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Comparison of laser-based photoacoustic and optical detection of methane 基于激光的甲烷光声和光学检测方法的比较
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-02-22 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-25-2021
T. Strahl, J. Herbst, Eric Maier, S. Rademacher, C. Weber, H. Pernau, A. Lambrecht, J. Wöllenstein
Abstract. The measurement of low methane ( CH4 ) concentrations is a key objective for safety of industrial and public infrastructures and in environmental research. Laser spectroscopy is best suited for this purpose because it offers high sensitivity, selectivity, dynamic range, and a fast measurement rate. The physical basis of this technique is infrared absorption of molecular gases. Two detection schemes – direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) – are compared at three wavelength regions in the near-infrared (NIR), mid-wavelength (MWIR), and long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared ranges. For each spectral range a suitable semiconductor laser is selected and used for both detection techniques: a diode laser (DL), an interband cascade laser (ICL), and a quantum cascade laser (QCL) for NIR, MWIR and LWIR, respectively. For DAS short absorption path lengths comparable to the cell dimensions of the photoacoustic cell for PAS are employed. We show that for DAS the lowest detection limit can be achieved in the MWIR range with noise-equivalent concentrations (NECs) below 10 ppb. Using PAS, lower detection limits and higher system stabilities can be reached compared to DAS, especially for long integration times. The lowest detection limit for PAS is obtained in the LWIR with a NEC of 7 ppb. The different DAS and PAS configurations are discussed with respect to potential applications.
摘要低甲烷(CH4)浓度的测量是工业和公共基础设施安全以及环境研究的一个关键目标。激光光谱学最适合用于此目的,因为它具有高灵敏度、选择性、动态范围和快速测量速率。这项技术的物理基础是分子气体的红外吸收。在近红外(NIR)、中波(MWIR)和长波(LWIR)红外范围的三个波长区域,比较了两种检测方案——直接吸收光谱(DAS)和光声光谱(PAS)。对于每个光谱范围,选择合适的半导体激光器并用于两种检测技术:二极管激光器(DL)、带间级联激光器(ICL)和量子级联激光器(QCL),分别用于NIR、MWIR和LWIR。对于DAS,采用与PAS的光声池的池尺寸相当的短吸收路径长度。我们表明,对于DAS,在噪声当量浓度(NECs)低于10的MWIR范围内可以达到最低检测极限 ppb。与DAS相比,使用PAS可以达到更低的检测极限和更高的系统稳定性,尤其是在长集成时间的情况下。PAS的最低检测限在LWIR中获得,NEC为7 ppb。讨论了不同的DAS和PAS配置的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 5
Six-degree-of-freedom pose estimation with µm/µrad accuracy based on laser multilateration 基于激光多点定位的精度为µm/µrad的六自由度姿态估计
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-19-2021
J. Nitsche, M. Franke, N. Haverkamp, D. Heißelmann
Abstract. The estimation of the six-degree-of-freedom position and orientation of an end effector is of high interest in industrial robotics. High precision and data rates are important requirements when choosing an adequate measurement system. In this work, a six-degree-of-freedom pose estimation setup based on laser multilateration is described together with the measurement principle and self-calibration strategies used in this setup. In an experimental setup, data rates of 200  Hz are achieved. During movement, deviations from a reference coordinate measuring machine of 20  µm are observed. During standstill, the deviations are reduced to 5  µm .
摘要末端执行器六自由度位置和姿态的估计是工业机器人研究的热点问题。在选择合适的测量系统时,高精度和数据速率是重要的要求。本文介绍了一种基于激光多倍体的六自由度姿态估计装置,以及该装置的测量原理和自校准策略。在实验装置中,数据速率达到200hz。在运动过程中,观察到与参考坐标测量机的偏差为20 μ m。在静止状态下,偏差减小到5µm。
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引用次数: 5
Measurements at laser materials processing machines: spectrum deconvolution including uncertainties and model selection 激光材料加工机的测量:光谱反褶积,包括不确定度和模型选择
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-02-18 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-13-2021
R. Behrens, B. Pullner, M. Reginatto
Abstract. Laser materials processing of workpieces using ultra-short pulsed lasers can lead to unwanted X-ray emission. Their dose rate and spectral distribution have been precisely determined. The measurements werecarried out using a thermoluminescence detector (TLD)-based spectrometer in which 30 TLD planes are arranged one behind the other, the first 10 layersmade of polymethyl methacrylate, while the remaining 20 layers are interspaced by absorbers with, from the front to the back, increasing atomiccharge and thickness. The penetration depth of the radiation into thespectrometer depends on its energy, so that the energy-resolved spectrum ofthe radiation can be calculated from the TLD dose values by means ofmathematical methods (Bayesian deconvolution). The evaluation process alsotakes into account both the uncertainties of all input quantities and thepossibility of adopting different models for the spectrum form. This allowedthe resulting spectra to be associated with their realistic uncertainty. The measurements are traceable to the Systeme international d'unites (SI), i.e. the International System of Units. The results not only provide manufacturers and users of ultra-short pulsed lasers with important information on the design of the machines with regard to radiationprotection, but were also included in the recently concluded legislative procedure in the field of radiation protection in Germany.
摘要使用超短脉冲激光器加工工件的激光材料会导致不必要的x射线发射。它们的剂量率和光谱分布已被精确地测定。使用基于热释光探测器(TLD)的光谱仪进行测量,其中30个TLD平面一个接一个地排列,前10层由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯制成,其余20层由吸收剂间隔,从前到后增加原子电荷和厚度。辐射进入光谱仪的穿透深度取决于它的能量,因此辐射的能量分辨光谱可以通过数学方法(贝叶斯反卷积)从TLD剂量值计算出来。评估过程还考虑了所有输入量的不确定性和对频谱形式采用不同模型的可能性。这使得得到的光谱与实际的不确定性相联系。这些测量可以追溯到国际单位制(SI),即国际单位制。研究结果不仅为超短脉冲激光器的制造商和用户提供了有关辐射防护机器设计的重要信息,而且还被纳入德国最近完成的辐射防护领域立法程序。
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引用次数: 2
Inline quality monitoring of diesel exhaust fluid (AdBlue) by using the 3ω method 使用3ω方法对柴油机排气液(AdBlue)进行在线质量监测
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-5-2021
R. Bernhardsgrütter, C. Hepp, M. Jägle, H. Pernau, K. Schmitt, J. Wöllenstein
Abstract. Because diesel combustion processes produce harmful detrimental nitrous oxides, the selective catalytic reduction, an after-treatment method using diesel exhaust fluid (AdBlue) to reduce these emissions, is an important part in the cycle of the combustion process. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor the quality of the diesel exhaust fluid to secure the ideal selective catalytic reduction. This article presents a platinum thin-film sensor using the 3 ω method which is able to characterize the diesel exhaust fluid. By means of the 3 ω method, information about the concentration of urea in water can be extracted. In this investigation, a digital lock-in amplification technique is used to execute the measurements. The results show that this sensor can determine the urea content within 1 % by weight. Moreover, besides the analysis of the 3 ω signal, the 1 ω signal is analyzed in depth to receive additional information about the temperature. Because the same structure can measure multiple parameters, such as concentration, temperature, and flow, the sensor might be a good alternative to the state-of-the-art diesel exhaust fluid sensor.
摘要由于柴油燃烧过程产生有害的有害氧化亚氮,选择性催化还原是一种利用柴油排气液(AdBlue)减少这些排放的后处理方法,是燃烧过程循环中的重要组成部分。因此,持续监测柴油机排气液的质量,以确保理想的选择性催化还原效果至关重要。本文介绍了一种采用3 ω法的铂薄膜传感器,该传感器能够对柴油机排气液进行表征。利用3 ω法可以提取水中尿素的浓度信息。在本研究中,使用了数字锁相放大技术来执行测量。结果表明,该传感器可测定尿素含量在重量比1%以内。此外,除了对3 ω信号进行分析外,还对1 ω信号进行深入分析,以接收有关温度的附加信息。由于相同的结构可以测量多个参数,如浓度、温度和流量,因此该传感器可能是最先进的柴油排气流体传感器的一个很好的替代品。
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引用次数: 2
Explaining to different audiences the new definition and experimental realizations of the kilogram 向不同的听众解释千克的新定义和实验实现
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-21 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-1-2021
J. Valdés
Abstract. Different options were discussed before reaching the final agreement on the new definitions of the SI units, effective from 20 May 2019, especially with regard to the kilogram, now defined in terms of the numerical value of the Planck constant ( h ). Replacing the artefact definition of the kilogram with a new one based on the mass of a particle, or the atomic mass constant ( mu ), would have been preferable for ease of understanding, among other reasons. In this paper we discuss some limitations of teaching to different audiences what a kilogram is in the redefined International System of Units (SI), including realizations of the new definition.
摘要在就国际单位制的新定义达成最终协议之前,讨论了不同的选项,该定义自2019年5月20日起生效,特别是千克,现在根据普朗克常数(h)的数值定义。出于便于理解等原因,用基于粒子质量或原子质量常数(μ)的新定义取代公斤的人工制品定义是可取的。在本文中,我们讨论了在重新定义的国际单位制(SI)中向不同受众教授千克的一些局限性,包括新定义的实现。
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引用次数: 0
Methods and procedure of referenced in situ control of lateral contour displacements in additive manufacturing 增材制造中横向轮廓位移参考原位控制方法和程序
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021
Martin Lerchen, Jakob Hornung, Yu Zou, T. Hausotte
Abstract. Additive manufacturing technologies are further developing from prototype to serial production. This trend requires rising challenges to the process-accompanying quality assurance. Optical in situ quality control approaches show great potential to generate accurate measurement data, which are essential for feedback control. If a reliable referencing concept for the layer-by-layer measured data is guaranteed, contour information can be used during the manufacturing to correct occurring geometrical deviations. Within this scientific study, two methods of optical, referenced in situ control of lateral displacements of additive manufactured contours are presented. In the first approach the 2-D contour of the melting pool is analysed in relation to a position-stable reference system implemented in the powder bed. The second approach uses the translucent contour of deeper layers covered with powder as a reference. Within the image evaluation several pre-processing steps like calibration, undistortion, rectification, illumination correction and low-pass filtering are essential for reliable and correct geometric measurements. The following adapted contour detection and position determination of the referenced melting pool contours are based on an extended edge detection algorithm according to Canny (1986). With the evaluation of further manufacturing layers of already lowered powder bed levels, it is possible to specify the influence of powder application on geometrical displacements separately. This is done by a comparison of the position of the detected powder-covered melting pool contours with the previously applied melted region. Consequently a better understanding of lateral contour displacements within the additive manufacturing process is the goal, which is important for a process-accompanying correction of geometrical deviations.
摘要增材制造技术正从原型向批量生产进一步发展。这种趋势要求对伴随质量保证的过程提出越来越多的挑战。光学原位质量控制方法显示出产生精确测量数据的巨大潜力,这对反馈控制至关重要。如果保证了逐层测量数据的可靠参考概念,则可以在制造过程中使用轮廓信息来纠正发生的几何偏差。在这项科学研究中,提出了两种光学的、参考的增材制造轮廓横向位移的原位控制方法。在第一种方法中,分析了熔池的二维轮廓与在粉末床中实现的位置稳定参考系统的关系。第二种方法使用覆盖着粉末的深层半透明轮廓作为参考。在图像评估的几个预处理步骤,如校准,不失真,整流,照明校正和低通滤波是必不可少的可靠和正确的几何测量。根据Canny(1986)的一种扩展边缘检测算法,对参照熔池轮廓进行了以下调整轮廓检测和位置确定。通过对已经降低的粉末床水平的进一步制造层的评估,可以单独指定粉末应用对几何位移的影响。这是通过将检测到的粉末覆盖的熔池轮廓的位置与先前应用的熔化区域进行比较来完成的。因此,在增材制造过程中更好地理解横向轮廓位移是目标,这对于伴随过程的几何偏差校正非常重要。
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引用次数: 2
Characterization of specular freeform surfaces from reflected ray directions using experimental ray tracing 利用实验射线追踪从反射射线方向表征镜面自由曲面
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5194/jsss-10-261-2021
T. Binkele, D. Hilbig, M. Essameldin, T. Henning, F. Fleischmann, W. Lang
Abstract. The applications of freeform surfaces in optical components and systems are increasing more and more. Therefore, appropriate measurement techniques are needed to measure these freeform surfaces for verification. This task is still a challenge for most measurement techniques. In this paper, we propose a measurement technique for optical and other specular freeform surfaces based on experimental ray tracing. This technique is able to measure form and mid-spatial-frequency deviations simultaneously. The focus will be set on the sensing technique and the measurement uncertainties in the setup. As the measurement technique is described, an estimation of the influence of different uncertainties based on simulations is given. The result from an experimental measurement is evaluated in relation to the influence of the uncertainties. A comparison measurement for evaluation is given.
摘要自由曲面在光学元件和系统中的应用越来越广泛。因此,需要适当的测量技术来测量这些自由曲面进行验证。这项任务对大多数测量技术来说仍然是一个挑战。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于实验光线追踪的光学和其他镜面自由曲面的测量技术。该技术能够同时测量形状和中空间频率偏差。重点将放在传感技术和测量不确定度的设置。在描述测量技术的同时,给出了基于仿真的不同不确定度影响的估计。根据不确定度的影响对实验测量的结果进行评价。给出了一种评价的比较方法。
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引用次数: 1
Efficient transient testing procedure using a novel experience replay particle swarm optimizer for THD-based robust design and optimization of self-X sensory electronics in industry 4.0 高效的瞬态测试程序,使用一种新颖的体验回放粒子群优化器,用于工业4.0中基于thd的自x传感电子设备的鲁棒设计和优化
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5194/jsss-10-193-2021
Q. Zaman, S. Alraho, A. König
Abstract. This paper aims to improve the traditional calibration method for reconfigurable self-X (self-calibration, self-healing, self-optimize, etc.) sensor interface readout circuit for industry 4.0. A cost-effective test stimulus is applied to the device under test, and the transient response of the system is analyzed to correlate the circuit's characteristics parameters. Due to complexity in the search and objective space of the smart sensory electronics, a novel experience replay particle swarm optimization (ERPSO) algorithm is being proposed and proved a better-searching capability than some currently well-known PSO algorithms. The newly proposed ERPSO expanded the selection producer of the classical PSO by introducing an experience replay buffer (ERB) intending to reduce the probability of trapping into the local minima. The ERB reflects the archive of previously visited global best particles, while its selection is based upon an adaptive epsilon greedy method in the velocity updating model. The performance of the proposed ERPSO algorithm is verified by using eight different popular benchmarking functions. Furthermore, an extrinsic evaluation of the ERPSO algorithm is also examined on a reconfigurable wide swing indirect current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA). For the later test, we proposed an efficient optimization procedure by using total harmonic distortion analyses of CFIA output to reduce the total number of measurements and save considerable optimization time and cost. The proposed optimization methodology is roughly 3 times faster than the classical optimization process. The circuit is implemented by using Cadence design tools and CMOS 0.35 µm technology from Austria Microsystems (AMS). The efficiency and robustness are the key features of the proposed methodology toward implementing reliable sensory electronic systems for industry 4.0 applications.
摘要本文旨在改进传统的可重构自x(自校准、自修复、自优化等)传感器接口读出电路的校准方法,以适应工业4.0。在被测器件上施加一种经济有效的测试激励,并分析系统的瞬态响应以关联电路的特性参数。针对智能传感电子的搜索和目标空间的复杂性,提出了一种新的体验重放粒子群优化算法,并证明了该算法比现有的一些粒子群优化算法具有更好的搜索能力。新提出的ERPSO通过引入经验重放缓冲(ERB)来减少陷入局部极小值的概率,从而扩展了经典粒子群算法的选择生产者。ERB反映了先前访问过的全局最佳粒子的存档,而其选择基于速度更新模型中的自适应epsilon贪心方法。通过使用8种不同的常用基准函数验证了所提出的ERPSO算法的性能。此外,在可重构宽摆幅间接电流反馈仪表放大器(CFIA)上对ERPSO算法进行了外在评价。在后期的测试中,我们提出了一种高效的优化程序,利用CFIA输出的总谐波失真分析来减少测量的总次数,节省大量的优化时间和成本。所提出的优化方法大约比经典优化过程快3倍。该电路采用Cadence设计工具和奥地利微系统公司(AMS)的CMOS 0.35µm技术实现。效率和鲁棒性是为工业4.0应用实现可靠的传感电子系统所提出的方法的关键特征。
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引用次数: 3
Iterative feature detection of a coded checkerboard target for the geometric calibration of infrared cameras 用于红外摄像机几何定标的编码棋盘目标迭代特征检测
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5194/jsss-10-207-2021
S. Schramm, J. Ebert, J. Rangel, R. Schmoll, A. Kroll
Abstract. The geometric calibration of cameras becomes necessary when images should be undistorted, geometric image information is needed or data from more than one camera have to be fused. This process is often done using a target with a checkerboard or circular pattern and a given geometry. In this work, a coded checkerboard target for thermal imaging cameras and the corresponding image processing algorithm for iterative feature detection are presented. It is shown that, due in particular to the resulting better feature detectability at image borders, lower uncertainties in the estimation of the distortion parameters are achieved.
摘要当图像不失真、需要几何图像信息或需要融合多台相机的数据时,就需要对相机进行几何校准。这个过程通常使用一个具有棋盘或圆形图案和给定几何形状的目标来完成。本文提出了一种用于热像仪的编码棋盘目标,并给出了相应的迭代特征检测图像处理算法。结果表明,由于在图像边界处得到了更好的特征可检测性,因此在估计畸变参数时实现了更低的不确定性。
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引用次数: 1
Metrological characterization and calibration of thermographic cameras for quantitative temperature measurement 用于定量温度测量的热成像相机的计量表征和校准
IF 1 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5194/jsss-9-425-2020
S. König, B. Gutschwager, R. Taubert, J. Hollandt
Abstract. We present the metrological characterization and calibration of three different types of thermographic cameras for quantitative temperaturemeasurement traceable to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Relevant technical specifications – i.e., the non-uniformity of the pixel-to-pixel responsivity, the inhomogeneity equivalent temperature difference (IETD), the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), and the size-of-source effect (SSE) – are determined according to the requirements given in the series of Technical Directives VDI/VDE 5585. Themeasurements are performed with the camera calibration facility of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. The data reference method is applied for the determination and improvement of the non-uniformity, leading to an improved IETD for all three cameras. Finally, the cameras are calibratedaccording to the different procedures discussed in the VDI/VDE 5585 series. Results achieved with the different calibration procedures are comparedfor each type of camera and among the three cameras. An uncertainty budget for the calibration of each camera is given according to GUM (ISO, 1995)and VDI/VDE 5585.
摘要我们介绍了三种不同类型的热像仪的计量特性和校准,用于可追溯到国际温标(ITS-90)的定量温度测量。相关技术规范——即像素对像素响应度的非均匀性、非均匀性等效温差(IETD)、噪声等效温差(NETD)和源尺寸效应(SSE)——根据技术指令VDI/VDE 5585系列中给出的要求确定。测量是用德国物理技术研究所的相机校准设备进行的。采用数据参考法确定和改进了非均匀性,从而提高了三个相机的IETD。最后,根据VDI/VDE 5585系列中讨论的不同程序对摄像机进行校准。比较了不同类型相机和三台相机的不同校准程序所获得的结果。根据GUM (ISO, 1995)和VDI/VDE 5585给出了每个摄像机校准的不确定度预算。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems
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