Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022
Hongyi Zhang, Shéhérazade Azouigui, R. Sehab, M. Boukhnifer
Abstract. The driving safety of autonomous vehicles will strongly depend on their ability to recognize road surface conditions such as dry, wet, snowy and icy road. Currently, the existing investigations to detect road surface conditions still have limitations in daytime and nighttime conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a new system with three near-infrared (NIR) LED sources. This choice is based on the advantages of LED sources over laser diodes. They are less sensitive to temperature and have lower costs. Considering these advantages, the feasibility of the LED system to recognize road surface conditions is investigated. For this, the appropriate wavelengths of the LED tri-wavelength source are first computed from experimental data taking into account the specific LED spectral shape. In addition, the effect of the spectral bandwidth of the LED sources on the system performance is theoretically studied. Finally, the NIR LED system with the LED sources at 970, 1450 and 1550 nm is experimentally tested and validated with an incident angle from 78.7 to 86.2∘. According to the results of the experiments, the accuracy of the classification of snow, wet and water can reach 97 %, while the accuracy of the dry and wet road surface conditions is respectively 73 % and 68 %.
{"title":"Near-infrared LED system to recognize road surface conditions for autonomous vehicles","authors":"Hongyi Zhang, Shéhérazade Azouigui, R. Sehab, M. Boukhnifer","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The driving safety of autonomous vehicles will strongly depend on their ability to recognize road surface conditions such as dry, wet, snowy and icy road. Currently, the existing investigations to detect road surface conditions still have limitations in daytime and nighttime conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a new system with three near-infrared (NIR) LED sources. This choice is based on the advantages of LED sources over laser diodes. They are less sensitive to temperature and have lower costs. Considering these advantages, the feasibility of the LED system to recognize road surface conditions is investigated. For this, the appropriate wavelengths of the LED tri-wavelength source are first computed from experimental data taking into account the specific LED spectral shape. In addition, the effect of the spectral bandwidth of the LED sources on the system performance is theoretically studied. Finally, the NIR LED system with the LED sources at 970, 1450 and 1550 nm is experimentally tested and validated with an incident angle from 78.7 to 86.2∘. According to the results of the experiments, the accuracy of the classification of snow, wet and water can reach 97 %, while the accuracy of the dry and wet road surface conditions is respectively 73 % and 68 %.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44225404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022
F. Wohlgemuth, T. Hausotte, I. Schmidt, W. Kimmig, Karl Dietrich Imkamp
Abstract. Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) is described in different standards (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021; VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011; ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020). The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements. The two measurands on which this study focuses are the sphere centre-to-centre distances and the sphere probing form errors. One difference between the current draft of the ISO 10360-11 standard (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021) and the VDI/VDE standard 2630 part 1.3 (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011) as well as the ASME standard B89.4.23 (ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020) are the differences for the sphere centre-to-centre distances that need to be measured. The VDI/VDE standard and the ASME standard require measurements of these kinds of distances of up to 66 % of the possible maximum distance within the measurement volume, while the ISO draft asks for measurements of up to 85 % of the possible maximum distance. This requirement needs to be considered in connection with the maximum permissible error (MPE) specification for these sphere distance measurements. This MPE should be specified as a linear function of the nominal distance or a constant value or a combination thereof (compare definition 9.2 of ISO 10360-1:2000 + Cor.1:2002 (DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-07, 2003)), and thus, the linearity of the length-dependent maximum measurement error of the sphere distance measurements is of interest. This simulative study inspects to what extent this linearity can be observed for CT measurements under the influence of different geometric errors. Further, the question is whether measurement lengths above 66 % necessitate a change in the MPE specification. Thus, an automatic identification of cases that might affect the MPE specification is proposed, and these cases are inspected manually. A second aspect of this study is the impact of geometrical misalignments on the probing form errors of a measured sphere. The probing form error also needs to be specified. Thus, whether and how it is influenced by the misalignments is also of interest. Based on our simulations, we conclude that probing form errors and sphere centre-to-centre distances of up to 66 % of the maximum possible measurement length within the measurement volume are sufficient for acceptance testing concerning geometrical misalignments – each geometrical misalignment can be detected well with at least one of these two measurands.
摘要工业X射线计算机断层扫描（CT）的验收和再验证测试在不同的标准中有描述（E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-042021；VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.32011；ASME B89.4.23-20202020）。CT系统性能的表征和测试通常通过包含球体的测试伪像来实现。这项模拟研究描述了不同几何误差源（或几何错位）对这些球体测量的影响。本研究关注的两个测量是球体中心到中心的距离和球体探测形状误差。ISO 10360-11标准（E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-042021）的当前草案与VDI/VDE标准2630第1.3部分（VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.32011）以及ASME标准B89.4.23（ASME B89.4.23-20202020）之间的一个差异是需要测量的球体中心到中心距离的差异。VDI/VDE标准和ASME标准要求测量此类距离，最大可达66 % 测量体积内可能的最大距离，而ISO草案要求测量高达85 % 可能的最大距离。这一要求需要结合这些球面距离测量的最大允许误差（MPE）规范来考虑。该MPE应规定为标称距离的线性函数或常数值或其组合（比较ISO 10360-1:2000的定义9.2 + Cor.1:2002（DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-072003）），因此，球面距离测量的与长度相关的最大测量误差的线性是令人感兴趣的。这项模拟研究考察了在不同几何误差的影响下，CT测量可以在多大程度上观察到这种线性。此外，问题是测量长度是否超过66 % 需要改变MPE规范。因此，提出了可能影响MPE规范的情况的自动识别，并且手动检查这些情况。本研究的第二个方面是几何失准对测量球体的探测形状误差的影响。还需要指定探测形式错误。因此，它是否以及如何受到错位的影响也是令人感兴趣的。基于我们的模拟，我们得出结论，探测形状误差和球体中心到中心的距离高达66 % 测量体积内的最大可能测量长度足以进行几何未对准的验收测试——每一个几何未对准都可以通过这两个被测量中的至少一个很好地检测到。
{"title":"Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial computed tomography – a simulative study on geometrical misalignments","authors":"F. Wohlgemuth, T. Hausotte, I. Schmidt, W. Kimmig, Karl Dietrich Imkamp","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) is described in different standards (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021; VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011; ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020). The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements. The two measurands on which this study focuses are the sphere centre-to-centre distances and the sphere probing form errors. One difference between the current draft of the ISO 10360-11 standard (E DIN EN ISO 10360-11:2021-04, 2021) and the VDI/VDE standard 2630 part 1.3 (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 1.3, 2011) as well as the ASME standard B89.4.23 (ASME B89.4.23-2020, 2020) are the differences for the sphere centre-to-centre distances that need to be measured. The VDI/VDE standard and the ASME standard require measurements of these kinds of distances of up to 66 % of the possible maximum distance within the measurement volume, while the ISO draft asks for measurements of up to 85 % of the possible maximum distance. This requirement needs to be considered in connection with the maximum permissible error (MPE) specification for these sphere distance measurements. This MPE should be specified as a linear function of the nominal distance or a constant value or a combination thereof (compare definition 9.2 of ISO 10360-1:2000 + Cor.1:2002 (DIN EN ISO 10360-1:2003-07, 2003)), and thus, the linearity of the length-dependent maximum measurement error of the sphere distance measurements is of interest. This simulative study inspects to what extent this linearity can be observed for CT measurements under the influence of different geometric errors. Further, the question is whether measurement lengths above 66 % necessitate a change in the MPE specification. Thus, an automatic identification of cases that might affect the MPE specification is proposed, and these cases are inspected manually. A second aspect of this study is the impact of geometrical misalignments on the probing form errors of a measured sphere. The probing form error also needs to be specified. Thus, whether and how it is influenced by the misalignments is also of interest. Based on our simulations, we conclude that probing form errors and sphere centre-to-centre distances of up to 66 % of the maximum possible measurement length within the measurement volume are sufficient\u0000for acceptance testing concerning geometrical misalignments – each geometrical misalignment can be detected well with at least one of these two measurands.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49273012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022
R. Kruglov, G. Saur, R. Engelbrecht
Abstract. A wavelength tuning range up to 12 nm has been achieved over 12 µs pump current pulses within a usable time of 10 µs applied to VCSELs operating in the near infrared around 1550 nm. The instantaneous optical frequency shift has been measured with an interferometric setup; the overall tuning range has then been verified with an optical spectrum analyzer. The repetition rate of the current pulses can be as high as 20 kHz with almost no influence on the sweep parameters. These results can be used for fast spectroscopic gas analysis or for rapid interferometric swept-source distance sensors.
{"title":"Precise characterization of VCSEL in the 1550 nm band having a wavelength tuning range of 12 nm within 10 µs as light sources for fast sensor systems","authors":"R. Kruglov, G. Saur, R. Engelbrecht","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-161-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A wavelength tuning range up to 12 nm has been achieved\u0000over 12 µs pump current pulses within a usable time of 10 µs\u0000applied to VCSELs operating in the near infrared around 1550 nm. The\u0000instantaneous optical frequency shift has been measured with an\u0000interferometric setup; the overall tuning range has then been verified with\u0000an optical spectrum analyzer. The repetition rate of the current pulses can\u0000be as high as 20 kHz with almost no influence on the sweep parameters. These\u0000results can be used for fast spectroscopic gas analysis or for rapid\u0000interferometric swept-source distance sensors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41571986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022
T. Doebbert, C. Cammin, G. Scholl
Abstract. Modern production concepts generate a demand for reliable, energy-efficient, fast, and secure wireless communication solutions. Therefore, the current consumption should not increase substantially due to additional cryptographic operations. This paper shows a principle current measurement method that is exemplary of a transceiver for the IO-Link Wireless protocol. Low-pass filtering and single-sided amplitude spectrum analysis are used to evaluate the main information of the current measurement. An uncertainty estimation is realized using statistical measurement data and considering the measurement setup in order to approximate the combined standard uncertainty. The results show that the current consumption only increases slightly when using additional cryptographic operations. This can be measured with acceptable uncertainty.
{"title":"Precision measurement of the application-dependent current consumption of a wireless transceiver chip in the time and frequency domain","authors":"T. Doebbert, C. Cammin, G. Scholl","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-149-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Modern production concepts generate a demand for reliable, energy-efficient, fast, and secure wireless communication solutions. Therefore, the current consumption should not increase substantially due to additional cryptographic operations. This paper shows a principle current measurement method that is exemplary of a transceiver for the IO-Link Wireless protocol. Low-pass filtering and single-sided amplitude spectrum analysis are used to evaluate the main information of the current measurement. An uncertainty estimation is realized using statistical measurement data and considering the measurement setup in order to approximate the combined standard uncertainty. The results show that the current consumption only increases slightly when using additional cryptographic operations. This can be measured with acceptable uncertainty.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45326101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-06DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022
G. Schultes, M. Cerino, A. Lellig, M. Koch
Abstract. The family of sputter deposited granular metal-based carbon-containing sensor films is known for their high sensitivity transforming force-dependent strain into electrical resistance change. Among them nickel–carbon thin films possess a gauge factor of up to 30, compared to only 2 for traditional sensor films of metal alloys. This high sensitivity is based on disordered interparticle tunneling through barriers of graphite-like carbon walls between metal–carbon particles of columnar shape. Force and pressure sensors would benefit a lot from the elevated piezoresistivity. A disadvantage, however, is a disturbing temporal creep and drift of the resistance under load and temperature. This contribution shows how to stabilize such sensor films. A significant stabilization is achieved by partially replacing nickel with chromium, albeit at the expense of sensitivity. The more chromium used in these NixCr1−x-C layers, the higher the optimum annealing temperature can be selected and the better the electrical stabilization. A good compromise while maintaining sensitivities well above the standard of 2 is identified for films with x=0.5 to 0.9, stabilized by optimized temperature treatments. The stabilizing effect of chromium is revealed by transmission electron microscopy with elemental analysis. The post-annealing drives segregation processes in the layer material. While the interior of the layer is depleted of chromium and carbon, boundary layers are formed. Chromium is enriched near the surface boundary, oxidized in air and forms chromium-rich oxide sub-layers, which are chemically very stable and protect against further reactions and corrosion. As a result, creep and drift errors are greatly reduced, so that the optimized sensor coatings are now suitable for widespread use.
{"title":"Improving the electrical and structural stability of highly piezoresistive nickel–carbon sensor thin films","authors":"G. Schultes, M. Cerino, A. Lellig, M. Koch","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The family of sputter deposited granular metal-based\u0000carbon-containing sensor films is known for their high sensitivity\u0000transforming force-dependent strain into electrical resistance change. Among\u0000them nickel–carbon thin films possess a gauge factor of up to 30, compared\u0000to only 2 for traditional sensor films of metal alloys. This high\u0000sensitivity is based on disordered interparticle tunneling through barriers\u0000of graphite-like carbon walls between metal–carbon particles of columnar\u0000shape. Force and pressure sensors would benefit a lot from the elevated\u0000piezoresistivity. A disadvantage, however, is a disturbing temporal creep\u0000and drift of the resistance under load and temperature. This contribution\u0000shows how to stabilize such sensor films. A significant stabilization is\u0000achieved by partially replacing nickel with chromium, albeit at the expense\u0000of sensitivity. The more chromium used in these NixCr1−x-C layers,\u0000the higher the optimum annealing temperature can be selected and the better\u0000the electrical stabilization. A good compromise while maintaining\u0000sensitivities well above the standard of 2 is identified for films with\u0000x=0.5 to 0.9, stabilized by optimized temperature treatments. The\u0000stabilizing effect of chromium is revealed by transmission electron\u0000microscopy with elemental analysis. The post-annealing drives segregation\u0000processes in the layer material. While the interior of the layer is depleted\u0000of chromium and carbon, boundary layers are formed. Chromium is enriched\u0000near the surface boundary, oxidized in air and forms chromium-rich oxide\u0000sub-layers, which are chemically very stable and protect against further\u0000reactions and corrosion. As a result, creep and drift errors are greatly\u0000reduced, so that the optimized sensor coatings are now suitable for\u0000widespread use.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42499208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022
Nina Leiter, M. Wohlschläger, M. Versen, C. Laforsch
Abstract. In this contribution the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) technique is evaluated for post-consumer wood sorting. The fluorescence characteristics of several wood samples were determined, whereby two excitation wavelengths (405 and 488 nm) were used. The measured data were processed using algorithmic methods to identify the wood species and post-consumer wood category. With the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, 16 out of 19 samples could be correctly assigned to the corresponding post-consumer wood category by means of the fluorescence lifetimes. Thus, the experimental results revealed the high potential of the FD-FLIM technique for automated post-consumer wood sorting.
{"title":"An algorithmic method for the identification of wood species and the classification of post-consumer wood using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy","authors":"Nina Leiter, M. Wohlschläger, M. Versen, C. Laforsch","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this contribution the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) technique is evaluated for post-consumer wood sorting. The fluorescence characteristics of several wood samples were determined, whereby two excitation wavelengths (405 and 488 nm) were used. The measured data were processed using algorithmic methods to identify the wood species and post-consumer wood category. With the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, 16 out of 19 samples could be correctly assigned to the corresponding post-consumer wood category by means of the fluorescence lifetimes. Thus, the experimental results revealed the high potential of the FD-FLIM technique for automated post-consumer wood sorting.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41269870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022
P. Hörnlein, S. Wöckel, H. Arndt, J. Auge
Abstract. In this paper, a new approach of three-dimensional acoustic particle manipulation (acoustophoresis) in closed and liquid-filled vessels based on the time reversal technique is discussed. Based on simulation studies, this work investigates the technical prerequisites to achieve appropriate acoustic radiation forces (ARFs) for the manipulation of small particles with the time reversal method by utilizing multiple reflections in a closed vessel. The time-discrete and localized acoustic pressure field required for this purpose is generated by a time reversal mirror composed of 24 piezoceramic transducers. The paper also gives an outlook on practical evaluation of the simulation results based on a demonstrator setup.
{"title":"Acoustophoresis in suspensions with local and time-discrete sound fields based on the time reversal technique","authors":"P. Hörnlein, S. Wöckel, H. Arndt, J. Auge","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-117-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper, a new approach of three-dimensional acoustic particle manipulation (acoustophoresis) in closed and liquid-filled vessels based on the time reversal technique is discussed. Based on simulation studies, this work investigates the technical prerequisites to achieve appropriate acoustic radiation forces (ARFs) for the manipulation of small particles with the time reversal method by utilizing multiple reflections in a closed vessel. The time-discrete and localized acoustic pressure field required for this purpose is generated by a time reversal mirror composed of 24 piezoceramic transducers. The paper also gives an outlook on practical evaluation of the simulation results based on a demonstrator setup.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48362470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.5194/jsss-11-109-2022
M. Pabst, M. Darnieder, R. Theska, T. Fröhlich
Abstract. This paper describes the new adjustment concept of novel planar, monolithic, high-precision electromagnetic force compensation weighing cells. The concept allows the stiffness and the tilt sensitivity of the compliant mechanisms that are dependent on the nominal load on the weighing pan to be adjusted to an optimum. The new mechanism is set up and adjusted according to the developed mechanical model. For evaluation of the concept the system is tested on a high-precision tilt table and under high vacuum conditions in the environment of a commercially available mass comparator.
{"title":"Adjustment concept for compensating for stiffness and tilt sensitivity of a novel monolithic electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) weighing cell","authors":"M. Pabst, M. Darnieder, R. Theska, T. Fröhlich","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-109-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-109-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper describes the new adjustment concept of novel planar, monolithic, high-precision electromagnetic force compensation weighing cells. The concept allows the stiffness and the tilt sensitivity of the compliant mechanisms that are dependent on the nominal load on the weighing pan to be adjusted to an optimum. The new mechanism is set up and adjusted according to the developed mechanical model. For evaluation of the concept the system is tested on a high-precision tilt table and under high vacuum conditions in the environment of a commercially available mass comparator.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42065989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. It is a great challenge to apply a diagnostic system for sensor fault detection to engine test beds. The main problem is that such test beds involve frequent configuration changes or a change in the entire test engine. Therefore, the diagnostic system must be highly adaptable to different types of test engines. This paper presents a diagnostic method consisting of the following steps: residual generation, fault detection and fault isolation. As adaptability can be achieved with residual generation, the focus is on this step. The modular toolbox-based approach combines physics-based and data-driven modeling concepts and, thus, enables highly flexible application to various types of engine test beds. Adaptability and fault detection quality are validated using measurement data from a single-cylinder research engine and a multicylinder diesel engine.
{"title":"A modular adaptive residual generator for a diagnostic system that detects sensor faults on engine test beds","authors":"M. Wohlthan, G. Pirker, A. Wimmer","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-99-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-99-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. It is a great challenge to apply a diagnostic system for sensor fault detection to engine test beds. The main problem is that such test beds involve frequent configuration changes or a change in the entire test engine. Therefore, the diagnostic system must be highly adaptable to different types of test engines. This paper presents a diagnostic method consisting of the following steps: residual generation, fault detection and fault isolation. As adaptability can be achieved with residual generation, the focus is on this step. The modular toolbox-based approach combines physics-based and data-driven modeling concepts and, thus, enables highly flexible application to various types of engine test beds. Adaptability and fault detection quality are validated using measurement data from a single-cylinder research engine and a multicylinder diesel engine.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42230111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Kohler, M. Farina, M. Schulz, H. Fritze, J. Wilde
Abstract. A sensor based on a piezoelectric single crystal enables operation even under harsh environmental conditions. In addition to the sensor element, the packaging technology is crucial for sensor performance. In this paper, a suitable assembly and interconnection technology concept of Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) resonators for high-temperature applications is presented as a platform for future sensor assemblies. The concept described here has already been functionally tested as a temperature sensor (Schulz et al., 2021). The concept includes a sapphire base plate, a housing lid, and a spacer made from aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The substrate is metallised with platinum manufactured into thin film and thick film technology. The ceramic components are fused with glass solder. The connection of the resonator to the conductive tracks is realised by thermosonic bonding with 25 µm platinum wire. Initially, the stability of the metallisation must be investigated before subsequent electrical testing under high temperature. Diffusion processes play a major role in this temperature range, and the stability of the layer is a necessary condition for subsequent investigations. A suitable set of bonding parameters and the strength of the platinum bonds prior to and after thermal load is analysed. Shear tests are used to evaluate the quality of the ceramic materials fused with glass solder after thermal ageing. The dielectrical properties of sapphire and glass solder such as the isolation resistance, the relative permittivity, and the loss factor at high temperatures are evaluated using interdigital structures. The loss factor is measured on both bare interdigital structures and the samples coated with glass solder to make an estimation about the conductive behaviour up to 1000 ∘C. A ceramic lid for the sensor housing is attached by a high-temperature stable glass solder. Since platinum conductors are fed through this glass solder connection, the electrical conductivity of the glass solder is characterised at high temperature. Furthermore, the hermeticity of the assemblies is verified by means of helium leakage tests. These investigations are the basis for the implementation of an assembly and interconnection technology that is suitable for reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions. The packaging technology also offers further possibilities for pressure or chemical sensors that can withstand high-temperature loads.
摘要基于压电单晶的传感器即使在恶劣的环境条件下也能工作。除了传感器元件外，封装技术对传感器的性能也至关重要。本文提出了一种适合高温应用的ca3taga3si2o14 (CTGS)谐振器的组装和互连技术概念，作为未来传感器组装的平台。这里描述的概念已经作为温度传感器进行了功能测试(Schulz et al.， 2021)。这个概念包括一个蓝宝石底座，一个外壳盖和一个由氧化铝(Al2O3)制成的间隔。衬底用铂金属化制成薄膜和厚膜技术。陶瓷元件用玻璃焊料熔合。谐振器与导电轨道的连接是通过25 μ m铂线的热超声键合实现的。首先，在随后的高温下的电气测试之前，必须研究金属化的稳定性。扩散过程在此温度范围内起主要作用，层的稳定性是后续研究的必要条件。分析了一组合适的键合参数和热负荷前后铂键的强度。采用剪切试验对玻璃焊料熔接陶瓷材料热老化后的质量进行了评价。蓝宝石和玻璃焊料的介电性能，如隔离电阻，相对介电常数，以及在高温下的损耗因子评估使用数字间结构。损耗系数是在裸露的指间结构和涂有玻璃焊料的样品上测量的，以估计其在1000°C下的导电性能。传感器外壳的陶瓷盖由高温稳定的玻璃焊料连接。由于铂导体通过这种玻璃焊料连接，因此玻璃焊料的导电性在高温下具有特征。此外，通过氦气泄漏试验验证了组件的密封性。这些研究是实现适合在极端温度条件下可靠运行的组装和互连技术的基础。该封装技术还为能够承受高温载荷的压力或化学传感器提供了进一步的可能性。
{"title":"Assembly and interconnection technology for high-temperature bulk acoustic wave resonators","authors":"F. Kohler, M. Farina, M. Schulz, H. Fritze, J. Wilde","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-83-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-83-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A sensor based on a piezoelectric single crystal enables operation even under harsh environmental conditions. In addition to the sensor element, the packaging technology is crucial for sensor performance. In this paper, a suitable assembly and interconnection technology concept of\u0000Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) resonators for high-temperature applications is presented as a platform for future sensor assemblies. The concept described here has already been functionally tested as a temperature sensor (Schulz et al., 2021). The concept includes a sapphire base plate, a housing lid, and a spacer made from aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The substrate is metallised with platinum manufactured into thin film and thick film technology. The ceramic components are fused with glass solder. The connection of the resonator to the conductive tracks is realised by thermosonic bonding with 25 µm platinum wire. Initially, the stability of the metallisation must be investigated before subsequent electrical testing under high temperature. Diffusion processes play a major role in this temperature range, and the stability of the layer is a necessary condition for subsequent investigations. A suitable set of bonding parameters and the strength of the platinum bonds prior to and after thermal load is analysed. Shear tests are used to evaluate the quality of the ceramic materials fused with glass solder after thermal ageing. The dielectrical properties of sapphire and glass solder such as the isolation resistance, the relative permittivity, and the loss factor at high temperatures are evaluated using\u0000interdigital structures. The loss factor is measured on both bare interdigital structures and the samples coated with glass solder to make an estimation about the conductive behaviour up to 1000 ∘C. A ceramic lid for the sensor housing is attached by a high-temperature stable glass solder. Since platinum conductors are fed through this glass solder connection, the electrical conductivity of the glass solder is characterised at high temperature. Furthermore, the hermeticity of the assemblies is verified by means of helium leakage tests. These investigations are the basis for the implementation of an assembly and interconnection technology that is suitable for reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions. The packaging technology also offers further possibilities for pressure or chemical sensors that can withstand high-temperature loads.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48396433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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