The present investigation aims to assess the efficacy of the integration of Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) technology with porous substrates, particularly nickel foam, for the mitigation of particulate matter (PM) emissions originating from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. GDI engines, while offering enhanced fuel efficiency, are associated with higher concentrations of ultrafine PM, which pose significant environmental and health risks. Nickel foam, selected for its high surface area, thermal stability, and catalytic properties, is utilized to enhance PM filtration. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of NTP technology with nickel foam significantly reduces both the number and mass of particles emitted by GDI engines. Specifically, PM removal efficiencies of up to 83 % were achieved at higher voltages (10 kV). However, energy consumption was found to increase substantially with voltage, emphasizing the need to optimize the balance between energy input and PM reduction. The study further reveals that increasing the thickness of the nickel foam from 0 to 6 mm enhances PM capture, but also increases the specific energy density required for PM reduction. The results showed that at lower voltages (2–4 kV), the combination of NTP and nickel foam was particularly effective, achieving significant PM reduction with lower energy consumption.
{"title":"Analysis of nano-particle emissions from gasoline direct injection engines utilizing non-thermal plasma and nickel foam technologies","authors":"Pichitpon Neamyou , Sak Sittichompoo , Boonlue Sawatmongkhon , Nathinee Theinnoi , Kampanart Theinnoi","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present investigation aims to assess the efficacy of the integration of Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) technology with porous substrates, particularly nickel foam, for the mitigation of particulate matter (PM) emissions originating from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. GDI engines, while offering enhanced fuel efficiency, are associated with higher concentrations of ultrafine PM, which pose significant environmental and health risks. Nickel foam, selected for its high surface area, thermal stability, and catalytic properties, is utilized to enhance PM filtration. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of NTP technology with nickel foam significantly reduces both the number and mass of particles emitted by GDI engines. Specifically, PM removal efficiencies of up to 83 % were achieved at higher voltages (10 kV). However, energy consumption was found to increase substantially with voltage, emphasizing the need to optimize the balance between energy input and PM reduction. The study further reveals that increasing the thickness of the nickel foam from 0 to 6 mm enhances PM capture, but also increases the specific energy density required for PM reduction. The results showed that at lower voltages (2–4 kV), the combination of NTP and nickel foam was particularly effective, achieving significant PM reduction with lower energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102081"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087
Liang Wang , Shan Ren , Xiaodi Li , Chi He , Chunli Zheng , Xinzhe Li , Shouning Chai , Chunbao Charles Xu
Deactivation on NH3-SCR catalyst surface by heavy metal species continues to hinder it long-term usage lifetime in flue gas treatment. A deeper insight into the poisoning effect of different Pb species on catalysts is crucial for designing denitrification catalysts with anti-Pb property. Herein, the obtained Fe/Zr-W catalyst was modified through multiple Pb salts (Pb(NO3)2, PbCl2, and PbSO4) to assess the different impact caused by various Pb species. The results showed that different Pb species led to varying levels of catalyst deactivation. Pb(NO3)2 and PbCl2 caused different degrees of deactivation in the Fe/Zr-W catalyst, associated with the decrease in redox cycling capacity, acidic sites, and surface adsorption oxygen. However, PbSO4 inversely enhanced the acidic site density of catalyst, which favored NH3 adsorption but significantly decreased the conversion selectivity in catalytic process. Possible deactivation pathway differentiation among Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst was established. This work revealed insights into the different poisoning pathway of various Pb salts, contributing to the development of denitration catalysts with enhanced Pb tolerance.
{"title":"Deactivation effect of different Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3","authors":"Liang Wang , Shan Ren , Xiaodi Li , Chi He , Chunli Zheng , Xinzhe Li , Shouning Chai , Chunbao Charles Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deactivation on NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR catalyst surface by heavy metal species continues to hinder it long-term usage lifetime in flue gas treatment. A deeper insight into the poisoning effect of different Pb species on catalysts is crucial for designing denitrification catalysts with <em>anti</em>-Pb property. Herein, the obtained Fe/Zr-W catalyst was modified through multiple Pb salts (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, PbCl<sub>2</sub>, and PbSO<sub>4</sub>) to assess the different impact caused by various Pb species. The results showed that different Pb species led to varying levels of catalyst deactivation. Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and PbCl<sub>2</sub> caused different degrees of deactivation in the Fe/Zr-W catalyst, associated with the decrease in redox cycling capacity, acidic sites, and surface adsorption oxygen. However, PbSO<sub>4</sub> inversely enhanced the acidic site density of catalyst, which favored NH<sub>3</sub> adsorption but significantly decreased the conversion selectivity in catalytic process. Possible deactivation pathway differentiation among Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst was established. This work revealed insights into the different poisoning pathway of various Pb salts, contributing to the development of denitration catalysts with enhanced Pb tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077
Juan Ou , Ruomiao Yang , Yuchao Yan , Junheng Liu , Zhentao Liu , Jinlong Liu
Ammonia (NH3) is a carbon-free energy carrier with significant potential for sustainable transportation, particularly in heavy-duty applications such as trucks, construction machinery, agricultural equipment, locomotives, and ships. To enable the use of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines in these demanding applications, this study develops a reduced NH3/n-heptane chemical kinetic mechanism, with n-heptane serving as a single-component surrogate for diesel, designed for multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The mechanism incorporates advanced sub-models for ammonia oxidation, n-heptane oxidation, and carbon-nitrogen interactions, improving predictions for both low- and high-temperature combustion phenomena. Validation against fundamental combustion data, including ignition delays and laminar flame speeds, confirms its accuracy and reliability. A key feature of this study is the further validation of the kinetic mechanism in CFD simulations using experimental engine data from ammonia port fuel injection and diesel direct injection compression ignition operation, effectively bridging fundamental research and practical applications. The simulations confirm the ability of the mechanism to predict primary engine combustion behaviors, including cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and key combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, premixed/diffusion combustion proportions, and nitrogen-based emissions trends (including unburned NH3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and nitrous oxide (N2O)) across varying ammonia substitution levels. Additionally, the mechanism accurately captures the de-NOx effects of NH3, which modulate NOx and N2O concentrations during the late oxidation stage, with predicted emission levels closely matching experimental data. Overall, this work provides a robust and reliable tool to advance the development of high-efficiency, low-emission ammonia/diesel engine systems, thereby paving the way for cleaner and more sustainable solutions in heavy-duty transportation.
{"title":"Chemical mechanism development for ammonia/n-heptane blends in dual fuel engines","authors":"Juan Ou , Ruomiao Yang , Yuchao Yan , Junheng Liu , Zhentao Liu , Jinlong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is a carbon-free energy carrier with significant potential for sustainable transportation, particularly in heavy-duty applications such as trucks, construction machinery, agricultural equipment, locomotives, and ships. To enable the use of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines in these demanding applications, this study develops a reduced NH<sub>3</sub>/n-heptane chemical kinetic mechanism, with n-heptane serving as a single-component surrogate for diesel, designed for multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The mechanism incorporates advanced sub-models for ammonia oxidation, n-heptane oxidation, and carbon-nitrogen interactions, improving predictions for both low- and high-temperature combustion phenomena. Validation against fundamental combustion data, including ignition delays and laminar flame speeds, confirms its accuracy and reliability. A key feature of this study is the further validation of the kinetic mechanism in CFD simulations using experimental engine data from ammonia port fuel injection and diesel direct injection compression ignition operation, effectively bridging fundamental research and practical applications. The simulations confirm the ability of the mechanism to predict primary engine combustion behaviors, including cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and key combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, premixed/diffusion combustion proportions, and nitrogen-based emissions trends (including unburned NH<sub>3</sub>, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)) across varying ammonia substitution levels. Additionally, the mechanism accurately captures the de-NOx effects of NH<sub>3</sub>, which modulate NOx and N<sub>2</sub>O concentrations during the late oxidation stage, with predicted emission levels closely matching experimental data. Overall, this work provides a robust and reliable tool to advance the development of high-efficiency, low-emission ammonia/diesel engine systems, thereby paving the way for cleaner and more sustainable solutions in heavy-duty transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065
Asif Khan , Naseem Iqbal , Tayyaba Noor , Ali Iqtidar , Najam Khan
A thorough evaluation of all co-pyrolysis products (pyro-oil, gas, and char) using a fixed bed reactor is required for prospective upscaling and techno-economic analysis aimed at commercializing pyrolysis and integrating it into traditional systems. The study investigated the effects of many parameters, including the waste tire to coal ratio and temperature. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of coal and waste tires (WT) to determine its influence on products throughout a broad range of feedstock ratios (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt% of WT combined with coal) in a fixed bed reactor set at 500 °C. Based on the findings, it was determined that the optimal oil yield of 44 % and maximum gross calorific values of 41.00 MJ/kg were achieved with a coal to waste tires ratio of 50:50 which was slightly lower than 70:30 blending ratio. The findings demonstrated that the mass ratio of the feedstock was critical in the conversion of oxygenates into hydrocarbons (HC). Liquid yield, organic phase, aromatics, and aliphatic all increased when the WT/coal blending ratio approached 50:50. Pyro-oil output was 44 wt% with WT and coal (50:50), compared to 19 wt% with coal alone. Similarly, at comparable blend ratios, oxygenates were reduced by 65 %, and the higher heating value (HHV) of pyro-oil (41.00 MJ/kg) at 50:50 coal and WT blending ratio and matched that of WT (45.00 MJ/kg) and comparable with Petro-diesel. The incorporation of WT into coal resulted in a notable advantageous synergy for non-condensable gas. The introduction of WT augmented hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4), alongside increased HCs, while diminishing carbon oxides compared to coal alone. The integration of WT into coal also enhanced the char properties, manifesting in heightened carbon content, HHV, and diminished ash content. The 50:50 blending ratio is deemed optimal following the discovery of a notable liquid yield at this proportion. Finally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted on the pyro-oil, while Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detection (GCTD) was employed for the pyro gas.
{"title":"Pyrolysis of lignite coal and waste tires for liquid fuel production","authors":"Asif Khan , Naseem Iqbal , Tayyaba Noor , Ali Iqtidar , Najam Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thorough evaluation of all co-pyrolysis products (pyro-oil, gas, and char) using a fixed bed reactor is required for prospective upscaling and techno-economic analysis aimed at commercializing pyrolysis and integrating it into traditional systems. The study investigated the effects of many parameters, including the waste tire to coal ratio and temperature. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of coal and waste tires (WT) to determine its influence on products throughout a broad range of feedstock ratios (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt% of WT combined with coal) in a fixed bed reactor set at 500 °C. Based on the findings, it was determined that the optimal oil yield of 44 % and maximum gross calorific values of 41.00 MJ/kg were achieved with a coal to waste tires ratio of 50:50 which was slightly lower than 70:30 blending ratio. The findings demonstrated that the mass ratio of the feedstock was critical in the conversion of oxygenates into hydrocarbons (HC). Liquid yield, organic phase, aromatics, and aliphatic all increased when the WT/coal blending ratio approached 50:50. Pyro-oil output was 44 wt% with WT and coal (50:50), compared to 19 wt% with coal alone. Similarly, at comparable blend ratios, oxygenates were reduced by 65 %, and the higher heating value (HHV) of pyro-oil (41.00 MJ/kg) at 50:50 coal and WT blending ratio and matched that of WT (45.00 MJ/kg) and comparable with Petro-diesel. The incorporation of WT into coal resulted in a notable advantageous synergy for non-condensable gas. The introduction of WT augmented hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), alongside increased HCs, while diminishing carbon oxides compared to coal alone. The integration of WT into coal also enhanced the char properties, manifesting in heightened carbon content, HHV, and diminished ash content. The 50:50 blending ratio is deemed optimal following the discovery of a notable liquid yield at this proportion. Finally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted on the pyro-oil, while Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detection (GCTD) was employed for the pyro gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102065"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068
Nagaraju Pasupulety, Majed A. Alamoudi, Abdulrahim A. Alzahrani
Improved light olefins yield via catalytic CO2 conversions supports circular carbon economy and also addresses global climate change effects to some extent. Present work demonstrates stable orthorhombic Fe7C3 formation on commercial ZrO2 by using citric acid chelation method and its subsequent pretreatment under CO/H2(g) = 0.93 studied in CO2-FT process. For the first time, co-operative effect of alkaline earth promoters (AEP= Mg or Ca or Ba) with alkali metal (K) was investigated in detail on the extent of Fe0/Fe7C3 formation in FeZnK-AEP/ZrO2 catalysts. Significant enhancement in the textural properties and iron oxide reduction were found in K-AEP duo catalysts. Essentially, XRD and H2-TPD studies revealed improved metallic iron phase in Mg-K or Ca-K duo which resulted in greater light paraffins formation. However, Ba-K duo enhanced the carbidization of reduced iron species in the catalyst as established through Mossbauer data wherein FexCy/Fe3O4 ratio was 1.2 times higher than in reference FeZnK/ZrO2 catalyst. Among the K-AEP duos, the decreasing order of light olefins space time yield found as: FeZnK-Mg/ZrO2 (6.75 mmol gcat−1 h−1) < FeZnK/ZrO2 (7.39 mmol gcat−1 h−1) < FeZnK-Ca/ZrO2 (7.53 mmol gcat−1 h−1) < FeZnK-Ba/ZrO2 (9.01 mmol gcat−1 h−1). The greater light olefins yield was associated with surface enrichment of Fe-C species, optimized basicity and H2 activation on FeZnK-Ba/ZrO2 respectively noticed through XPS, CO2 and H2-TPD results. Therefore, FeZnK-Ba/ZrO2 with 20h of consistent activity can serve as an alternative catalyst with an alternative active phase of Fe7C3 in CO2-FT studies, unlike literature heavily loaded with Fe3C and Fe5C2 bulk active phases.
{"title":"Alternative Fe7C3/ZrO2 carbides for stable and selective olefins production via CO2-FT process: Co-operative effect of alkali-alkaline earth promoters","authors":"Nagaraju Pasupulety, Majed A. Alamoudi, Abdulrahim A. Alzahrani","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improved light olefins yield via catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> conversions supports circular carbon economy and also addresses global climate change effects to some extent. Present work demonstrates stable orthorhombic Fe<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> formation on commercial ZrO<sub>2</sub> by using citric acid chelation method and its subsequent pretreatment under CO/H<sub>2</sub>(g) = 0.93 studied in CO<sub>2</sub>-FT process. For the first time, co-operative effect of alkaline earth promoters (AEP= Mg or Ca or Ba) with alkali metal (K) was investigated in detail on the extent of Fe<sup>0</sup>/Fe<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> formation in FeZnK-AEP/ZrO<sub>2</sub> catalysts. Significant enhancement in the textural properties and iron oxide reduction were found in K-AEP duo catalysts. Essentially, XRD and H<sub>2</sub>-TPD studies revealed improved metallic iron phase in Mg-K or Ca-K duo which resulted in greater light paraffins formation. However, Ba-K duo enhanced the carbidization of reduced iron species in the catalyst as established through Mossbauer data wherein Fe<sub>x</sub>C<sub>y</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ratio was 1.2 times higher than in reference FeZnK/ZrO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. Among the K-AEP duos, the decreasing order of light olefins space time yield found as: FeZnK-Mg/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (6.75 mmol g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) < FeZnK/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (7.39 mmol g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) < FeZnK-Ca/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (7.53 mmol g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) < FeZnK-Ba/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (9.01 mmol g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>). The greater light olefins yield was associated with surface enrichment of Fe-C species, optimized basicity and H<sub>2</sub> activation on FeZnK-Ba/ZrO<sub>2</sub> respectively noticed through XPS, CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>-TPD results. Therefore, FeZnK-Ba/ZrO<sub>2</sub> with 20h of consistent activity can serve as an alternative catalyst with an alternative active phase of Fe<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> in CO<sub>2</sub>-FT studies, unlike literature heavily loaded with Fe<sub>3</sub>C and Fe<sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub> bulk active phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, soot particles were directly sampled within a transient reacting jet spray flame under conditions close to practical diesel engine combustion based on the principle of the thermophoretic probe sampling. The experiments were performed in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with five ambient oxygen concentrations (O2: 21 %, 18 %, 15 %, 12 %, 9 %), accompanied by the subsequent 3-D atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to examine not only to what extent the 3-D morphology of the soot particles samples but also their mechanical properties were affected by the variations in the oxygen concentration in the CVCC.
The results showed relatively larger particles were observed in the 3-D AFM images, indicating soot coagulation occurred at the very beginning of combustion process. Three different types of morphology were found for isolated particles samples. The equivalent diameter (ED) of the samples exhibited a broad distribution of about 2–100 nm. When the ambient oxygen concentration was reduced from 12 % to 9 %, similar distribution patterns of ED were found, especially over the range ED < 10 nm. The population-averaged ED decreased firstly and then increased, and was found to decrease again as the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered. The distribution of sphericity ratio for the particles samples fell within the range of 0–0.35, and very low sphericity ratio values (<0.1) were found for most of the isolated particles samples.
Three types of force curves were found for the particles samples. The attractive force fell within the range of 1.4–4.8 nN for all the cases studied. As the ambient oxygen concentration was lowered, the population-averaged attractive force decreased from 2.60 nN to 2.23 nN. The Van der Waals force accounted for over 65 % of the attractive force, and thus played a dominant role in the attractive force. The adhesive force mainly fell within the range of 10–24 nN. As the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered, the population-averaged adhesive force increased from 14.19 to 14.46 nN; the adhesive energy fell within the range of 0–5.1 × 10−16 J, and the population-averaged adhesive energy decreased initially from 1.92 × 10−16 J to 1.79 × 10−16 J, and then increased to 1.89 × 10−16 J. Especially, it was found that the population-averaged adhesive energy was four orders of magnitude higher than the thermal kinetic energy. The Young's modulus fell within the range of 15–520 MPa, while the population-averaged Young's modulus fell within the range of 205–235 MPa, and the population-averaged Young's modulus showed a completely opposite trend to that of the fringe separation distance as the oxygen concentration was lowered.
{"title":"Exploring 3-D morphology and mechanical properties for the soot particles produced within a transient diesel reacting jet spray flame under diesel engine-like operating conditions by using atomic force microscopy (AFM)","authors":"Yifeng Wang , Yuan Zhuang , Zhongwen Zhu , Yanzhou Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, soot particles were directly sampled within a transient reacting jet spray flame under conditions close to practical diesel engine combustion based on the principle of the thermophoretic probe sampling. The experiments were performed in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with five ambient oxygen concentrations (O<sub>2</sub>: 21 %, 18 %, 15 %, 12 %, 9 %), accompanied by the subsequent 3-D atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to examine not only to what extent the 3-D morphology of the soot particles samples but also their mechanical properties were affected by the variations in the oxygen concentration in the CVCC.</div><div>The results showed relatively larger particles were observed in the 3-D AFM images, indicating soot coagulation occurred at the very beginning of combustion process. Three different types of morphology were found for isolated particles samples. The equivalent diameter (ED) of the samples exhibited a broad distribution of about 2–100 nm. When the ambient oxygen concentration was reduced from 12 % to 9 %, similar distribution patterns of ED were found, especially over the range ED < 10 nm. The population-averaged ED decreased firstly and then increased, and was found to decrease again as the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered. The distribution of sphericity ratio for the particles samples fell within the range of 0–0.35, and very low sphericity ratio values (<0.1) were found for most of the isolated particles samples.</div><div>Three types of force curves were found for the particles samples. The attractive force fell within the range of 1.4–4.8 nN for all the cases studied. As the ambient oxygen concentration was lowered, the population-averaged attractive force decreased from 2.60 nN to 2.23 nN. The Van der Waals force accounted for over 65 % of the attractive force, and thus played a dominant role in the attractive force. The adhesive force mainly fell within the range of 10–24 nN. As the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered, the population-averaged adhesive force increased from 14.19 to 14.46 nN; the adhesive energy fell within the range of 0–5.1 × 10<sup>−16</sup> J, and the population-averaged adhesive energy decreased initially from 1.92 × 10<sup>−16</sup> J to 1.79 × 10<sup>−16</sup> J, and then increased to 1.89 × 10<sup>−16</sup> J. Especially, it was found that the population-averaged adhesive energy was four orders of magnitude higher than the thermal kinetic energy. The Young's modulus fell within the range of 15–520 MPa, while the population-averaged Young's modulus fell within the range of 205–235 MPa, and the population-averaged Young's modulus showed a completely opposite trend to that of the fringe separation distance as the oxygen concentration was lowered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102067"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102071
Qichen He , Zhenyi Du , Honghao He , Jun Xu , Xu Jiang , Long Jiang , Kai Xu , Yi Wang , Sheng Su , Song Hu , Jun Xiang
In this study, in-situ Raman and in-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were developed to investigate the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) on the evolution of Zhundong coal (a typical AAEMs-rich coal) density-separated fractions including <1.40 g/cm3, 1.40–1.45 g/cm3, 1.45–1.50 g/cm3 and >1.50 g/cm3 during pyrolysis. The inherent AAEMs in the Zhundong coal mainly exist as Na and Ca. For occurrence characteristics of AAEMs, the relative amount of ion-exchangeable AAEMs is close between density-separated fractions, and the water-soluble and HCl-soluble AAEMs mainly exist in the >1.50 g/cm3 fraction. The pyrolysis weight loss and the maximum mass loss rate (Rmax) decrease with the increases of the fraction's density. The chemical structure and the occurrence characteristics of AAEMs of density-separated fractions have a combined effect on their pyrolysis characteristics. At the devolatilization stage of the pyrolysis, water-soluble AAEMs promote the release of active components, accelerate the formation of more stable bonds between AAEMs and char matrix and inhibit the release of the 1–2 aromatic rings in char especially for the <1.40 g/cm3 fraction. In this stage, the formation of the cross-linking structures and 3–5 aromatic rings especially for the >1.50 g/cm3 fraction, and the coupling of free radicals especially for the <1.40 g/cm3 fraction are promoted. At the aromatization polymerization stage, the effects of water-soluble Na/K are obvious, especially for the <1.40 g/cm3 fraction. The divalent AAEMs all can inhibit the condensation of aromatic rings and improve the reactivity of stable free radicals, especially for water-soluble divalent AAEMs in the >1.50 g/cm3 fraction. Good correlations between pyrolysis reactivity and in-situ chemical structure were found and established. It was expected to direct the coal utilization based on integrated cascade stages.
{"title":"Influence mechanism of AAEMs on the pyrolysis of coal density-separated fractions: Insights from combining TGA, in-situ Raman spectroscopy and in-situ EPR technique","authors":"Qichen He , Zhenyi Du , Honghao He , Jun Xu , Xu Jiang , Long Jiang , Kai Xu , Yi Wang , Sheng Su , Song Hu , Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, in-situ Raman and in-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were developed to investigate the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) on the evolution of Zhundong coal (a typical AAEMs-rich coal) density-separated fractions including <1.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 1.40–1.45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 1.45–1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and >1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup> during pyrolysis. The inherent AAEMs in the Zhundong coal mainly exist as Na and Ca. For occurrence characteristics of AAEMs, the relative amount of ion-exchangeable AAEMs is close between density-separated fractions, and the water-soluble and HCl-soluble AAEMs mainly exist in the >1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction. The pyrolysis weight loss and the maximum mass loss rate (R<sub>max</sub>) decrease with the increases of the fraction's density. The chemical structure and the occurrence characteristics of AAEMs of density-separated fractions have a combined effect on their pyrolysis characteristics. At the devolatilization stage of the pyrolysis, water-soluble AAEMs promote the release of active components, accelerate the formation of more stable bonds between AAEMs and char matrix and inhibit the release of the 1–2 aromatic rings in char especially for the <1.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction. In this stage, the formation of the cross-linking structures and 3–5 aromatic rings especially for the >1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction, and the coupling of free radicals especially for the <1.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction are promoted. At the aromatization polymerization stage, the effects of water-soluble Na/K are obvious, especially for the <1.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction. The divalent AAEMs all can inhibit the condensation of aromatic rings and improve the reactivity of stable free radicals, especially for water-soluble divalent AAEMs in the >1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction. Good correlations between pyrolysis reactivity and in-situ chemical structure were found and established. It was expected to direct the coal utilization based on integrated cascade stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102071"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102076
Chunguang Wang , Zhanming Chen , Tao Li , Pengyun Zhao , Hao Chen
Ammonia is increasingly recognized as a promising zero-carbon renewable energy source for internal combustion engines. The dual direct injection combustion method, which utilizes diesel to ignite ammonia, represents a highly effective strategy for employing ammonia as an engine fuel. This study investigates the spray and combustion characteristics of diesel and ammonia at injection angles of 90° and 180° using optical diagnostic techniques in a constant volume combustion chamber. The results indicate that, compared to the 90° injection angle, the 180° injection angle enhances the axial diffusion and evaporation rates of the collision spray while inhibiting both radial diffusion and evaporation rates. An increase in injection pressure further promotes both axial and radial diffusion and evaporation rates, significantly improving the atomization characteristics of the collision spray. At the 180° injection angle, the collision spray exhibits greater turbulence, facilitating thorough mixing of fuel and air. This results in prolonged ignition delays and combustion durations, an increased flame area, and reduced soot emissions. Specifically, compared to the 90° injection angle, soot emissions from the 180° injection angle at 60 and 100 MPa decreased by 32.03 % and 5.43 %, respectively. Similarly, while increasing injection pressure effectively mitigates soot emissions, this improvement is inhibited at the 180° injection angle.
{"title":"A comparative study the spray and combustion of diesel and ammonia engine under cross and horizontally-opposed dual direct injection","authors":"Chunguang Wang , Zhanming Chen , Tao Li , Pengyun Zhao , Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is increasingly recognized as a promising zero-carbon renewable energy source for internal combustion engines. The dual direct injection combustion method, which utilizes diesel to ignite ammonia, represents a highly effective strategy for employing ammonia as an engine fuel. This study investigates the spray and combustion characteristics of diesel and ammonia at injection angles of 90° and 180° using optical diagnostic techniques in a constant volume combustion chamber. The results indicate that, compared to the 90° injection angle, the 180° injection angle enhances the axial diffusion and evaporation rates of the collision spray while inhibiting both radial diffusion and evaporation rates. An increase in injection pressure further promotes both axial and radial diffusion and evaporation rates, significantly improving the atomization characteristics of the collision spray. At the 180° injection angle, the collision spray exhibits greater turbulence, facilitating thorough mixing of fuel and air. This results in prolonged ignition delays and combustion durations, an increased flame area, and reduced soot emissions. Specifically, compared to the 90° injection angle, soot emissions from the 180° injection angle at 60 and 100 MPa decreased by 32.03 % and 5.43 %, respectively. Similarly, while increasing injection pressure effectively mitigates soot emissions, this improvement is inhibited at the 180° injection angle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102074
Long-Yu Zhang , Xiao-Fan Tang , Min Li , Hong-Yu Ding , Xian-Yong Wei , Xing-Shun Cong , Li Li
Selectively converting lignin is advantageous for the advancement of renewable energy. Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) in a catalyst significantly influences its catalytic activity during lignin conversion. Therefore, reasonable regulation of SMSI can effectively enhance the catalyst activity. Nickel layered double hydroxide (Ni-LDH) was prepared by in-situ method. An induced oxidation strategy, which involves regulating the surface reconstruction process of the catalyst by controlling the oxidation temperature during the oxidation stage, was also revealed. Consequently, Ni/Al2O3-600, featuring SMSI, was successfully prepared and demonstrated effective catalysis in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin into cyclanes. Ni/Al2O3-600, prepared at the optimal calcination temperature of 600 °C, exhibits on high activity for the HDO of lignin, achieving a soluble portion yield of 95.3 %. Furthermore, the lignin-related model compound phenoxyethylbenzene (PEB) was completely converted over Ni/Al2O3. The frontier molecular orbital structure of the intermediates of PEB was determined by calculation with density functional theory, and a mechanism for the HDO of PEB over Ni/Al2O3 was also proposed. This strategy offers a theoretical framework for the value-added utilization of lignin and the expansion of liquid fuel sources.
{"title":"An evaluation of the performance and catalytic mechanism of high-temperature-induced Ni/Al2O3 in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin","authors":"Long-Yu Zhang , Xiao-Fan Tang , Min Li , Hong-Yu Ding , Xian-Yong Wei , Xing-Shun Cong , Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selectively converting lignin is advantageous for the advancement of renewable energy. Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) in a catalyst significantly influences its catalytic activity during lignin conversion. Therefore, reasonable regulation of SMSI can effectively enhance the catalyst activity. Nickel layered double hydroxide (Ni-LDH) was prepared by in-situ method. An induced oxidation strategy, which involves regulating the surface reconstruction process of the catalyst by controlling the oxidation temperature during the oxidation stage, was also revealed. Consequently, Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-600, featuring SMSI, was successfully prepared and demonstrated effective catalysis in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin into cyclanes. Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-600, prepared at the optimal calcination temperature of 600 °C, exhibits on high activity for the HDO of lignin, achieving a soluble portion yield of 95.3 %. Furthermore, the lignin-related model compound phenoxyethylbenzene (PEB) was completely converted over Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The frontier molecular orbital structure of the intermediates of PEB was determined by calculation with density functional theory, and a mechanism for the HDO of PEB over Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was also proposed. This strategy offers a theoretical framework for the value-added utilization of lignin and the expansion of liquid fuel sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102069
Chenxi Zhao , Qi Xia , Siyu Wang , Xueying Lu , Wenjing Yue , Aihui Chen , Juhui Chen
The co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics can effectively enhance the quality of bio-oil. The application of machine learning techniques to predict bio-oil yield helps optimize the production of co-pyrolysis bio-oil. This study develops machine learning models for predicting bio-oil yield based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machines. The study innovatively integrates the pyrolysis data of the three major components of biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), both individually and in mixtures, into the co-pyrolysis prediction model, overcoming the limitations of traditional studies that focus solely on the overall characteristics of biomass. The results show that the DNN model outperforms others, with the incorporation of biomass component data significantly improving the prediction accuracy of co-pyrolysis bio-oil yield, increasing the R2 from 0.817 to 0.931, with an average absolute error of 3.583 and a root mean square error of 4.573. Additionally, analyses using Shapley additive explanations and Pearson correlation coefficients reveal significant changes in the feature importance ranking of the model, dynamically unveiling the impact mechanism of data expansion on feature weights. For the first time, the synergistic effect of plastic proportion and hydrogen content is explicitly identified. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of biomass pyrolysis mechanisms, thereby enhancing the economic value of co-pyrolysis bio-oil.
{"title":"A study on machine learning prediction of bio-oil yield from biomass and plastic Co-pyrolysis","authors":"Chenxi Zhao , Qi Xia , Siyu Wang , Xueying Lu , Wenjing Yue , Aihui Chen , Juhui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics can effectively enhance the quality of bio-oil. The application of machine learning techniques to predict bio-oil yield helps optimize the production of co-pyrolysis bio-oil. This study develops machine learning models for predicting bio-oil yield based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machines. The study innovatively integrates the pyrolysis data of the three major components of biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), both individually and in mixtures, into the co-pyrolysis prediction model, overcoming the limitations of traditional studies that focus solely on the overall characteristics of biomass. The results show that the DNN model outperforms others, with the incorporation of biomass component data significantly improving the prediction accuracy of co-pyrolysis bio-oil yield, increasing the R<sup>2</sup> from 0.817 to 0.931, with an average absolute error of 3.583 and a root mean square error of 4.573. Additionally, analyses using Shapley additive explanations and Pearson correlation coefficients reveal significant changes in the feature importance ranking of the model, dynamically unveiling the impact mechanism of data expansion on feature weights. For the first time, the synergistic effect of plastic proportion and hydrogen content is explicitly identified. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of biomass pyrolysis mechanisms, thereby enhancing the economic value of co-pyrolysis bio-oil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102069"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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