PR EOS and SRK EOS still predict unsatisfactory condensation onset locations. Therefore, this study ultimately recommends the use of the RK EOS for predicting NEC of CO₂, as it provides a balanced accuracy in predicting both the condensation onset location and the pressure distribution.

本文研究了状态方程（EOS）对CO2在拉瓦尔喷嘴内非平衡冷凝（NEC）现象的影响。首先，建立了基于液滴成核理论的NEC模型。随后，开发了基于SW EOS生成热物性表的程序，并推导了立方EOS （PR、RK和SRK）的全属性公式。所有eos都通过C编程实现到求解器中。结果表明，与求解器的内置EOS相比，考虑全真实气体效应的属性模型具有更好的预测性能。由于对凝结发生位置的预测较差，因此没有采用SW EOS。对于亚声速冷凝，三次EOSs得到了类似的结果；然而，对于发生在喷管发散段的超声速冷凝，PR - EOS和SRK - EOS预测的冷凝起始位置仍然不理想。因此，本研究最终建议使用RK EOS来预测CO2的NEC，因为它在预测冷凝发生位置和压力分布方面提供了平衡的准确性。

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