Journal of the Indian Chemical Society最新文献

Solvation modeling and optical properties of CdSO4-Doped L-Valine crystals 掺杂 CdSO4 的 L-Valine 晶体的溶解模型和光学特性

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101448

The utilization of computational solvation models for crystals proves effective in determining the amalgamation of molecular structures within the crystal medium, offering valuable insights into optimized crystal properties. This study focuses on identifying the arrangement of molecular strips within the crystal, crucial for recognizing active planes and the presence of non-linear optical (NLO) properties. To delve into the crystal's intricacies, a computational model was developed, and conformational analysis was conducted to ensure NLO property. The synthesis of the CdSO₄-doped L-Valine metallo-organic complex crystal was achieved through the melt-freezing technique. The computational model was constructed to elucidate the formation of sub-planes within a confirmed orthorhombic crystal lattice. Mapping the molecular charge distribution with the dispersion of charge gradient facilitated the identification of chemical potential inhibition and its equipotential nodal domains. The estimation of electron density potential over critical points of the core carbons provided further insights. Chemical dynamics on the electron content of molecules for NLO properties were investigated by screening control parameters. The inelastic scattering ability of heteronuclear bonds for enhancing boosting potential was observed. Interactive frontier orbitals of degenerate energy states were illustrated, and the chemical potential of molecular zones was analyzed in-depth.

事实证明，利用晶体计算溶解模型可以有效确定晶体介质中的分子结构组合，为优化晶体特性提供宝贵的见解。本研究的重点是确定晶体内分子条带的排列，这对于识别有源平面和非线性光学（NLO）特性的存在至关重要。为了深入研究晶体的复杂性，我们开发了一个计算模型，并进行了构象分析，以确保 NLO 特性。掺杂 CdSO4 的 L-Valine 金属有机复合物晶体是通过熔融冷冻技术合成的。通过构建计算模型，阐明了在已确认的正交晶格内子平面的形成。分子电荷分布与电荷梯度分散的映射有助于识别化学势抑制及其等势节点域。对核心碳临界点电子密度势的估算提供了进一步的见解。通过筛选控制参数，研究了分子电子含量对 NLO 特性的化学动力学影响。观察到异核键的非弹性散射能力增强了提升电势。图解了退化能态的交互前沿轨道，并深入分析了分子区的化学势。

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引用次数: 0

Improved kitchen wastewater treatment using PbO2-coated graphite electrode 使用 PbO2 涂层石墨电极改进厨房废水处理技术

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101453

This study investigates the electrochemical treatment of kitchen wastewater (KW) using a PbO₂-coated graphite (G-PbO₂) electrode prepared via ultrasound-assisted electrochemical deposition. The G-PbO₂ electrode was characterised through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming the successful deposition of PbO₂ and enhanced catalytic activity. Under optimal conditions (current density 0.75 Adm⁻², electrolyte concentration 1.5 gL^-1, electrode distance 2 cm, and pH 3), the G-PbO₂ electrode achieved a 94 % COD reduction with an energy consumption of 0.002 kWh gCOD⁻¹. These results highlight the superior performance of the electrode in COD removal, accompanied by low energy consumption.

本研究探讨了使用通过超声辅助电化学沉积制备的 PbO₂涂层石墨（G-PbO₂）电极对厨房废水（KW）进行电化学处理的问题。通过各种技术，包括 X 射线衍射分析 (XRD)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)、循环伏安法 (CV)、电化学阻抗能谱 (EIS) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)，对 G-PbO2 电极进行了表征，证实了 PbO₂ 的成功沉积和催化活性的增强。在最佳条件下（电流密度 0.75 Adm-2、电解质浓度 1.5 gL-1、电极间距 2 cm、pH 值 3），G-PbO₂ 电极的 COD 减排率达到 94%，能耗为 0.002 kWh gCOD-1。这些结果凸显了该电极在去除 COD 方面的优越性能和低能耗。

引用次数: 0

Morphology studies, optic proprieties, hirschfeld electrostatic potential mapping, docking molecular anti-inflammatory, and dynamic molecular approaches of hybrid phosphate 混合磷酸盐的形态学研究、光学特性、赫希菲尔德静电位图、对接分子消炎和动态分子方法

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101419

The above current study intends to identify new prospects for developing viable epilepsy treatments. To attain this purpose, the created P-carboxylammonium di-hydrogen monohydrate called (I). The research reveals the existence of both intermolecular (O–H⋯O) as well as N–H⋯O intramolecular hydrogen bonding in crystal packing patterns. As the fingerprint plots illustrate the different sorts of interactions and the hybrid system's relative abundance of each, However, the molecular docking results clearly demonstrate five typical hydrogen bonds, with the best binding posture of −4.757 kcal/mol for Lys244, Val272, Arg241, and Glu273 proteins when docked with (I) ligand. As a result, we may deduce that if the (I) ligand is a pharmaceutical used to treat epilepsy, it will probably be more potent than the conventional medication. As a result, (I) was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) and is proposed as a viable therapeutic target for antiepileptic therapy. Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis, highlighted the presence of significant non-covalent interactions (NCI) that contribute to the stability and structural integrity of the compound, emphasizing the importance of these interactions in the context of its potential applications, particularly in drug design and molecular interactions. Finally, the ELF and LOL analyses collectively enhance the understanding of the electronic structure of compound I, revealing critical information about electron distribution, localization, and the nature of interactions within the molecular framework. These insights are essential for predicting the compound's reactivity and potential applications in fields such as pharmaceuticals and materials science.

上述研究旨在确定开发可行的癫痫治疗方法的新前景。为实现这一目的，研究人员创造了名为(I)的对羧基铵二氢一水合物。研究揭示了晶体堆积模式中分子间（O-H⋯O）和分子内（N-H⋯O）氢键的存在。指纹图谱显示了不同种类的相互作用以及杂交体系中每种相互作用的相对丰度。然而，分子对接结果清楚地显示了五种典型的氢键，Lys244、Val272、Arg241 和 Glu273 蛋白质与（I）配体对接时的最佳结合姿态为-4.757 kcal/mol。因此，我们可以推断，如果（I）配体是一种用于治疗癫痫的药物，那么它的药效可能会比传统药物更强。因此，我们利用分子动力学（MD）模拟了 (I) 配体，并提出将其作为抗癫痫疗法的可行治疗靶点。还原密度梯度（RDG）分析凸显了显著的非共价相互作用（NCI）的存在，这有助于提高化合物的稳定性和结构完整性，强调了这些相互作用在其潜在应用中的重要性，特别是在药物设计和分子相互作用方面。最后，ELF 和 LOL 分析共同增进了对化合物 I 电子结构的了解，揭示了分子框架内电子分布、定位和相互作用性质的关键信息。这些见解对于预测化合物的反应性以及在制药和材料科学等领域的潜在应用至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis and quantification of selected heavy metals and paraphenylenediamine in commercially available herbal black hair dyes in Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡市售草本黑染发剂中特定重金属和对苯二胺的分析与定量

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101451

Currently, the use of henna-based herbal black hair dyes is widespread in the community. However, it is important to note that these dyes cannot be classified as completely natural due to the addition of various ingredients to enhance their effectiveness. Most black hair dyes use paraphenylenediamine (PPD) to get a black hue, however, PPD is widely recognized as a contact sensitizer. The toxicity of heavy metals is also prevalent in the cosmetics sector. These metallic elements can permeate the skin and provide widespread exposure throughout the body. Hair dye requires an alkaline pH value because of reactions that occur during the dyeing process, which is incompatible with scalp pH. The varying concentrations of these chemicals and their frequency of usage can result in diverse health issues. The present research implemented High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of PPD and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Fe) in seven frequently used brands in Sri Lanka. The lead content in the examined samples exhibited variability, ranging from 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm to 0.28 ± 0.14 ppm. However, all the samples remained below the allowed level of 2 ppm according to the BVL standard. Regarding Cd, certain examined materials surpassed the acceptable thresholds, while others did not and varied between 0 ppm and 2.33 ± 1.92 ppm. Iron was found at a significantly higher concentration compared to the other two heavy metals. A significant quantity of PPD was detected, exceeding the allowable threshold of 6 % according to the European Union legislation. All the samples that were analyzed had a pH value within the alkaline range. The study indicates that herbal dyes generated from natural materials may contain harmful compounds, such as a high concentration of PPD in herbal black hair color potentially inducing sensitization.

目前，以指甲花为基础的草本黑发染发剂在社会上广泛使用。但需要注意的是，这些染发剂由于添加了各种成分以提高效果，因此不能被归类为完全天然的染发剂。大多数黑发染发剂使用对苯二胺（PPD）来获得黑色色调，然而，PPD 被公认为是一种接触性致敏物质。重金属的毒性在化妆品领域也很普遍。这些金属元素会渗入皮肤，使人全身广泛接触。染发剂需要碱性 pH 值，因为在染色过程中会发生反应，这与头皮的 pH 值不相容。这些化学物质的不同浓度和使用频率会导致各种健康问题。本研究采用高效液相色谱法和原子吸收光谱法对斯里兰卡 7 个常用品牌中的 PPD 和重金属（铅、镉和铁）浓度进行了定量分析。受检样品中的铅含量存在差异，从 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm 到 0.28 ± 0.14 ppm 不等。不过，根据 BVL 标准，所有样品的铅含量都低于 2 ppm 的允许水平。至于镉，某些受检材料超过了可接受的阈值，而其他材料则没有，其含量介于 0 ppm 和 2.33 ± 1.92 ppm 之间。铁的含量明显高于其他两种重金属。检测到了大量的 PPD，超过了欧盟法律规定的 6% 的允许阈值。所有分析样本的 pH 值都在碱性范围内。这项研究表明，由天然材料制成的草本染料可能含有有害化合物，例如草本黑发色素中的高浓度 PPD 可能会导致过敏。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the antimicrobial activity of hydrothermally synthesized copper pyrophosphate nanoflakes 探索水热合成焦磷酸铜纳米片的抗菌活性

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101429

In recent years, infections and the escalating resistance to antimicrobial drugs have emerged as significant health concerns. Due to their remarkable effectiveness and minimal potential for bacteria to develop resistance, copper-based nanomaterials are being considered as prospective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. In this study, copper pyrophosphate nanoflakes were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal technique with an inorganic phosphate source. These nanoflakes, characterized by a high aspect ratio, exert a substantial impact on bacterial cell walls, effectively eliminating microbial pathogens. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the monoclinic phase of the copper pyrophosphate nanomaterial, while the band gap energy of 2.7 eV was estimated from the Tauc plot. Additionally, the antimicrobial efficacy of Cu₂P₂O₇ was evaluated against various gram-negative, gram-positive, and fungal pathogens at different concentrations. Notably, all tested bacterial strains exhibited moderate antimicrobial effects at concentrations of 5 mg/mL. For instance, S. aureus and E. coli displayed a 13 mm zone of inhibition, demonstrating excellent activity and lower cytotoxicity. These findings underscore the potential of Cu₂P₂O₇ as a promising candidate for the development of novel drugs targeting pathogenic bacteria affecting human health.

近年来，感染和抗菌药物耐药性的不断升级已成为重大的健康问题。由于铜基纳米材料疗效显著，细菌产生抗药性的可能性极小，因此被认为是传统抗生素的未来替代品。本研究采用简单的水热技术和无机磷酸盐源合成了焦磷酸铜纳米片。这些纳米片具有高纵横比的特点，能对细菌细胞壁产生重大影响，有效消除微生物病原体。X 射线衍射（XRD）分析证实了焦磷酸铜纳米材料的单斜相，而根据陶克曲线图估算出的带隙能为 2.7 eV。此外，还评估了 Cu2P2O7 在不同浓度下对各种革兰氏阴性、革兰氏阳性和真菌病原体的抗菌效果。值得注意的是，在 5 毫克/毫升的浓度下，所有受测细菌菌株都表现出中等程度的抗菌效果。例如，金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌显示出 13 毫米的抑制区，显示出极佳的活性和较低的细胞毒性。这些发现凸显了 Cu2P2O7 作为开发针对影响人类健康的病原菌的新型药物的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Study of halogen interactions in dichlorovinyldiazenes: Structural analysis, DFT simulation and molecular modeling 二氯乙烯基二苯中卤素相互作用的研究：结构分析、DFT 模拟和分子建模

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101447

In recent years, our research group has synthesized about two hundred different dihalogenated vinyldiazenes. The analysis revealed that the type (conformation) of the compounds is the same-"bike stop", but the properties and nature of intermolecular interactions are different. The concepts of the nature of halogen-halogen relationships recommended by IUPAC (2013) do not explain the nature of the observed intermolecular interactions in the synthesized systems. In this paper, for the first time, using the examples of the compounds presented below, an algorithm is built for the relationship between the structure of synthesized compounds and their properties, and the nature of non-covalent interactions involving the chlorine atom.

The molecules presented in this paper were studied by the DFT method using the hybrid potential of B3LYP with the Gaussian 09 software package. The extended basis 6-311++G(d,p) with polarization and diffusion functions was used for calculations. Conducted NBO analysis of atomic charge populations. Calculations of the structural parameters of the synthesized systems were carried out in order to study the reactivity, molecular properties and identify the nature of non-covalent interactions involving the halogen atom. It has been established that the Cl–C–Cl triad has a flat geometry and is capable of forming atypical non-covalent interactions both with each other and with various coplanar systems.

近年来，我们的研究小组合成了约两百种不同的二卤代乙烯基二氮烯。分析表明，这些化合物的类型（构象）相同--"自行车停靠站"，但分子间相互作用的性质和本质却各不相同。国际理论化学和应用化学联合会（IUPAC）（2013 年）推荐的卤素-卤素关系性质概念无法解释合成体系中观察到的分子间相互作用的性质。本文首次以下面介绍的化合物为例，建立了一种算法，用于分析合成化合物的结构与其性质之间的关系，以及涉及氯原子的非共价相互作用的性质。计算中使用了带有极化和扩散函数的扩展基 6-311++G(d,p)。对原子电荷群进行了 NBO 分析。对合成体系的结构参数进行了计算，以研究其反应性、分子性质并确定涉及卤原子的非共价相互作用的性质。结果表明，Cl-Cl 三元组具有扁平的几何形状，能够相互之间以及与各种共面体系之间形成非典型的非共价相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of three-component deep eutectic solvents and their implications for microbial and anticancerous activity 三组分深共晶溶剂理化性质及其对微生物和抗癌活性影响的综合研究

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101443

Sustainable chemistry centers on substituting perilous solvents and materials with eco-conscious alternatives. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) hold substantial potential in this arena. This inquiry includes the formulation of three-component eutectic solvents and an exhaustive scrutiny of their physical and chemical attributes. These encompass solubility, boiling point, pH, density, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, contact angle, conductivity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, a biological exploration featured two bacterial strains and two fungal strains. The entire spectrum of ten three-component DES was administered to these microorganisms to discern plausible impacts. In addition, the biomedical promise of these DES was unveiled through anticancer assays employing MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. The outcomes were favorable, underscoring robust anticancer potency, thereby hinting at future oncological utility. These interdisciplinary endeavors envelop the progression of sustainable solvent innovation, meticulous physicochemical scrutiny, microbial analysis, and anticancer appraisal. This study propels inventive resolutions with ecological and biomedical reverberations by amalgamating these distinct yet interconnected facets.

可持续化学的核心是用具有生态意识的替代品取代危险溶剂和材料。深共晶溶剂 (DES) 在这一领域具有巨大潜力。这项研究包括配制三组份共晶溶剂，并对其物理和化学属性进行详尽审查。这些属性包括溶解度、沸点、pH 值、密度、粘度、表面张力、折射率、接触角、电导率、傅立叶变换红外光谱、偏振光学显微镜、热重分析和差示扫描量热法。此外，还对两种细菌菌株和两种真菌菌株进行了生物学研究。对这些微生物施用了十种三组分 DES 的整个光谱，以确定其可能产生的影响。此外，还通过使用 MCF-7 和 HeLa 细胞系进行抗癌试验，揭示了这些 DES 的生物医学前景。结果良好，显示出强大的抗癌效力，从而为未来的肿瘤学用途埋下了伏笔。这些跨学科的努力涵盖了可持续溶剂创新、细致的物理化学检查、微生物分析和抗癌评估的进展。这项研究通过将这些不同但相互关联的方面结合起来，推动了具有生态和生物医学反响的发明性解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Promoting role of Europium on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) supported Platinum catalyst for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DAFC) 多壁碳纳米管 (MWCNT) 支持的铂催化剂中的铕对直接酒精燃料电池 (DAFC) 中乙醇电氧化的促进作用

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101449

Implementing rare earth metals with platinum for Ethanol Oxidation Reactions (EOR) has received significant interest in the promising DEFC. Incorporation of Europium, a rare earth metal, influences the electron density of the Pt, and the resulting catalytic activity is reinforced. Herein, different molar ratios of binary PtEu electrocatalysts supported over MWCNT were synthesized using the borohydride reduction method. The purpose of the investigation was to determine how the atomic structure, composition, and activity of the electrocatalyst correlate to the EOR. Structure, bulk composition, morphology, and bonding of the electrocatalyst were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and RAMAN spectroscopy. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to probe the electro-oxidation kinetics on the electrocatalyst's surface. During the EOR circumstances, the PtEu electrocatalysts showed a captivating composition-structure-activity relationship, consistent with the findings. Notably, all the physical and electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the bimetallic composition of the 84:16 electrocatalyst has shown higher EOR activity through a bifunctional mechanism. The results provide novel insights into the ethanol oxidation process over bimetallic alloy electrocatalysts, which is crucial for designing robust and efficient electrocatalysts for DEFC.

将稀土金属与铂结合用于乙醇氧化反应（EOR），在前景广阔的 DEFC 中受到了极大关注。稀土金属铕的加入会影响铂的电子密度，从而增强催化活性。在此，我们采用硼氢化还原法合成了不同摩尔比的二元铂铕电催化剂。研究的目的是确定电催化剂的原子结构、组成和活性与 EOR 的相关性。通过 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散 X 射线 (EDX)、傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 和 RAMAN 光谱分析了电催化剂的结构、块状成分、形态和键合。此外，还采用了循环伏安法（CV）、线性扫描伏安法（LSV）、时变分析法（CA）和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）等技术来探究电催化剂表面的电氧化动力学。在 EOR 情况下，PtEu 电催化剂显示出迷人的成分-结构-活性关系，这与研究结果一致。值得注意的是，所有的物理和电化学分析表明，84:16 的双金属催化剂通过双功能机制表现出更高的 EOR 活性。这些结果为双金属合金电催化剂上的乙醇氧化过程提供了新的见解，这对于设计用于 DEFC 的稳健高效的电催化剂至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Novel, low-cost, and environmentally friendly pathway for synthesizing tigecycline 新型、低成本、环保型替加环素合成途径

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101441

The development of tigecycline, effective against tetracycline-resistant bacteria, began with the synthesis of its precursor, 9-amino minocycline, derived from minocycline hydrochloride through nitration. Water served as the primary solvent, ensuring cost-effective processing. In the final step, conversion to tigecycline required only tert-butylglycinoyl chloride hydrochloride as a reactant. This method shows great potential for the sustainable production of tigecycline, making it more accessible for large-scale use as an antibiotic. Throughout the synthesis, various techniques such as IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to characterize each product at different stages.

替加环素对耐四环素细菌有效，其研发始于其前体--9-氨基米诺环素的合成，米诺环素是通过硝化从盐酸米诺环素中提取的。水作为主要溶剂，确保了加工过程的成本效益。在最后一步，转化为替加环素只需将盐酸叔丁基甘氨酰氯作为反应物。这种方法显示了可持续生产替加环素的巨大潜力，使其更容易大规模用作抗生素。在整个合成过程中，使用了红外光谱、1H NMR、13C NMR 和质谱分析等多种技术来表征不同阶段的每种产物。

引用次数: 0

Rice husk ash based complex sodium di silicate – An alternative detergent builder for sodium tripolyphosphate and Zeolite 4A 以稻壳灰为基础的复合二硅酸钠--三聚磷酸钠和沸石 4A 的替代洗涤剂添加剂

IF 3.2 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2024.101444

Detergent builder is an essential part of any detergent powder, as it softens the hard water which hinders the cleaning action of surfactants. Nowadays, sodium tripolyphosphate and Zeolite 4A are used as detergent builders extensively in detergent formulation. Though STPP has higher capacities to remove hardness from the water but has a detrimental impact on the environment like eutrophication and hence it has been banned for detergent application in various countries. Zeolite 4A is currently leading the detergent industry with moderate hardness removal, but it has certain disadvantages like high pH, insolubility, high solid residue in the wash water and needs additives for its activation in the detergent formulation. In this research paper, the better alternative detergent builder known as Complex sodium dislicate (CSDS) is produced using rice husk ash-based sodium silicate. Further CSDS is analyzed using SEM, XRD, and TGA-DSC to explain its physicochemical properties. The calcium exchange capacity evaluation is carried out and is found to be 420 mg eq. CaCO₃/gram of CSDS which is higher than STPP and Zeolite 4A. In this study, detergent formulations made with CSDS as a detergent builder were compared with those of STPP and Zeolite 4A to evaluate detergent performances according to the IS 4955:2020 standard.

增洁剂是任何洗涤粉的重要组成部分，因为它能软化阻碍表面活性剂清洁作用的硬水。如今，三聚磷酸钠和沸石 4A 被广泛用作洗涤剂配方中的洗涤剂添加剂。虽然 STPP 去除水中硬度的能力较强，但会对环境造成有害影响，如富营养化，因此各国已禁止将其用于洗涤剂。沸石 4A 目前在洗涤剂行业处于领先地位，具有适度的硬度去除能力，但它也有一些缺点，如 pH 值高、不溶解、洗涤水中固体残留量高，而且需要添加剂才能在洗涤剂配方中激活。在本研究论文中，使用以稻壳灰为基础的硅酸钠生产出了更好的替代洗涤剂添加剂，即复方二元酸钠（CSDS）。此外，还使用 SEM、XRD 和 TGA-DSC 对 CSDS 进行了分析，以解释其物理化学特性。对钙交换容量进行评估后发现，CSDS 的钙交换容量为 420 毫克当量 CaCO3/克。CaCO3/克，高于 STPP 和沸石 4A。在这项研究中，根据 IS 4955:2020 标准，将 CSDS 作为洗涤剂添加剂制成的洗涤剂配方与 STPP 和沸石 4A 进行了比较，以评估洗涤剂的性能。

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引用次数: 0