首页 > 最新文献

Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems最新文献

英文 中文
An internet of things (IoT)-based optimum tea fermentation detection model using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and majority voting techniques 基于卷积神经网络(cnn)和多数投票技术的物联网优化茶叶发酵检测模型
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-153-2021
Gibson Kimutai, Alexander Ngenzi, Said Rutabayiro Ngoga, R. Ramkat, Anna Förster
Abstract. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most consumed drinks across the world. Based on processing techniques, there are more than 15 000 categories of tea, but the main categories include yellow tea, Oolong tea, Illex tea, black tea, matcha tea, green tea, and sencha tea, among others. Black tea is the most popular among the categories worldwide. During black tea processing, the following stages occur: plucking, withering, cutting, tearing, curling, fermentation, drying, and sorting. Although all these stages affect the quality of the processed tea, fermentation is the most vital as it directly defines the quality. Fermentation is a time-bound process, and its optimum is currently manually detected by tea tasters monitoring colour change, smelling the tea, and tasting the tea as fermentation progresses. This paper explores the use of the internet of things (IoT), deep convolutional neural networks, and image processing with majority voting techniques in detecting the optimum fermentation of black tea. The prototype was made up of Raspberry Pi 3 models with a Pi camera to take real-time images of tea as fermentation progresses. We deployed the prototype in the Sisibo Tea Factory for training, validation, and evaluation. When the deep learner was evaluated on offline images, it had a perfect precision and accuracy of 1.0 each. The deep learner recorded the highest precision and accuracy of 0.9589 and 0.8646, respectively, when evaluated on real-time images. Additionally, the deep learner recorded an average precision and accuracy of 0.9737 and 0.8953, respectively, when a majority voting technique was applied in decision-making. From the results, it is evident that the prototype can be used to monitor the fermentation of various categories of tea that undergo fermentation, including Oolong and black tea, among others. Additionally, the prototype can also be scaled up by retraining it for use in monitoring the fermentation of other crops, including coffee and cocoa.
摘要茶是世界上消费量最大的饮料之一。根据处理技术 000种茶,但主要类别包括黄茶、乌龙茶、伊利克斯茶、红茶、抹茶、绿茶和sencha茶等。红茶是世界上最受欢迎的类别。在红茶加工过程中,会经历以下几个阶段:采摘、枯萎、切割、撕裂、卷曲、发酵、干燥和分选。尽管所有这些阶段都会影响加工茶的质量,但发酵是最重要的,因为它直接决定了质量。发酵是一个有时间限制的过程,目前它的最佳状态是由品茶师手动检测的,他们监测茶的颜色变化,闻茶,并在发酵过程中品尝茶。本文探讨了物联网(IoT)、深度卷积神经网络和图像处理与多数投票技术在检测红茶最佳发酵中的应用。原型由树莓派3模型组成,带有一台派相机,可以在发酵过程中实时拍摄茶叶图像。我们将原型部署在Sisibo茶厂进行培训、验证和评估。当在离线图像上评估深度学习器时,它的精确性和准确性分别为1.0。当在实时图像上进行评估时,深度学习器记录的最高精度和准确度分别为0.9589和0.8646。此外,当多数投票技术应用于决策时,深度学习器记录的平均精度和准确度分别为0.9737和0.8953。从结果中可以明显看出,该原型可用于监测经过发酵的各类茶的发酵,包括乌龙茶和红茶等。此外,该原型还可以通过重新培训来扩大规模,用于监测其他作物的发酵,包括咖啡和可可。
{"title":"An internet of things (IoT)-based optimum tea fermentation detection model using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and majority voting techniques","authors":"Gibson Kimutai, Alexander Ngenzi, Said Rutabayiro Ngoga, R. Ramkat, Anna Förster","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-153-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-153-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most consumed drinks across the world. Based on processing techniques, there are more than 15 000 categories of tea, but the main categories include yellow tea, Oolong tea, Illex tea, black tea, matcha tea, green tea, and sencha tea, among others. Black tea is the most popular among the categories worldwide. During black tea processing, the following stages occur: plucking, withering, cutting, tearing, curling, fermentation, drying, and sorting. Although all these stages affect the quality of the processed tea, fermentation is the most vital as it directly defines the quality. Fermentation is a time-bound process, and its optimum is currently manually detected by tea tasters monitoring colour change, smelling the tea, and tasting the tea as fermentation progresses. This paper explores the use of the internet of things (IoT), deep convolutional neural networks, and image processing with majority voting techniques in detecting the optimum fermentation of black tea. The prototype was made up of Raspberry Pi 3 models with a Pi camera to take real-time images of tea as fermentation progresses. We deployed the prototype in the Sisibo Tea Factory for training, validation, and evaluation. When the deep learner was evaluated on offline images, it had a perfect precision and accuracy of 1.0 each. The deep learner recorded the highest precision and accuracy of 0.9589 and 0.8646, respectively, when evaluated on real-time images. Additionally, the deep learner recorded an average precision and accuracy of 0.9737 and 0.8953, respectively, when a majority voting technique was applied in decision-making. From the results, it is evident that the prototype can be used to monitor the fermentation of various categories of tea that undergo fermentation, including Oolong and black tea, among others. Additionally, the prototype can also be scaled up by retraining it for use in monitoring the fermentation of other crops, including coffee and cocoa.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43574165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Assessment of uncertainties for measurements of total near-normal emissivity of low-emissivity foils with an industrial emissometer 用工业发射计测量低发射率箔的总近正发射率的不确定度评定
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-135-2021
J. Hameury, G. Failleau, M. Arduini, J. Manara, E. Kononogova, A. Adibekyan, C. Monte, Alexander Kirmes, Eric Palacio, Holger Simon
Abstract. The TIR100-2 emissometer (manufactured by Inglas GmbH & Co.KG) is an emissivity measurement device used by several producers of thermal insulation products for buildings and by some organizations certifying performance of insulation products. A comparison of emissivity measurements on low-emissivity foils involving different measurement techniques, including the TIR100-2 emissometer, gave widely dispersed results; the discrepancies werenot explained. The metrological performance of the TIR100-2 emissometer and the uncertainties for measurement on reflective foils was not known, which could be detrimental to users. In order to quantify the performance of TIR100-2 devices for measurement of total near-normal emissivity of low-emissivity foils, the Laboratoire National de Metrologie et d'Essais (LNE) analyzed in detail the measuring principle and listed the associated assumptions and uncertainty sources. A TIR100-2emissometer actually measures the reflectance and, for opaque materials, the emissivity is calculated from the measured reflectance. The parametersanalyzed experimentally are the temperature stability and uniformity of the thermal radiation source, the emissivity of the radiation source, theresponse function linearity and the spectral sensitivity of the radiometric detection system measuring the reflected radiation, the size of themeasurement area, and the measurement repeatability and reproducibility. A detailed uncertainty budget was established. The uncertainty sources taken into account are the uncertainties of the emissivities of the two calibrated standards used for calibration, the stability and uniformity of theradiation source temperature, the non-linearity and the spectral sensitivity of the radiometric detection system, the specific measurement conditionrelated to the radiation source temperature, the uncertainties related to the temperatures of the standards and the sample, the noises on results, and the non-homogeneity in emissivity of the tested material. The combined measurement uncertainty was calculated for different types of reflectivefoils; the expanded uncertainty is around 0.03 for total near-normal emissivity measurements on smooth low-emissivity foils. A measurement campaign on five types of low-emissivity foils, involving four TIR100-2 emissometers, and a comparison to a primary reference setup at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) confirmed the uncertainties assessed.
摘要TIR100-2辐射计(由Inglas GmbH&Co.KG制造)是一种辐射率测量设备,由几家建筑隔热产品生产商和一些认证隔热产品性能的组织使用。对包括TIR100-2发射仪在内的不同测量技术的低发射率箔片的发射率测量结果进行比较,得出了广泛分散的结果;这些差异没有得到解释。TIR100-2发射计的计量性能和反射箔上测量的不确定性尚不清楚,这可能对用户不利。为了量化TIR100-2设备用于测量低发射率箔片的总近法向发射率的性能,国家计量与技术实验室(LNE)详细分析了测量原理,并列出了相关的假设和不确定度来源。TIR100-2发射率计实际测量反射率,对于不透明材料,根据测量的反射率计算发射率。实验分析的参数是热辐射源的温度稳定性和均匀性、辐射源的发射率、测量反射辐射的辐射检测系统的响应函数线性和光谱灵敏度、测量区域的大小以及测量的重复性和再现性。制定了详细的不确定性预算。考虑的不确定度源是用于校准的两个校准标准的发射率的不确定性、辐射源温度的稳定性和均匀性、辐射检测系统的非线性和光谱灵敏度、与辐射源温度相关的特定测量条件、,与标准品和样品的温度、结果上的噪声以及测试材料发射率的不均匀性有关的不确定性。计算了不同类型反射箔的组合测量不确定度;对于光滑低发射率箔片上的总近法向发射率测量,扩展的不确定度约为0.03。对五种类型的低发射率箔片的测量活动,包括四个TIR100-2发射计,以及与联邦物理技术研究院(PTB)的主要参考装置的比较,证实了评估的不确定性。
{"title":"Assessment of uncertainties for measurements of total near-normal emissivity of low-emissivity foils with an industrial emissometer","authors":"J. Hameury, G. Failleau, M. Arduini, J. Manara, E. Kononogova, A. Adibekyan, C. Monte, Alexander Kirmes, Eric Palacio, Holger Simon","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-135-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-135-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The TIR100-2 emissometer (manufactured by Inglas GmbH & Co.KG) is an emissivity measurement device used by several producers of thermal insulation products for buildings and by some organizations certifying performance of insulation products. A comparison of emissivity measurements on low-emissivity foils involving different measurement techniques, including the TIR100-2 emissometer, gave widely dispersed results; the discrepancies were\u0000not explained. The metrological performance of the TIR100-2 emissometer and the uncertainties for measurement on reflective foils was not known, which could be detrimental to users. In order to quantify the performance of TIR100-2 devices for measurement of total near-normal emissivity of low-emissivity foils, the Laboratoire National de Metrologie et d'Essais (LNE) analyzed in detail the measuring principle and listed the associated assumptions and uncertainty sources. A TIR100-2\u0000emissometer actually measures the reflectance and, for opaque materials, the emissivity is calculated from the measured reflectance. The parameters\u0000analyzed experimentally are the temperature stability and uniformity of the thermal radiation source, the emissivity of the radiation source, the\u0000response function linearity and the spectral sensitivity of the radiometric detection system measuring the reflected radiation, the size of the\u0000measurement area, and the measurement repeatability and reproducibility. A detailed uncertainty budget was established. The uncertainty sources taken into account are the uncertainties of the emissivities of the two calibrated standards used for calibration, the stability and uniformity of the\u0000radiation source temperature, the non-linearity and the spectral sensitivity of the radiometric detection system, the specific measurement condition\u0000related to the radiation source temperature, the uncertainties related to the temperatures of the standards and the sample, the noises on results, and the non-homogeneity in emissivity of the tested material. The combined measurement uncertainty was calculated for different types of reflective\u0000foils; the expanded uncertainty is around 0.03 for total near-normal emissivity measurements on smooth low-emissivity foils. A measurement campaign on five types of low-emissivity foils, involving four TIR100-2 emissometers, and a comparison to a primary reference setup at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) confirmed the uncertainties assessed.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"135-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45676855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A classification technique of group objects by artificial neural networks using estimation of entropy on synthetic aperture radar images 基于熵估计的合成孔径雷达图像群目标人工神经网络分类技术
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-127-2021
A. V. Kvasnov, V. Shkodyrev
Abstract. The article discusses the method for the classification of non-moving group objects for information received from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A theoretical approach to analysis of group objects can be estimated by cross-entropy using a naive Bayesian classifier. The entropy of target spots on SAR images revaluates depending on the altitude and aspect angle of a UAV. The paper shows that classification of the target for three classes able to predict with fair accuracy P = 0,964 based on an artificial neural network. The study of results reveals an advantage compared with other radar recognition methods for a criterion of the constant false-alarm rate (PCFAR < 0.01). The reliability was confirmed by checking the initial data using principal component analysis.
摘要本文讨论了用合成孔径雷达(SAR)对无人机(UAV)接收到的信息进行非移动群目标分类的方法。可以使用朴素贝叶斯分类器通过交叉熵来估计分析组对象的理论方法。SAR图像上目标点的熵根据无人机的高度和方位角进行重新评估。本文表明,目标的分类对于三类能够以相当的精度预测P = 0964基于人工神经网络。研究结果表明,与其他雷达识别方法相比,在恒定虚警率(PCFAR)标准方面具有优势 < 0.01)。通过使用主成分分析检查初始数据来确认可靠性。
{"title":"A classification technique of group objects by artificial neural networks using estimation of entropy on synthetic aperture radar images","authors":"A. V. Kvasnov, V. Shkodyrev","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-127-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-127-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The article discusses the method for the classification of non-moving group objects for information received from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A theoretical approach to analysis of group objects can be estimated by cross-entropy using a naive Bayesian classifier. The entropy of target spots on SAR images revaluates depending on the altitude and aspect angle of a UAV. The paper shows that classification of the target for three classes able to predict with fair accuracy P = 0,964 based on an artificial neural network. The study of results reveals an advantage compared with other radar recognition methods for a criterion of the constant false-alarm rate (PCFAR < 0.01). The reliability was confirmed by checking the initial data using principal component analysis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49074588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Determination of optimal crystallographic orientations for LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 bimorph actuators LiNbO3和LiTaO3双晶片致动器最佳晶体取向的确定
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-121-2021
O. Buryy, I. Syvorotka, Y. Suhak, U. Yakhnevych, D. Sugak, S. Ubizskii, H. Fritze
Abstract. The actuators for precise positioning based on bimorphstructures of piezoelectric LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 crystals areconsidered. The optimal orientations of the actuator plates ensuring thehighest possible displacements are determined by the extreme surfacestechnique and the finite-element method. The simulated displacements for optimal orientations of LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 plates are compared withthose obtained experimentally for manufactured LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 actuators, whose orientations are not optimal. As is shown, the optimal configuration of the actuator allows us to significantly increase its displacementfor both LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 specimens.
摘要考虑了基于压电LiNbO3和LiTaO3双晶片结构的精确定位致动器。通过极限表面技术和有限元方法确定了确保最大可能位移的致动器板的最佳方向。将模拟的LiNbO3和LiTaO3板最佳取向的位移与实验获得的非最佳取向的LiNbO 3和LiTaO 3致动器的位移进行了比较。如图所示,致动器的最佳配置使我们能够显著增加LiNbO3和LiTaO3样品的位移。
{"title":"Determination of optimal crystallographic orientations for LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 bimorph actuators","authors":"O. Buryy, I. Syvorotka, Y. Suhak, U. Yakhnevych, D. Sugak, S. Ubizskii, H. Fritze","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-121-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-121-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The actuators for precise positioning based on bimorph\u0000structures of piezoelectric LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 crystals are\u0000considered. The optimal orientations of the actuator plates ensuring the\u0000highest possible displacements are determined by the extreme surfaces\u0000technique and the finite-element method. The simulated displacements for optimal orientations of LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 plates are compared with\u0000those obtained experimentally for manufactured LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 actuators, whose orientations are not optimal. As is shown, the optimal configuration of the actuator allows us to significantly increase its displacement\u0000for both LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 specimens.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41593189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Absolute calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) regions by using blackbody radiation 利用黑体辐射对近红外(NIR)和中红外(MIR)区域热探测器的光谱响应度进行绝对定标
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-04-23 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-109-2021
Tobias T. Pohl, P. Meindl, L. Werner, U. Johannsen, D. Taubert, C. Monte, J. Hollandt
Abstract. The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has set up an additional measurement approach for the absolute calibration of the spectral responsivity of detectors in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range. This alternative method uses the radiation of a blackbody operating at about 1200 K with a precision aperture. The blackbody radiation can be calculated by Planck's law and is additionally spectrally selected by accurately characterized optical bandpass filters. Thus, a calibration of the spectral responsivity of a detector with respect to irradiance can be achieved at the bandpass wavelength of the applied transmission filters. If the aperture of the detector is known, the spectral responsivity can also be calculated with respect to radiant power. Thermopile detectors with known aperture size were calibrated in terms oftheir spectral responsivity with several bandpass filters in the spectralrange between 1.5  µ m up to 14  µ m with relative standardmeasurement uncertainties between 5 % and 19 %. The obtained resultsare consistent with previous calibrations at PTB's national primary detector standard. Therefore, this additional measurement approach is a further validation of the existing primary method which is based on a cryogenic radiometer and extends the usable wavelength range.
摘要德国联邦物理技术研究院(PTB)建立了一种额外的测量方法,用于近红外(NIR)和中红外(MIR)光谱范围内探测器光谱响应度的绝对校准。这种替代方法使用在大约1200下工作的黑体的辐射 K,具有精确光圈。黑体辐射可以通过普朗克定律计算,并通过精确表征的光学带通滤波器进行光谱选择。因此,可以在所应用的透射滤波器的带通波长下实现检测器的光谱响应度相对于辐照度的校准。如果探测器的孔径是已知的,那么光谱响应度也可以相对于辐射功率来计算。根据已知孔径的热电堆探测器的光谱响应度,用几个带通滤波器在1.5之间的光谱范围内进行了校准  µm至14  µm,相对标准测量不确定度在5之间 % 和19 %. 所获得的结果与PTB国家初级探测器标准的先前校准一致。因此,这种额外的测量方法是对现有主要方法的进一步验证,该方法基于低温辐射计,并扩展了可用的波长范围。
{"title":"Absolute calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) regions by using blackbody radiation","authors":"Tobias T. Pohl, P. Meindl, L. Werner, U. Johannsen, D. Taubert, C. Monte, J. Hollandt","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-109-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-109-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has set up an additional measurement approach for the absolute calibration of the spectral responsivity of detectors in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range. This alternative method uses the radiation of a blackbody operating at about 1200 K with a precision aperture. The blackbody radiation can be calculated by Planck's law and is additionally spectrally selected by accurately characterized optical bandpass filters. Thus, a calibration of the spectral responsivity of a detector with respect to irradiance can be achieved at the bandpass wavelength of the applied transmission filters. If the aperture of the detector is known, the spectral responsivity can also be calculated with respect to radiant power. Thermopile detectors with known aperture size were calibrated in terms of\u0000their spectral responsivity with several bandpass filters in the spectral\u0000range between 1.5  µ m up to 14  µ m with relative standard\u0000measurement uncertainties between 5 % and 19 %. The obtained results\u0000are consistent with previous calibrations at PTB's national primary detector standard. Therefore, this additional measurement approach is a further validation of the existing primary method which is based on a cryogenic radiometer and extends the usable wavelength range.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"109-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45336097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Measurement uncertainty assessment for virtual assembly 虚拟装配的测量不确定度评定
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-04-22 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-101-2021
M. Kaufmann, I. Effenberger, M. Huber
Virtual assembly (VA) is a method for datum definition and quality prediction of assemblies considering local form deviations of relevant geometries. Point clouds of measured objects are registered in order to recreate the objects’ hypothetical physical assembly state. By VA, the geometrical verification becomes more accurate and, thus, increasingly function oriented. The VA algorithm is a nonlinear, constrained derivate of the Gaussian best fit algorithm, where outlier points strongly influence the registration result. In order to assess the robustness of the developed algorithm, the propagation of measurement uncertainties through the nonlinear transformation due to VA is studied. The work compares selected propagation methods distinguished from their levels of abstraction. The results reveal larger propagated uncertainties by VA compared to the unconstrained Gaussian best fit. 1 Current trends in dimensional metrology and state-of-the-art datum definition and uncertainty assessment As quality demands on products increase, tolerance specifications for parts become more and more complex. With these challenging geometrical specifications, verification algorithms are required that represent the geometrical system more precisely. According to Nielsen (2003), in the last few decades, dimensional tolerances shrank due to improved manufacturing systems. However, the form deviations could not be reduced by the same extent. Therefore, their consideration should be intensified. A main deficit in the current International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard for datum definition, ISO 5459 (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., 2011), is the lack of consideration of local form deviations for datum features. A datum feature is defined as a “real (non-ideal) integral feature used for establishing a single datum” (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., 2017, p. 2). Datum systems composed of three datum features mathematically define a coordinate system. This allows the definition of tolerance zones for extrinsic tolerances (Weißgerber and Keller, 2014). About 80 % of all measurement tasks require datum systems, so a further function-oriented datum system definition has a strong impact on geometrical verification. Hence, an assessment of the uncertainty for datum systems is of broad interest. Figure 1 shows a datum definition, where three perpendicular associated planes are considered in a nested approach. The primary datum constrains 3 degrees of freedom (DOF), the secondary datum 2 DOF and the tertiary datum 1 DOF (Gröger, 2015). 1.1 Concept of the virtual assembly In this paper, measurement data of physical objects are gathered from measurements using industrial computed tomography (CT). Registration is the action of aligning a data set relatively to another according to a datum definition in a common coordinate system. Virtual assembly (VA) comprises the consideration of local form deviations in the datum system computation. As shown in Fig. 1a, th
虚拟装配是一种考虑相关几何形状局部偏差的装配件基准定义和质量预测方法。对被测物体的点云进行配准,以重建物体的假想物理装配状态。通过VA,几何验证变得更加精确,从而越来越以功能为导向。VA算法是高斯最优拟合算法的非线性约束衍生,其中离群点对配准结果影响很大。为了评估所开发算法的鲁棒性,研究了测量不确定性通过非线性变换的传播。该工作比较了从抽象级别区分的选定传播方法。结果表明,与无约束高斯最佳拟合相比,VA传播的不确定性更大。随着产品质量要求的提高,零件公差规格也变得越来越复杂。由于这些具有挑战性的几何规范,需要更精确地表示几何系统的验证算法。根据尼尔森(2003),在过去的几十年里,尺寸公差缩小由于改进制造系统。然而,形式偏差却不能同样程度地减少。因此,应加强对它们的考虑。当前国际标准化组织(ISO)的基准定义标准ISO 5459 (Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.v., 2011)的一个主要缺陷是缺乏对基准特征的局部形式偏差的考虑。基准特征被定义为“用于建立单个基准的实(非理想)积分特征”(Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.v., 2017, p. 2)。由三个基准特征组成的基准系统在数学上定义了一个坐标系。这允许定义外部公差的公差区(Weißgerber and Keller, 2014)。大约80%的测量任务需要基准系统,因此进一步面向功能的基准系统定义对几何验证具有重要影响。因此,对基准系统的不确定性进行评估具有广泛的意义。图1显示了一个基准定义,其中以嵌套的方式考虑了三个相互垂直的相关平面。主基准约束3个自由度,次基准约束2个自由度,次基准约束1个自由度(Gröger, 2015)。1.1虚拟装配的概念在本文中,物理对象的测量数据是从工业计算机断层扫描(CT)测量中收集的。配准是根据通用坐标系中的基准定义,将一个数据集相对于另一个数据集对齐的动作。虚拟装配(VA)包括在基准系统计算中考虑局部形状偏差。如图1a所示,通过VA,通过计算接触点来模拟工件的物理接触。正如Weißgerber和Keller(2014)所介绍的那样,VA的配准在数学上被表述为一个优化问题。下图中,矩阵用黑体大写标记,向量用黑体斜体标记,标量由哥白尼出版社代表美国医学会传感器技术协会出版。通过嵌套注册来定义数据,使用关联平面(a),根据当前标准中的默认情况注册方法,(b)和根据虚拟汇编(c)注册方法。罗马格式的值。有符号距离设计,i (i∈1,n,i∈N),对应点{p1,i,p2,i}对,其中p1,i∈p1,i∈p1, p2,i∈p2,确定要注册的曲面之间的间隙。p1和p2分别是曲面1和2的点集,如图1b和c所示。优化问题的目标函数f为:f (tx, ty, tz,φ,θ,ψ)
{"title":"Measurement uncertainty assessment for virtual assembly","authors":"M. Kaufmann, I. Effenberger, M. Huber","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-101-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-101-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual assembly (VA) is a method for datum definition and quality prediction of assemblies considering local form deviations of relevant geometries. Point clouds of measured objects are registered in order to recreate the objects’ hypothetical physical assembly state. By VA, the geometrical verification becomes more accurate and, thus, increasingly function oriented. The VA algorithm is a nonlinear, constrained derivate of the Gaussian best fit algorithm, where outlier points strongly influence the registration result. In order to assess the robustness of the developed algorithm, the propagation of measurement uncertainties through the nonlinear transformation due to VA is studied. The work compares selected propagation methods distinguished from their levels of abstraction. The results reveal larger propagated uncertainties by VA compared to the unconstrained Gaussian best fit. 1 Current trends in dimensional metrology and state-of-the-art datum definition and uncertainty assessment As quality demands on products increase, tolerance specifications for parts become more and more complex. With these challenging geometrical specifications, verification algorithms are required that represent the geometrical system more precisely. According to Nielsen (2003), in the last few decades, dimensional tolerances shrank due to improved manufacturing systems. However, the form deviations could not be reduced by the same extent. Therefore, their consideration should be intensified. A main deficit in the current International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard for datum definition, ISO 5459 (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., 2011), is the lack of consideration of local form deviations for datum features. A datum feature is defined as a “real (non-ideal) integral feature used for establishing a single datum” (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., 2017, p. 2). Datum systems composed of three datum features mathematically define a coordinate system. This allows the definition of tolerance zones for extrinsic tolerances (Weißgerber and Keller, 2014). About 80 % of all measurement tasks require datum systems, so a further function-oriented datum system definition has a strong impact on geometrical verification. Hence, an assessment of the uncertainty for datum systems is of broad interest. Figure 1 shows a datum definition, where three perpendicular associated planes are considered in a nested approach. The primary datum constrains 3 degrees of freedom (DOF), the secondary datum 2 DOF and the tertiary datum 1 DOF (Gröger, 2015). 1.1 Concept of the virtual assembly In this paper, measurement data of physical objects are gathered from measurements using industrial computed tomography (CT). Registration is the action of aligning a data set relatively to another according to a datum definition in a common coordinate system. Virtual assembly (VA) comprises the consideration of local form deviations in the datum system computation. As shown in Fig. 1a, th","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47001547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Studies on porosity in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels for fast-responsive piezoresistive microsensors 用于快速响应压阻式微传感器的聚n -异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶孔隙率研究
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-93-2021
D. Franke, G. Gerlach
Porous poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels with pore diameters in the nanometer and the micrometer range were synthesized using two variations of the surfactant-based template method. We showed that smaller pore diameters lead to faster swelling and deswelling. A graphic representation of a model describing the swelling kinetics explains the assumption that the release and the uptake of water is faster for a larger specific surface area, that is smaller pore diameters. Additionally, the open-porous channel structure benefits the water transport compared to a nonporous PNIPAAm hydrogel. Sensor measurements result in response times between 36 s and 4 min also showing the importance of mechanical stability of porous hydrogels.
采用两种基于表面活性剂的模板法合成了孔径在纳米和微米范围内的多孔聚N -异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAAm)水凝胶。我们发现,较小的孔径导致更快的肿胀和肿胀。一个描述膨胀动力学模型的图形表示解释了这样一个假设,即在较大的比表面积(即较小的孔径)下,水的释放和吸收更快。此外,与无孔PNIPAAm水凝胶相比,开孔通道结构有利于水的输送。传感器测量结果的响应时间在36秒到4分钟之间,也显示了多孔水凝胶的机械稳定性的重要性。
{"title":"Studies on porosity in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels for fast-responsive piezoresistive microsensors","authors":"D. Franke, G. Gerlach","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-93-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-93-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Porous poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels with pore diameters in the nanometer and the micrometer range were synthesized using two variations of the surfactant-based template method. We showed that smaller pore diameters lead to faster swelling and deswelling. A graphic representation of a model describing the swelling kinetics explains the assumption that the release and the uptake of water is faster for a larger specific surface area, that is smaller pore diameters. Additionally, the open-porous channel structure benefits the water transport compared to a nonporous PNIPAAm hydrogel. Sensor measurements result in response times between 36 s and 4 min also showing the importance of mechanical stability of porous hydrogels.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44630731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Ceramic multilayer technology as a platform for miniaturized sensor arrays for water analysis 陶瓷多层技术作为水分析微型传感器阵列的平台
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-83-2021
C. Feller, U. Partsch
Abstract. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been proven particularly useful in wateranalysis. They are usually used as single-rod measuring chains in differentdesigns, which are manufactured using precision mechanical manufacturing andassembling technologies. The paper describes a microsystem technology approachfor the fabrication of miniaturized electrochemical sensors. The ceramic HTCC (high-temperature co-fired ceramic)and LTCC (low-temperature co-fired ceramic) multilayer technology enables suitable processes for themanufacturing of robust and miniaturized sensor arrays with a high functionaldensity. Design, manufacture, and electrochemical performance of the novelceramic multilayer-based sensor array are presented in the paper using variousexamples. An adapted material and process development was carried out for thesensitive functional films. Special thick-film pastes for the detection of thepH value as well as NH 4 + , K+ , Ca2+ ,and Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions weredeveloped. Ion-sensitive thick-film membranes were deposited on a ceramicmultilayer sensor platform by means of screen-printing. All ISEs, integratedin the sensor array, showed suitable electrochemical performances including avery quick response (several seconds) combined with a high sensitivity(exhibiting Nernstian behaviour) in the tested measuring range. The obtainedsensitivities were around 57  mVper decade : for the pH sensor,30  mVper decade for calcium, 53  mVper decade for potassium,and 57  mVper decade for ammonium. Depending on the application,different sensitive electrodes on the ceramic sensor array can be combined asrequired.
摘要离子选择电极(ISE)已被证明在水分析中特别有用。在不同的设计中,它们通常用作单杆测量链,这些测量链是使用精密机械制造和组装技术制造的。本文介绍了一种用于制造微型电化学传感器的微系统技术方法。陶瓷HTCC(高温共烧陶瓷)和LTCC(低温共烧陶瓷。本文通过各种实例介绍了新型陶瓷多层传感器阵列的设计、制造和电化学性能。对这些敏感功能膜进行了适应性材料和工艺开发。开发了用于检测水溶液中pH值以及NH4+、K+、Ca2+和Cu2+离子浓度的特殊厚膜浆料。采用丝网印刷的方法在陶瓷多层传感器平台上沉积了离子敏感厚膜。集成在传感器阵列中的所有ISE都显示出合适的电化学性能,包括在测试测量范围内的平均快速响应(几秒钟)和高灵敏度(表现出能斯特行为)。获得的灵敏度约为57  mVper 十年:对于pH传感器,30  mVper 钙的十年,53  mVper 钾的十年,和57  mVper 十年铵。根据应用,陶瓷传感器阵列上的不同敏感电极可以根据需要组合。
{"title":"Ceramic multilayer technology as a platform for miniaturized sensor arrays for water analysis","authors":"C. Feller, U. Partsch","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-83-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-83-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been proven particularly useful in water\u0000analysis. They are usually used as single-rod measuring chains in different\u0000designs, which are manufactured using precision mechanical manufacturing and\u0000assembling technologies. The paper describes a microsystem technology approach\u0000for the fabrication of miniaturized electrochemical sensors. The ceramic HTCC (high-temperature co-fired ceramic)\u0000and LTCC (low-temperature co-fired ceramic) multilayer technology enables suitable processes for the\u0000manufacturing of robust and miniaturized sensor arrays with a high functional\u0000density. Design, manufacture, and electrochemical performance of the novel\u0000ceramic multilayer-based sensor array are presented in the paper using various\u0000examples. An adapted material and process development was carried out for the\u0000sensitive functional films. Special thick-film pastes for the detection of the\u0000pH value as well as NH 4 + , K+ , Ca2+ ,\u0000and Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions were\u0000developed. Ion-sensitive thick-film membranes were deposited on a ceramic\u0000multilayer sensor platform by means of screen-printing. All ISEs, integrated\u0000in the sensor array, showed suitable electrochemical performances including a\u0000very quick response (several seconds) combined with a high sensitivity\u0000(exhibiting Nernstian behaviour) in the tested measuring range. The obtained\u0000sensitivities were around 57  mVper decade : for the pH sensor,\u000030  mVper decade for calcium, 53  mVper decade for potassium,\u0000and 57  mVper decade for ammonium. Depending on the application,\u0000different sensitive electrodes on the ceramic sensor array can be combined as\u0000required.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"83-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Novel, low-cost device to simultaneously measure the electrical conductivity and the Hall coefficient from room temperature up to 600 °C 新型低成本设备,可同时测量室温至600时的电导率和霍尔系数 °C
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-03-19 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-71-2021
R. Werner, J. Kita, M. Gollner, F. Linseis, R. Moos
Abstract. A novel measurement device for simultaneous high temperature measurements of the electrical conductivity and the Hall coefficient has been developed. Simulations were used to design a suitable screen-printed planar platinum heating structure that generates temperatures of up to 600  ∘ C by Joule heating. Simulations of the temperature distribution have been validated using thermal imaging. With the hardware setup of two permanent magnetic yoke systems with a magnetic flux density of ±760  mT, the electrical conductivity and the charge carrier densities of a silicon wafer and a gold film were measured, as examples of a typical semiconductor with low charge carrier densities but high mobility and a metal representing materials with very high charge carrier densities but moderate mobilities, respectively. Measurements were compared with data from the literature to validate the functionality of the novel, low-cost measurement device.
摘要研制了一种同时测量高温电导率和霍尔系数的新型测量装置。利用模拟设计了一种合适的丝网印刷平面铂加热结构,该结构可通过焦耳加热产生高达600°C的温度。利用热成像技术对温度分布进行了模拟验证。在磁通量密度为±760mt的两种永磁yoke系统的硬件设置下,分别以低载流子密度高迁移率的典型半导体和高载流子密度中等迁移率的金属材料为例,测量了硅晶片和金薄膜的电导率和载流子密度。测量结果与文献数据进行比较,以验证新型低成本测量装置的功能。
{"title":"Novel, low-cost device to simultaneously measure the electrical conductivity and the Hall coefficient from room temperature up to 600 °C","authors":"R. Werner, J. Kita, M. Gollner, F. Linseis, R. Moos","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-71-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-71-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A novel measurement device for simultaneous high temperature measurements of the electrical conductivity and the Hall coefficient has been developed. Simulations were used to design a suitable screen-printed planar platinum heating structure that generates temperatures of up to 600  ∘ C by Joule heating. Simulations of the temperature distribution have been validated using thermal imaging. With the hardware setup of two permanent magnetic yoke systems with a magnetic flux density of ±760  mT, the electrical conductivity and the charge carrier densities of a silicon wafer and a gold film were measured, as examples of a typical semiconductor with low charge carrier densities but high mobility and a metal representing materials with very high charge carrier densities but moderate mobilities, respectively. Measurements were compared with data from the literature to validate the functionality of the novel, low-cost measurement device.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43446219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Method for fast determination of the angle of ionizing radiation incidence from data measured by a Timepix3 detector 用Timepix3探测器测量的数据快速测定电离辐射入射角的方法
IF 1 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2021-03-18 DOI: 10.5194/JSSS-10-63-2021
Felix Lehner, J. Roth, O. Hupe, Marc Kassubeck, B. Bergmann, P. Mánek, M. Magnor
Abstract. This paper presents a method of how to determine spatial angles of ionizing radiation incidence quickly, using a Timepix3 detector. This work focuses on the dosimetric applications where detectors and measured quantities show significant angle dependencies. A determined angle of incidence can be used to correct for the angle dependence of a planar Timepix3 detector. Up until now, only passive dosemeters have been able to provide a correct dose and preserve the corresponding incidence angle of the radiation. Unfortunately, passive dosemeters cannot provide this information in “real” time. In our special setup we were able to retrieve the spatial angles with a runtime of less than 600 ms. Employing the new Timepix3 detector enables the use of effective data analysis where the direction of incident radiation is computed from a simple photon event map. In order to obtain this angle, we combine the information extracted from the map with known 3D geometry surrounding the detector. Moreover, we analyze the computation time behavior, conditions and optimizations of the developed spatial angle calculation algorithm.
摘要本文提出了一种使用Timepix3探测器快速确定电离辐射入射空间角的方法。这项工作的重点是剂量测量应用,其中探测器和测量量显示出显著的角度相关性。确定的入射角可以用于校正平面Timepix3检测器的角度依赖性。到目前为止,只有无源剂量计能够提供正确的剂量并保持相应的辐射入射角。不幸的是,无源剂量计无法“实时”提供这些信息。在我们的特殊设置中,我们能够在运行时间小于600的情况下检索空间角度 使用新的Timepix3探测器能够使用有效的数据分析,其中入射辐射的方向是从简单的光子事件图计算的。为了获得这个角度,我们将从地图中提取的信息与探测器周围的已知3D几何结构相结合。此外,我们还分析了所开发的空间角度计算算法的计算时间行为、条件和优化。
{"title":"Method for fast determination of the angle of ionizing radiation incidence from data measured by a Timepix3 detector","authors":"Felix Lehner, J. Roth, O. Hupe, Marc Kassubeck, B. Bergmann, P. Mánek, M. Magnor","doi":"10.5194/JSSS-10-63-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/JSSS-10-63-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper presents a method of how to determine spatial angles of ionizing radiation incidence quickly, using a Timepix3 detector. This work focuses on the dosimetric applications where detectors and measured quantities show significant angle dependencies. A determined angle of incidence can be used to correct for the angle dependence of a planar Timepix3 detector. Up until now, only passive dosemeters have been able to provide a correct dose and preserve the corresponding incidence angle of the radiation. Unfortunately, passive dosemeters cannot provide this information in “real” time. In our special setup we were able to retrieve the spatial angles with a runtime of less than 600 ms. Employing the new Timepix3 detector enables the use of effective data analysis where the direction of incident radiation is computed from a simple photon event map. In order to obtain this angle, we combine the information extracted from the map with known 3D geometry surrounding the detector. Moreover, we analyze the computation time behavior, conditions and optimizations of the developed spatial angle calculation algorithm.","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48853253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1