Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022
C. Orgeldinger, F. Wohlgemuth, A. Müller, T. Hausotte
Abstract. Due to the complex physical and technical relationships in dimensional X-ray computed tomography measurement technology, the precise influences on the measurement result are still not fully understood. A deeper understanding of these influences is essential in order to improve the measurement accuracy and economy of computed tomographic measurement systems. In addition, this enables better numerical determination of measurement uncertainties, which is also a topic of current research. Two factors that have a significant influence on the lead times are the scan mode and the number of projections per measurement. In this article, these factors are investigated experimentally using a calibrated workpiece, and the influence of the workpiece position on the measurement result is also examined. It can be shown that the workpiece position has a considerable influence on the quality of the measurement, especially in the case of a continuous scan. The results show a vast potential for application-dependent reduction of lead times.
{"title":"Towards efficient application-dependent dimensional measurements with computed tomography: optimized reduction of measurement duration using continuous scan mode: experimental investigations","authors":"C. Orgeldinger, F. Wohlgemuth, A. Müller, T. Hausotte","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Due to the complex physical and technical relationships in dimensional X-ray computed tomography measurement technology, the precise influences on the measurement result are still not fully understood. A deeper understanding of these influences is essential in order to improve the measurement accuracy and economy of computed tomographic measurement systems. In addition, this enables better numerical determination of\u0000measurement uncertainties, which is also a topic of current research. Two\u0000factors that have a significant influence on the lead times are the scan\u0000mode and the number of projections per measurement. In this article, these factors are investigated experimentally using a calibrated workpiece,\u0000and the influence of the workpiece position on the measurement\u0000result is also examined. It can be shown that the workpiece position has a\u0000considerable influence on the quality of the measurement, especially in the case of a continuous scan. The results show a vast potential for application-dependent reduction of lead times.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44060699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-211-2022
Nicolas Rott, J. Lüdke, R. Ketzler, M. Albrecht, F. Weickert
Abstract. A precise and efficient way to calibrate 3D magnetometers is by utilizing triaxial coil systems. We describe the development and characterization of a 3D coil system that generates magnetic flux densities up to 2 mT in arbitrary field direction. Coil parameters, such as coil constants and the misalignment of its spacial axes are determined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, ensuring traceability to SI standards. Besides the generation of a constant magnetic field inside a sphere of radius 1 cm in the center of the coil, the 3D coil system enables the realization of gradient and saddle field profiles, which allow a precise estimate of sensor positions in 3D. Fluxgate and Hall sensor measurements are carried out to characterize the quality of the generated magnetic fields. The homogeneity achieved the orthogonality, and the position and structure of the saddles are determined experimentally and compared to calculated values.
{"title":"Three-dimensional coil system for the generation of traceable magnetic vector fields","authors":"Nicolas Rott, J. Lüdke, R. Ketzler, M. Albrecht, F. Weickert","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-211-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-211-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A precise and efficient way to calibrate 3D magnetometers is by utilizing triaxial coil systems. We describe the development and characterization of a 3D coil system that generates magnetic flux densities up to 2 mT in arbitrary field direction. Coil parameters, such as coil constants and the misalignment of its spacial axes are determined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, ensuring traceability to SI standards. Besides the generation of a constant magnetic field inside a sphere of radius 1 cm in the center of the coil, the 3D coil system enables the realization of gradient and saddle field profiles, which allow a precise estimate of sensor positions in 3D. Fluxgate and Hall sensor measurements are carried out to characterize the quality of the generated magnetic fields. The homogeneity achieved the orthogonality, and the position and structure of the saddles are determined experimentally and compared to calculated values.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43159741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-201-2022
Kai Geva, H. Kahmann, C. Schlegel, R. Kumme
Abstract. An alternative method to using strain gauges to measure FT (please see Appendix A for a list of definitions) and TM under a static multi-component load by using a hinge flexure (also called measurement flexure or MF) is presented. Its usage in the 5 MN m torque standard machine (TSM) at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) to detect calibration torque moment shunts is described. The working principle consists of a displacement measurement by an interferometer and the determination of the MF stiffness in a special CSU. Essential measurement uncertainty influences, such as stiffness determination and measurement conditions, are discussed and quantified. The measurement uncertainty budget for this measurement principle is presented. A FE validation for the MF is discussed.
{"title":"Measurement uncertainty analysis of a measurement flexure hinge in a torque standard machine","authors":"Kai Geva, H. Kahmann, C. Schlegel, R. Kumme","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-201-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-201-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An alternative method to using strain gauges to measure FT (please see Appendix A for a list of definitions) and TM under a static multi-component load by using a hinge flexure (also called measurement flexure or MF) is presented. Its usage in the 5 MN m torque standard machine (TSM) at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) to detect calibration torque moment shunts is described. The working principle consists of a displacement measurement by an interferometer and the determination of the MF stiffness in a special CSU. Essential measurement uncertainty influences, such as stiffness determination and measurement conditions, are discussed and quantified. The measurement uncertainty budget for this measurement principle is presented. A FE validation for the MF is discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45324741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022
Hongyi Zhang, Shéhérazade Azouigui, R. Sehab, M. Boukhnifer
Abstract. The driving safety of autonomous vehicles will strongly depend on their ability to recognize road surface conditions such as dry, wet, snowy and icy road. Currently, the existing investigations to detect road surface conditions still have limitations in daytime and nighttime conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a new system with three near-infrared (NIR) LED sources. This choice is based on the advantages of LED sources over laser diodes. They are less sensitive to temperature and have lower costs. Considering these advantages, the feasibility of the LED system to recognize road surface conditions is investigated. For this, the appropriate wavelengths of the LED tri-wavelength source are first computed from experimental data taking into account the specific LED spectral shape. In addition, the effect of the spectral bandwidth of the LED sources on the system performance is theoretically studied. Finally, the NIR LED system with the LED sources at 970, 1450 and 1550 nm is experimentally tested and validated with an incident angle from 78.7 to 86.2∘. According to the results of the experiments, the accuracy of the classification of snow, wet and water can reach 97 %, while the accuracy of the dry and wet road surface conditions is respectively 73 % and 68 %.
{"title":"Near-infrared LED system to recognize road surface conditions for autonomous vehicles","authors":"Hongyi Zhang, Shéhérazade Azouigui, R. Sehab, M. Boukhnifer","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The driving safety of autonomous vehicles will strongly depend on their ability to recognize road surface conditions such as dry, wet, snowy and icy road. Currently, the existing investigations to detect road surface conditions still have limitations in daytime and nighttime conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a new system with three near-infrared (NIR) LED sources. This choice is based on the advantages of LED sources over laser diodes. They are less sensitive to temperature and have lower costs. Considering these advantages, the feasibility of the LED system to recognize road surface conditions is investigated. For this, the appropriate wavelengths of the LED tri-wavelength source are first computed from experimental data taking into account the specific LED spectral shape. In addition, the effect of the spectral bandwidth of the LED sources on the system performance is theoretically studied. Finally, the NIR LED system with the LED sources at 970, 1450 and 1550 nm is experimentally tested and validated with an incident angle from 78.7 to 86.2∘. According to the results of the experiments, the accuracy of the classification of snow, wet and water can reach 97 %, while the accuracy of the dry and wet road surface conditions is respectively 73 % and 68 %.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44225404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022
F. Wohlgemuth, T. Hausotte, I. Schmidt, W. Kimmig, Karl Dietrich Imkamp
Abstract. Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) is described in different standards (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021; VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011; ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020). The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements. The two measurands on which this study focuses are the sphere centre-to-centre distances and the sphere probing form errors. One difference between the current draft of the ISO 10360-11 standard (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021) and the VDI/VDE standard 2630 part 1.3 (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011) as well as the ASME standard B89.4.23 (ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020) are the differences for the sphere centre-to-centre distances that need to be measured. The VDI/VDE standard and the ASME standard require measurements of these kinds of distances of up to 66 % of the possible maximum distance within the measurement volume, while the ISO draft asks for measurements of up to 85 % of the possible maximum distance. This requirement needs to be considered in connection with the maximum permissible error (MPE) specification for these sphere distance measurements. This MPE should be specified as a linear function of the nominal distance or a constant value or a combination thereof (compare definition 9.2 of ISO 10360-1:2000 + Cor.1:2002 (DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-07, 2003)), and thus, the linearity of the length-dependent maximum measurement error of the sphere distance measurements is of interest. This simulative study inspects to what extent this linearity can be observed for CT measurements under the influence of different geometric errors. Further, the question is whether measurement lengths above 66 % necessitate a change in the MPE specification. Thus, an automatic identification of cases that might affect the MPE specification is proposed, and these cases are inspected manually. A second aspect of this study is the impact of geometrical misalignments on the probing form errors of a measured sphere. The probing form error also needs to be specified. Thus, whether and how it is influenced by the misalignments is also of interest. Based on our simulations, we conclude that probing form errors and sphere centre-to-centre distances of up to 66 % of the maximum possible measurement length within the measurement volume are sufficient for acceptance testing concerning geometrical misalignments – each geometrical misalignment can be detected well with at least one of these two measurands.
摘要工业X射线计算机断层扫描（CT）的验收和再验证测试在不同的标准中有描述（E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-042021；VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.32011；ASME B89.4.23-20202020）。CT系统性能的表征和测试通常通过包含球体的测试伪像来实现。这项模拟研究描述了不同几何误差源（或几何错位）对这些球体测量的影响。本研究关注的两个测量是球体中心到中心的距离和球体探测形状误差。ISO 10360-11标准（E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-042021）的当前草案与VDI/VDE标准2630第1.3部分（VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.32011）以及ASME标准B89.4.23（ASME B89.4.23-20202020）之间的一个差异是需要测量的球体中心到中心距离的差异。VDI/VDE标准和ASME标准要求测量此类距离，最大可达66 % 测量体积内可能的最大距离，而ISO草案要求测量高达85 % 可能的最大距离。这一要求需要结合这些球面距离测量的最大允许误差（MPE）规范来考虑。该MPE应规定为标称距离的线性函数或常数值或其组合（比较ISO 10360-1:2000的定义9.2 + Cor.1:2002（DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-072003）），因此，球面距离测量的与长度相关的最大测量误差的线性是令人感兴趣的。这项模拟研究考察了在不同几何误差的影响下，CT测量可以在多大程度上观察到这种线性。此外，问题是测量长度是否超过66 % 需要改变MPE规范。因此，提出了可能影响MPE规范的情况的自动识别，并且手动检查这些情况。本研究的第二个方面是几何失准对测量球体的探测形状误差的影响。还需要指定探测形式错误。因此，它是否以及如何受到错位的影响也是令人感兴趣的。基于我们的模拟，我们得出结论，探测形状误差和球体中心到中心的距离高达66 % 测量体积内的最大可能测量长度足以进行几何未对准的验收测试——每一个几何未对准都可以通过这两个被测量中的至少一个很好地检测到。
{"title":"Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial computed tomography – a simulative study on geometrical misalignments","authors":"F. Wohlgemuth, T. Hausotte, I. Schmidt, W. Kimmig, Karl Dietrich Imkamp","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) is described in different standards (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021; VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011; ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020). The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements. The two measurands on which this study focuses are the sphere centre-to-centre distances and the sphere probing form errors. One difference between the current draft of the ISO 10360-11 standard (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021) and the VDI/VDE standard 2630 part 1.3 (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011) as well as the ASME standard B89.4.23 (ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020) are the differences for the sphere centre-to-centre distances that need to be measured. The VDI/VDE standard and the ASME standard require measurements of these kinds of distances of up to 66 % of the possible maximum distance within the measurement volume, while the ISO draft asks for measurements of up to 85 % of the possible maximum distance. This requirement needs to be considered in connection with the maximum permissible error (MPE) specification for these sphere distance measurements. This MPE should be specified as a linear function of the nominal distance or a constant value or a combination thereof (compare definition 9.2 of ISO 10360-1:2000 + Cor.1:2002 (DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-07, 2003)), and thus, the linearity of the length-dependent maximum measurement error of the sphere distance measurements is of interest. This simulative study inspects to what extent this linearity can be observed for CT measurements under the influence of different geometric errors. Further, the question is whether measurement lengths above 66 % necessitate a change in the MPE specification. Thus, an automatic identification of cases that might affect the MPE specification is proposed, and these cases are inspected manually. A second aspect of this study is the impact of geometrical misalignments on the probing form errors of a measured sphere. The probing form error also needs to be specified. Thus, whether and how it is influenced by the misalignments is also of interest. Based on our simulations, we conclude that probing form errors and sphere centre-to-centre distances of up to 66 % of the maximum possible measurement length within the measurement volume are sufficient\u0000for acceptance testing concerning geometrical misalignments – each geometrical misalignment can be detected well with at least one of these two measurands.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49273012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022
R. Kruglov, G. Saur, R. Engelbrecht
Abstract. A wavelength tuning range up to 12 nm has been achieved over 12 µs pump current pulses within a usable time of 10 µs applied to VCSELs operating in the near infrared around 1550 nm. The instantaneous optical frequency shift has been measured with an interferometric setup; the overall tuning range has then been verified with an optical spectrum analyzer. The repetition rate of the current pulses can be as high as 20 kHz with almost no influence on the sweep parameters. These results can be used for fast spectroscopic gas analysis or for rapid interferometric swept-source distance sensors.
{"title":"Precise characterization of VCSEL in the 1550 nm band having a wavelength tuning range of 12 nm within 10 µs as light sources for fast sensor systems","authors":"R. Kruglov, G. Saur, R. Engelbrecht","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A wavelength tuning range up to 12 nm has been achieved\u0000over 12 µs pump current pulses within a usable time of 10 µs\u0000applied to VCSELs operating in the near infrared around 1550 nm. The\u0000instantaneous optical frequency shift has been measured with an\u0000interferometric setup; the overall tuning range has then been verified with\u0000an optical spectrum analyzer. The repetition rate of the current pulses can\u0000be as high as 20 kHz with almost no influence on the sweep parameters. These\u0000results can be used for fast spectroscopic gas analysis or for rapid\u0000interferometric swept-source distance sensors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41571986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022
T. Doebbert, C. Cammin, G. Scholl
Abstract. Modern production concepts generate a demand for reliable, energy-efficient, fast, and secure wireless communication solutions. Therefore, the current consumption should not increase substantially due to additional cryptographic operations. This paper shows a principle current measurement method that is exemplary of a transceiver for the IO-Link Wireless protocol. Low-pass filtering and single-sided amplitude spectrum analysis are used to evaluate the main information of the current measurement. An uncertainty estimation is realized using statistical measurement data and considering the measurement setup in order to approximate the combined standard uncertainty. The results show that the current consumption only increases slightly when using additional cryptographic operations. This can be measured with acceptable uncertainty.
{"title":"Precision measurement of the application-dependent current consumption of a wireless transceiver chip in the time and frequency domain","authors":"T. Doebbert, C. Cammin, G. Scholl","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Modern production concepts generate a demand for reliable, energy-efficient, fast, and secure wireless communication solutions. Therefore, the current consumption should not increase substantially due to additional cryptographic operations. This paper shows a principle current measurement method that is exemplary of a transceiver for the IO-Link Wireless protocol. Low-pass filtering and single-sided amplitude spectrum analysis are used to evaluate the main information of the current measurement. An uncertainty estimation is realized using statistical measurement data and considering the measurement setup in order to approximate the combined standard uncertainty. The results show that the current consumption only increases slightly when using additional cryptographic operations. This can be measured with acceptable uncertainty.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45326101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-06DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022
G. Schultes, M. Cerino, A. Lellig, M. Koch
Abstract. The family of sputter deposited granular metal-based carbon-containing sensor films is known for their high sensitivity transforming force-dependent strain into electrical resistance change. Among them nickel–carbon thin films possess a gauge factor of up to 30, compared to only 2 for traditional sensor films of metal alloys. This high sensitivity is based on disordered interparticle tunneling through barriers of graphite-like carbon walls between metal–carbon particles of columnar shape. Force and pressure sensors would benefit a lot from the elevated piezoresistivity. A disadvantage, however, is a disturbing temporal creep and drift of the resistance under load and temperature. This contribution shows how to stabilize such sensor films. A significant stabilization is achieved by partially replacing nickel with chromium, albeit at the expense of sensitivity. The more chromium used in these NixCr1−x-C layers, the higher the optimum annealing temperature can be selected and the better the electrical stabilization. A good compromise while maintaining sensitivities well above the standard of 2 is identified for films with x=0.5 to 0.9, stabilized by optimized temperature treatments. The stabilizing effect of chromium is revealed by transmission electron microscopy with elemental analysis. The post-annealing drives segregation processes in the layer material. While the interior of the layer is depleted of chromium and carbon, boundary layers are formed. Chromium is enriched near the surface boundary, oxidized in air and forms chromium-rich oxide sub-layers, which are chemically very stable and protect against further reactions and corrosion. As a result, creep and drift errors are greatly reduced, so that the optimized sensor coatings are now suitable for widespread use.
{"title":"Improving the electrical and structural stability of highly piezoresistive nickel–carbon sensor thin films","authors":"G. Schultes, M. Cerino, A. Lellig, M. Koch","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The family of sputter deposited granular metal-based\u0000carbon-containing sensor films is known for their high sensitivity\u0000transforming force-dependent strain into electrical resistance change. Among\u0000them nickel–carbon thin films possess a gauge factor of up to 30, compared\u0000to only 2 for traditional sensor films of metal alloys. This high\u0000sensitivity is based on disordered interparticle tunneling through barriers\u0000of graphite-like carbon walls between metal–carbon particles of columnar\u0000shape. Force and pressure sensors would benefit a lot from the elevated\u0000piezoresistivity. A disadvantage, however, is a disturbing temporal creep\u0000and drift of the resistance under load and temperature. This contribution\u0000shows how to stabilize such sensor films. A significant stabilization is\u0000achieved by partially replacing nickel with chromium, albeit at the expense\u0000of sensitivity. The more chromium used in these NixCr1−x-C layers,\u0000the higher the optimum annealing temperature can be selected and the better\u0000the electrical stabilization. A good compromise while maintaining\u0000sensitivities well above the standard of 2 is identified for films with\u0000x=0.5 to 0.9, stabilized by optimized temperature treatments. The\u0000stabilizing effect of chromium is revealed by transmission electron\u0000microscopy with elemental analysis. The post-annealing drives segregation\u0000processes in the layer material. While the interior of the layer is depleted\u0000of chromium and carbon, boundary layers are formed. Chromium is enriched\u0000near the surface boundary, oxidized in air and forms chromium-rich oxide\u0000sub-layers, which are chemically very stable and protect against further\u0000reactions and corrosion. As a result, creep and drift errors are greatly\u0000reduced, so that the optimized sensor coatings are now suitable for\u0000widespread use.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42499208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022
Nina Leiter, M. Wohlschläger, M. Versen, C. Laforsch
Abstract. In this contribution the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) technique is evaluated for post-consumer wood sorting. The fluorescence characteristics of several wood samples were determined, whereby two excitation wavelengths (405 and 488 nm) were used. The measured data were processed using algorithmic methods to identify the wood species and post-consumer wood category. With the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, 16 out of 19 samples could be correctly assigned to the corresponding post-consumer wood category by means of the fluorescence lifetimes. Thus, the experimental results revealed the high potential of the FD-FLIM technique for automated post-consumer wood sorting.
{"title":"An algorithmic method for the identification of wood species and the classification of post-consumer wood using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy","authors":"Nina Leiter, M. Wohlschläger, M. Versen, C. Laforsch","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this contribution the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) technique is evaluated for post-consumer wood sorting. The fluorescence characteristics of several wood samples were determined, whereby two excitation wavelengths (405 and 488 nm) were used. The measured data were processed using algorithmic methods to identify the wood species and post-consumer wood category. With the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, 16 out of 19 samples could be correctly assigned to the corresponding post-consumer wood category by means of the fluorescence lifetimes. Thus, the experimental results revealed the high potential of the FD-FLIM technique for automated post-consumer wood sorting.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41269870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022
P. Hörnlein, S. Wöckel, H. Arndt, J. Auge
Abstract. In this paper, a new approach of three-dimensional acoustic particle manipulation (acoustophoresis) in closed and liquid-filled vessels based on the time reversal technique is discussed. Based on simulation studies, this work investigates the technical prerequisites to achieve appropriate acoustic radiation forces (ARFs) for the manipulation of small particles with the time reversal method by utilizing multiple reflections in a closed vessel. The time-discrete and localized acoustic pressure field required for this purpose is generated by a time reversal mirror composed of 24 piezoceramic transducers. The paper also gives an outlook on practical evaluation of the simulation results based on a demonstrator setup.
{"title":"Acoustophoresis in suspensions with local and time-discrete sound fields based on the time reversal technique","authors":"P. Hörnlein, S. Wöckel, H. Arndt, J. Auge","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper, a new approach of three-dimensional acoustic particle manipulation (acoustophoresis) in closed and liquid-filled vessels based on the time reversal technique is discussed. Based on simulation studies, this work investigates the technical prerequisites to achieve appropriate acoustic radiation forces (ARFs) for the manipulation of small particles with the time reversal method by utilizing multiple reflections in a closed vessel. The time-discrete and localized acoustic pressure field required for this purpose is generated by a time reversal mirror composed of 24 piezoceramic transducers. The paper also gives an outlook on practical evaluation of the simulation results based on a demonstrator setup.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48362470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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