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Boosting light olefin production from pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene: A two-stage catalytic process 从低密度聚乙烯热解中提高轻烯烃产量:两阶段催化工艺
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101872
The increasing production of waste plastics poses significant environmental and health risks. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a major component of plastic waste, is a high-quality feedstock for pyrolysis due to its high carbon and hydrogen content. Traditional pyrolysis methods, such as thermal cracking and one-step catalytic pyrolysis, have limitations in yield and selectivity of valuable products like light olefins. This study introduces a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis (TSCP) process aimed at enhancing the production of light olefins from LDPE. In the first stage, LDPE undergoes pyrolysis with MCM-41 catalyst, yielding a substantial number of liquid products and a minor portion of light olefins. The second stage utilizes Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst to further crack the high-temperature volatile matter into light olefins. The optimal conditions identified were 450 °C in the first stage and 500 °C in the second stage, achieving a maximum light olefin yield of 45.80 wt% and a low reaction temperature, decreasing the energy consumption. Additionally, the MCM-41 catalyst demonstrates excellent regeneration performance, with only a slight decrease in liquid yield after nine cycles. The Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst maintains high stability, with light olefin yield remaining at 83.60 % of the initial yield after 48 h of operation.
废塑料产量的不断增加给环境和健康带来了巨大风险。低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)是塑料废弃物的主要成分,由于其碳和氢含量高,是热解的优质原料。传统的热解方法(如热裂解和一步催化热解)在轻烯烃等有价值产品的产量和选择性方面存在局限性。本研究介绍了一种两阶段催化热解(TSCP)工艺,旨在提高低密度聚乙烯轻烯烃的产量。在第一阶段,低密度聚乙烯在 MCM-41 催化剂的作用下进行热解,产生大量液体产品和少量轻质烯烃。第二阶段使用 Mg-ZSM-5 催化剂将高温挥发物进一步裂解为轻质烯烃。确定的最佳条件为第一阶段 450 °C,第二阶段 500 °C,轻烯烃产量最高可达 45.80 wt%,且反应温度较低,降低了能耗。此外,MCM-41 催化剂的再生性能极佳,九次循环后液体产率仅略有下降。Mg-ZSM-5 催化剂保持了较高的稳定性,在运行 48 小时后,轻烯烃产量仍为初始产量的 83.60%。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of NH3 pre-cracking and initial temperature on the intrinsic instability and NOx emissions of NH3/bio-syngas/air premixed flames NH3 预裂解和初始温度对 NH3/生物合成气/空气预混合火焰内在不稳定性和氮氧化物排放的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101873
The study of the combustion characteristics of NH₃/bio-syngas/air under NH₃ partial cracking and elevated initial temperatures can enhance its feasibility as a practical fuel. The effects of NH₃ cracking rates (ζ) and initial temperature (T0) on the laminar burning velocity (SL), instability, and NO emissions of NH₃/bio-syngas/air premixed flames under different equivalence ratios are investigated. The results indicate that increasing ζ and T0 enhances the SL of the premixed flame, with ζ having a more pronounced effect on combustion enhancement. Virtual gas analysis reveals that pre-cracking primarily strengthens combustion through chemical effect. An increase in ζ significantly shifts the peak SL towards the fuel-rich region, while at any T0, the peak SL consistently occurs around Φ = 1.1. Increasing ζ and T0 reduces the critical radius (rc) and the critical Peclet number (Pec) of the premixed fuel, with rc decreasing more rapidly when ζ is below 30 %. The dimensionless growth rate () increases with the rise in ζ and T0, consistently remaining positive, indicating an unstable state. Additionally, varies more significantly with T0 when T0 is below 450 K. When ζ is below 60 %, the NO mole fraction increases with the increase in ζ. However, at ζ = 80 %, the NO mole fraction is lower than at ζ = 40 %. Increasing T0 continually increases the NO mole fraction. Analysis of the NH3 reaction pathways indicates that NHi (i = 0, 1, 2) is closely related to the NO → N2 reduction reactions.
研究 NH₃部分裂解和初始温度升高条件下 NH₃/生物合成气/空气的燃烧特性可提高其作为实用燃料的可行性。研究了不同当量比下 NH₃ 裂解率 (ζ)和初始温度 (T0) 对 NH₃/生物合成气/空气预混合火焰的层燃速度 (SL)、不稳定性和氮氧化物排放的影响。结果表明,增加 ζ 和 T0 会增强预混合火焰的 SL,其中 ζ 对燃烧增强的影响更为明显。虚拟气体分析表明,预裂解主要通过化学效应增强燃烧。ζ的增大会使SL峰值明显偏向富燃料区,而在任何T0下,SL峰值始终出现在Φ = 1.1附近。增加 ζ 和 T0 会降低预混燃料的临界半径(rc)和临界佩克莱特数(Pec),当 ζ 低于 30% 时,rc 下降得更快。无量纲增长率(∑)随着 ζ 和 T0 的增加而增加,但始终保持正值,表明处于不稳定状态。此外,当 T0 低于 450 K 时,∑ 随 T0 的变化更为显著。当 ζ 低于 60 % 时,NO 分子分数随 ζ 的增加而增加。然而,当 ζ = 80 % 时,NO 分子分数低于 ζ = 40 %。增加 T0 会持续增加 NO 分子分数。对 NH3 反应路径的分析表明,NHi(i = 0、1、2)与 NO → N2 还原反应密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study of ammonia energy ratio on combustion and emissions from ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel engine at various load conditions 不同负荷条件下氨能比对氨汽油双燃料发动机燃烧和排放的实验研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101868
Achieving carbon neutrality necessitates the adoption of zero-carbon fuels in engine applications, with ammonia emerging as an up-and-coming candidate due to its favorable safety profile and advantages in storage and transportation. This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of an ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel (AGDF) engine to achieve comparable power output and satisfactory carbon reduction without changing the main structural parameters of the engine. A four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine was used to investigate the impact of ammonia energy ratio (AER), engine base torque and engine speed on the engine performance, combustion evolution and emission characteristics. The findings reveal that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in AGDF mode is lower than in gasoline-only mode, primarily due to the reduced combustion activity. However, this efficiency decline becomes noticeable only when the AER exceeds 15 %. Additionally, at high AERs and high engine base torques, the delayed effect of ammonia fuel on the main combustion period results in a double-peak pattern, which limits the energy output but presents opportunities for phase optimization. The study also examined three incomplete combustion emissions, each exhibiting distinct behaviors. Except for ammonia slip, adding ammonia fuel does not significantly affect carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions, particularly at AERs below 25 %. Nevertheless, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions under AGDF combustion are significantly higher than under gasoline alone in most instances. Crucially, the study demonstrates the carbon reduction potential of ammonia fuel across different engine loads, with a maximum carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction of 46.8 % at a 35 % AER. It is anticipated that further optimization of the combustion phase will improve the capability for carbon reduction.
要实现碳中和,就必须在发动机应用中采用零碳燃料,而氨因其良好的安全性能以及在储存和运输方面的优势,正在成为一种新兴的候选燃料。本研究通过实验研究了氨气-汽油双燃料(AGDF)发动机的可行性,在不改变发动机主要结构参数的情况下,实现了相当的功率输出和令人满意的碳减排效果。研究人员使用一台四缸自然吸气火花点火发动机,研究了氨能比(AER)、发动机基础扭矩和发动机转速对发动机性能、燃烧演化和排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,在 AGDF 模式下,制动热效率(BTE)低于纯汽油模式,主要原因是燃烧活性降低。然而,只有当空燃比超过 15% 时,这种效率下降才会变得明显。此外,在高空燃比和高发动机基础扭矩条件下,氨燃料对主燃烧期的延迟效应会导致双峰模式,这限制了能量输出,但为相位优化提供了机会。研究还考察了三种不完全燃烧排放,每种排放都表现出不同的行为。除氨滑移外,添加氨燃料不会明显影响一氧化碳(CO)和未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)的排放,特别是在 AER 低于 25% 时。然而,在大多数情况下,AGDF 燃烧时的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量明显高于单独使用汽油时的排放量。最重要的是,该研究证明了氨燃料在不同发动机负荷下的碳减排潜力,在 35% 的空气氧化率条件下,二氧化碳(CO2)的最大减排量为 46.8%。预计燃烧阶段的进一步优化将提高碳减排能力。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic and molecular dynamics study of methane dry reforming 甲烷干转化的热力学和分子动力学研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101870
The carbon neutrality strategy presents both challenges and opportunities for the metallurgical industry. Hydrogen, recognized as a green energy source, demonstrates significant potential for application in metallurgy. The negative impact of carbon deposition on catalysts is a significant challenge in the large-scale industrial application of methane dry reforming to produce hydrogen-rich reducing gases for ironmaking. This paper investigates the reaction mechanism through thermodynamic calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, systematically examining the effects of temperature, pressure, and feed ratio on the composition of gas products and the amount of carbon precipitation during the preparation process of hydrogen-rich reduction gas. The optimal conditions to produce high-quality reducing gas are identified to be a CO₂/CH₄ ratio of 0.8 at 1100K and 1 atm. At elevated temperatures, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide can reduce the amount of precipitated carbon, while the opposite is true at lower temperatures. The carbon absorbed by the nickel-based catalyst primarily originates from methane, while hydrogen ions activate carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide or carboxyl groups. By elucidating the reaction mechanism and quantifying the carbon precipitation, we provide theoretical guidance for industrial application.
碳中和战略为冶金工业带来了挑战和机遇。氢是公认的绿色能源,在冶金领域的应用潜力巨大。碳沉积对催化剂的负面影响是大规模工业应用甲烷干重整生产炼铁用富氢还原气体的重大挑战。本文通过热力学计算和分子动力学模拟研究了反应机理,系统考察了富氢还原气制备过程中温度、压力和进料比对气体产物组成和碳析出量的影响。在 1100K 和 1 atm 条件下,CO₂/CH₄ 比率为 0.8,是生产高质量还原气体的最佳条件。在高温条件下,增加二氧化碳的量可以减少析出碳的量,而在低温条件下则相反。镍基催化剂吸收的碳主要来自甲烷,而氢离子激活二氧化碳产生一氧化碳或羧基。通过阐明反应机理和量化碳沉淀,我们为工业应用提供了理论指导。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of thermophysical properties on heterogeneous reaction dynamics of methane/oxygen mixtures in a micro catalytic combustion chamber 热物理性质对微型催化燃烧室中甲烷/氧气混合物异相反应动力学的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101871
This paper presents a numerical investigation of premixed methane/oxygen heterogeneous reaction characteristics in a micro-catalytic combustion chamber under various boundary and wall thermophysical conditions. A 3-D model was simulated using ANSYS Fluent and validated against experimental data, with a maximum difference of only 1.92 % using a pure heterogeneous reaction. This study aims to analyze the wall boundary conditions and thermophysical factors that influence chemically and thermally during heterogeneous reactions. The results show that, with an increase in inlet velocity from 1 m/s to 10 m/s, the maximum heat produced by the reaction increases 52.67 % and the temperature of the channel as well as the outer wall increases accordingly. Using a 2.5 m/s inlet velocity, we found that the maximum external wall temperature uniformity coefficient was 0.1911. Furthermore, it was observed that as the heterogeneous reaction progresses, Platinum's surface coverage and the H(s) site coverage increase; however, the O(s), OH(s), CO(s), and C(s) site coverage decreases. Additionally, low convective heat transfer and wall thermal conductivity increase the efficiency of heterogeneous reactions and methane conversion. As a result of the low wall thermal conductivity, the outer wall temperature uniformity coefficient was 0.2863, while the methane conversion rate was 79.05 %. According to the results, higher thermal resistance increased the methane conversion rate from 68.18 % to 79.05 %, and the combustion process within the micro-catalytic combustor was uniform and controlled, thus enhancing its efficiency. The results of this study provide useful insights for optimizing micro-combustors, paving the way for future improvements in their design and operational efficiency.
本文对各种边界和壁面热物理条件下微催化燃烧室中的预混合甲烷/氧气异相反应特性进行了数值研究。使用 ANSYS Fluent 对三维模型进行了模拟,并与实验数据进行了验证,在使用纯异相反应时,最大差异仅为 1.92%。本研究旨在分析异相反应过程中影响化学和热反应的壁边界条件和热物理因素。结果表明,随着入口速度从 1 米/秒增加到 10 米/秒,反应产生的最大热量增加了 52.67%,通道和外壁的温度也相应增加。在入口速度为 2.5 米/秒的情况下,我们发现最大外壁温度均匀系数为 0.1911。此外,我们还观察到,随着异相反应的进行,铂的表面覆盖率和 H(s)位点覆盖率增加,但 O(s)、OH(s)、CO(s)和 C(s)位点覆盖率下降。此外,低对流传热和壁面热传导率提高了异质反应和甲烷转化的效率。由于壁面导热系数低,外壁温度均匀系数为 0.2863,甲烷转化率为 79.05%。研究结果表明,较高的热阻可将甲烷转化率从 68.18% 提高到 79.05%,并且微催化燃烧器内的燃烧过程是均匀和可控的,从而提高了其效率。这项研究的结果为优化微型燃烧器提供了有益的启示,为今后改进微型燃烧器的设计和运行效率铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the impact of nitromethane on the combustion mechanism of ammonia/methanol blends 硝基甲烷对氨/甲醇混合物燃烧机理的影响研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101867
Ammonia/methanol co-combustion is considered an effective liquid-liquid blending strategy to enhance the combustion performance of ammonia. However, both methanol and ammonia have high latent heats of vaporization, which necessitate significant heat absorption during the vaporization process. This often results in excessively low ambient temperatures before the ignition of the mixture, negatively affecting low-temperature ignition and combustion. To improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia/methanol blends, this study proposes the addition of nitromethane, forming a ternary blend of ammonia/methanol/nitromethane to enhance fuel performance. To evaluate the impact of nitromethane on the combustion mechanism of ammonia/methanol blends, this study utilizes synchronous vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry to analyze the oxidation reactions of the ammonia/methanol/nitromethane blends. Based on the Brequigny model, cross-reactions involving C-N bonds and reactions related to nitromethane were incorporated for model modification, resulting in the newly modified model, termed A-M. Pathway and sensitivity analyses, as well as ignition delay time simulations, were conducted to further understand the combustion process. The results indicate that the addition of nitromethane to the ammonia/methanol blend lowers the initial reaction temperature from 860 K to 740 K and increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations at 1050 K. At 800 K, nitromethane reduces the conversion of NH2 to NH3, thereby enhancing ammonia consumption and altering the NOx consumption pathway. Furthermore, at 1020 K, 98.6 % of H2NO reacts with H to form NH2, which is a crucial species in ammonia regeneration. Additionally, at 1020 K, 90.8 % of nitromethane decomposes through the reaction CH3NO2(+M) = CH3 + NO2(+M), contributing to increased NOx emissions. Moreover, the incorporation of nitromethane significantly reduces the ignition delay time of ammonia/methanol blends, demonstrating its potential to improve the overall combustion performance of these mixtures.
氨/甲醇共燃被认为是一种有效的液-液混合策略,可提高氨的燃烧性能。然而,甲醇和氨的汽化潜热都很高,因此在汽化过程中必须大量吸热。这通常会导致混合物点火前的环境温度过低,从而对低温点火和燃烧产生不利影响。为改善氨/甲醇混合物的燃烧特性,本研究提出添加硝基甲烷,形成氨/甲醇/硝基甲烷三元混合物,以提高燃料性能。为了评估硝基甲烷对氨/甲醇混合物燃烧机理的影响,本研究利用同步真空紫外光离子化质谱仪分析了氨/甲醇/硝基甲烷混合物的氧化反应。在布雷基尼模型的基础上,加入了涉及 C-N 键的交叉反应和与硝基甲烷有关的反应,对模型进行了修改,从而得到了新修改的模型,称为 A-M。为进一步了解燃烧过程,进行了路径和敏感性分析以及点火延迟时间模拟。结果表明,在氨/甲醇混合物中加入硝基甲烷可将初始反应温度从 860 K 降低到 740 K,并增加 1050 K 时的氮氧化物(NOx)浓度。此外,在 1020 K 时,98.6% 的 H2NO 与 H 反应生成 NH2,而 NH2 是氨再生过程中的关键物种。此外,在 1020 K 时,90.8% 的硝基甲烷通过反应 CH3NO2(+M) = CH3 + NO2(+M) 分解,导致氮氧化物排放量增加。此外,硝基甲烷的加入大大缩短了氨/甲醇混合物的点火延迟时间,证明了其改善这些混合物整体燃烧性能的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrothermal bio-oil yield and higher heating value of high moisture and lipid biomass: Machine learning modeling and feature response behavior analysis 高水分和高脂肪生物质的水热生物油产量和更高的热值:机器学习建模和特征响应行为分析
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101859
The yield and higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil products are significant performance parameters for the hydrothermal conversion of high-water and high-lipid biomass. Machine learning (ML) modeling prediction is a fast and convenient means of obtaining performance parameters. An informative dataset with 243 samples was prepared, and two highly adapted ML algorithms were used: Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost). It is interesting to note that the developed ML models demonstrated great prediction ability; for example, the regression coefficient (R2) of the XGBoost model for yield and HHV prediction was as high as 0.942 and 0.940, respectively. Furthermore, partial dependence plots (PDP) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpretability methodologies were adopted to address the main contributions of the feature identification and response behavior analysis of the features. The results demonstrated that the biomass composition had the greatest effect on bio-oil yield, with fat contributing up to 40 %. In contrast, the elemental composition had the most significant effect on the HHV of bio-oil. Notably, hydrogen content affected the HHV of up to 4.5 units. The interaction response behavior showed that the interaction of the process parameters with feedstock properties was most common and significant. The information obtained from the response mechanism can be used to enhance the subsequent hydrothermal fuel preparation process for bio-oils.
生物油产品的产量和较高的热值(HHV)是高水和高脂生物质水热转化的重要性能参数。机器学习(ML)建模预测是获取性能参数的一种快速便捷的方法。我们准备了一个包含 243 个样本的信息数据集,并使用了两种高度适应的 ML 算法:随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升树(XGBoost)。值得注意的是,所开发的 ML 模型表现出很强的预测能力;例如,XGBoost 模型对产量和 HHV 预测的回归系数(R2)分别高达 0.942 和 0.940。此外,针对特征识别和特征响应行为分析的主要贡献,还采用了部分依存图(PDP)和SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)可解释性方法。结果表明,生物质成分对生物油产量的影响最大,其中脂肪的贡献率高达 40%。相比之下,元素组成对生物油的 HHV 影响最大。值得注意的是,氢含量对 HHV 的影响高达 4.5 个单位。交互响应行为表明,工艺参数与原料特性之间的交互作用最为常见和显著。从响应机制中获得的信息可用于改进生物油的后续水热燃料制备工艺。
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引用次数: 0
A new low NOx emission technique for NH3/H2 blends in a flameless combustor through offset injection 在无焰燃烧器中通过偏置喷射实现 NH3/H2 混合物低氮氧化物排放的新技术
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101864
The application of ammonia (NH3) as a possible future fuel presents a plausible solution for green energy storage. It helps provide a carbon-neutral fuel alternative for industrial power generation and transportation. However, the combustion of NH3 presents a formidable challenge due to its low reactivity, inadequate flame stability, sluggish flame propagation, and high NOx emissions. Consequently, its integration into combustion systems necessitates substantial system and strategy modification to enable its deployment to industrial systems. The current study presents a novel fuel/air injection technique, which emphasizes the high recirculation of hot combustion products and the extended residence time of fuel/air mixtures. A comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation is conducted using a swirl air injection and offset fuel injection to achieve the flameless combustion mode for optimized NH3/H2 fuel blends. A range of mixture conditions (ϕ = 0.5–1.2) and NH3/H2 compositions (50/50–70/30) are experimentally examined. The investigations helped elucidate the effect of residence time and recirculation on NOx emissions through kinetic simulations using a reactor network model. Subsequently, 3-D numerical simulations helped identify regions of high recirculation, quantified through reactant dilution ratios and uniform temperature distribution. These aspects are determined using a new parameter, the temperature uniformity index along the axial direction of the combustor. The emissions of NOx, unburnt NH3, and unburnt H2 are quantified for different equivalence ratios and NH3 mole fractions in the fuel mixture. The investigations reveal that NOx emissions reached their minimum (450–654 ppm) and (344-211 ppm), when the burner operated at lean (ϕ = 0.5–0.8) and rich (ϕ = 1.0–1.2) conditions, respectively, for 70/30 NH3/H2 blend. The emissions of unburnt NH3 and H2 species remain minimal for lean conditions. Both lean and rich operational regimes demonstrated similar or superior emission characteristics in flameless combustion mode when compared to the conventional combustion mode.
氨(NH3)作为一种可能的未来燃料,为绿色能源储存提供了一种可行的解决方案。它有助于为工业发电和运输提供碳中和燃料替代品。然而,由于 NH3 的反应活性低、火焰稳定性不足、火焰传播缓慢以及氮氧化物排放量高,它的燃烧面临着严峻的挑战。因此,要将其集成到燃烧系统中,必须对系统和策略进行大量修改,才能将其应用到工业系统中。目前的研究提出了一种新型燃料/空气喷射技术,该技术强调热燃烧产物的高度再循环和燃料/空气混合物停留时间的延长。研究人员利用漩涡空气喷射和偏置燃料喷射进行了全面的实验和数值研究,以实现优化的 NH3/H2 混合燃料的无焰燃烧模式。实验研究了一系列混合条件(j = 0.5-1.2)和 NH3/H2 成分(50/50-70/30)。通过使用反应器网络模型进行动力学模拟,这些研究有助于阐明停留时间和再循环对氮氧化物排放的影响。随后,三维数值模拟帮助确定了高再循环区域,并通过反应物稀释比和均匀的温度分布进行了量化。这些方面是通过一个新参数,即沿燃烧器轴向的温度均匀性指数来确定的。针对燃料混合物中不同的当量比和 NH3 摩尔分数,对氮氧化物、未燃 NH3 和未燃 H2 的排放量进行了量化。研究表明,对于 70/30 NH3/H2 混合燃料,当燃烧器分别在贫油(j = 0.5-0.8)和富油(j = 1.0-1.2)条件下运行时,氮氧化物排放量分别达到最小值(450-654 ppm)和(344-211 ppm)。在贫油条件下,未燃烧的 NH3 和 H2 物种的排放量仍然很小。与传统燃烧模式相比,在无焰燃烧模式下,贫燃和富燃两种运行模式都具有相似或更优的排放特性。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and modeling studies on char combustion under pressurized O2/H2O conditions 加压 O2/H2O 条件下木炭燃烧的实验和模型研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101858
The desorption kinetic parameters for pressurized combustion and gasification reactions were determined based on a C++ program coupled with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model developed and experimental data from pressurized char combustion, and the established L-H kinetic model for pressurized char-O2/H2O combustion was refined in the current paper. The activation energy for desorption in reactions involving pressurized char-O2 and char-H2O was determined to be 250.8 kJ/mol, accompanied by a pre-exponential factor of 5.42 × 1010 g/(m2 s). Using this foundation, the current research conducted simulations to investigate the impacts of temperature, pressure, and H2O concentration on the oxidation adsorption rate (Rads,oxi), desorption rate (Rdes), gasification adsorption rate (Rads,gas), and the competitive influences of kinetics and diffusion processes within the pressurized char-O2/H2O combustion. The simulation results indicate a gradual increase in Rdes and Rads,gas with char conversion to reach a peak, followed by a gradual decline. Conversely, the Rads,oxi varies smoothly throughout the char conversion process. At 1673 K/1.0 MPa, the char-O2/H2O reaction rate is primarily constrained by Rads,oxi and Rads,gas, with the adsorption reaction serving as the rate-controlling step. Moreover, it was noted that a rise in pressure resulted in a linear increase in Rads,oxi, Rdes, and Rads,gas. At elevated temperatures, the impact of pressure on them becomes more noticeable. However, the introduction of H2O mitigates this effect. Elevated temperature and pressure facilitate the competition on the kinetics of char-O2 combustion for O2 diffusion, resulting in the conversion of char being more susceptible to O2 diffusion rate limitation. With the addition of 20 % H2O, the competition effect was weakened. In the case of pressurized combustion involving char and O2/H2O, the char conversion is primarily constrained by the O2 diffusion rate and is scarcely influenced by the H2O diffusion rate.
本文基于 C++ 程序,结合建立的 Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学模型和加压炭燃烧的实验数据,确定了加压燃烧和气化反应的解吸动力学参数,并完善了已建立的加压炭-O2/H2O 燃烧 L-H 动力学模型。在涉及加压木炭-O2 和木炭-H2O 的反应中,解吸活化能被确定为 250.8 kJ/mol,预指数为 5.42 × 1010 g/(m2 s)。在此基础上,本研究进行了模拟,研究了温度、压力和 H2O 浓度对加压炭-O2/H2O 燃烧中氧化吸附率(Rads,oxi)、解吸率(Rdes)、气化吸附率(Rads,gas)的影响,以及动力学和扩散过程的竞争影响。模拟结果表明,随着炭转化率达到峰值,Rdes 和 Rads,gas 逐渐增加,随后逐渐下降。相反,在整个木炭转化过程中,Rads,oxi 变化平稳。在 1673 K/1.0 MPa 条件下,炭-O2/H2O 反应速率主要受 Rads,oxi 和 Rads,gas 的制约,吸附反应是速率控制步骤。此外,研究还发现,压力升高会导致 Rads,oxi、Rdes 和 Rads,gas 的线性增加。在高温条件下,压力对它们的影响更加明显。不过,引入 H2O 可以减轻这种影响。温度和压力的升高促进了炭-氧气燃烧动力学对氧气扩散的竞争,导致炭的转化更容易受到氧气扩散速率的限制。加入 20% H2O 后,竞争效应减弱。在涉及木炭和 O2/H2O 的加压燃烧中,木炭转化率主要受制于 O2 扩散速率,几乎不受 H2O 扩散速率的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical investigation of NOx emission characteristics in air-staged combustion system fueled by premixed ammonia/methane 以预混氨/甲烷为燃料的空气分级燃烧系统中氮氧化物排放特性的数值研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101857
For the purpose of achieving global CO2 reduction, decarbonization at the source of fuels is a practical approach. The transition phase of blending fossil fuels with carbon-free fuels for combustion is a hot topic in the current carbon emission reduction process. In order to achieve efficient and low-pollution combustion of NH3/CH4, the combustion and emission characteristics of NH3/CH4 under single-stage and air-staged combustion methods were numerically investigated in this work. The emissions were compared for different equivalence ratios and different ammonia content conditions. Rate of production (ROP) and sensitivity analysis were performed for NOx, and the reaction path of NH3/CH4 was analyzed. The results indicate that the C-N interaction of the NH3/CH4 mixed combustion process is not significant and turns weaker in the lean flames. HNO intermediate is an important specie for NO generation, and HCN together with HCO intermediate, are essential species for CO generation. NH2 and NH almost dominate the promotion and inhibition of NO generation. Given the contrasting NOx and CO emission behavior of NH3/CH4 in rich and lean flames, the single-stage combustion approach is not suitable. Air-staged combustion achieves both, ensuring the complete burning of NH3 and CH4 while reducing NOx and CO emissions. Moreover, the results suggest that Φpri = 1.2/Φtotal = 0.6 is the optimal NH3/CH4 combustion staging method for controlling NOx emissions.
为了实现全球二氧化碳减排目标,从燃料源头进行脱碳是一种切实可行的方法。化石燃料与无碳燃料混合燃烧的过渡阶段是当前碳减排过程中的热点话题。为了实现 NH3/CH4 的高效低污染燃烧,本研究对 NH3/CH4 在单级燃烧和空气分级燃烧方式下的燃烧和排放特性进行了数值研究。比较了不同当量比和不同氨含量条件下的排放情况。对氮氧化物的生成率(ROP)和敏感性进行了分析,并分析了 NH3/CH4 的反应路径。结果表明,NH3/CH4 混合燃烧过程中的 C-N 相互作用并不明显,而且在贫焰中会变弱。HNO 中间体是生成 NO 的重要物质,HCN 和 HCO 中间体是生成 CO 的重要物质。NH2 和 NH 几乎主导了 NO 生成的促进和抑制作用。鉴于 NH3/CH4 在富焰和贫焰中的氮氧化物和一氧化碳排放行为截然不同,单级燃烧方法并不合适。空气分级燃烧可同时实现这两个目标,既能确保 NH3 和 CH4 的完全燃烧,又能减少 NOx 和 CO 的排放。此外,研究结果表明,Φpri = 1.2/Φtotal = 0.6 是控制氮氧化物排放的最佳 NH3/CH4 分级燃烧方法。
{"title":"Numerical investigation of NOx emission characteristics in air-staged combustion system fueled by premixed ammonia/methane","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the purpose of achieving global CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, decarbonization at the source of fuels is a practical approach. The transition phase of blending fossil fuels with carbon-free fuels for combustion is a hot topic in the current carbon emission reduction process. In order to achieve efficient and low-pollution combustion of NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>, the combustion and emission characteristics of NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> under single-stage and air-staged combustion methods were numerically investigated in this work. The emissions were compared for different equivalence ratios and different ammonia content conditions. Rate of production (ROP) and sensitivity analysis were performed for NO<sub>x</sub>, and the reaction path of NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> was analyzed. The results indicate that the C-N interaction of the NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> mixed combustion process is not significant and turns weaker in the lean flames. HNO intermediate is an important specie for NO generation, and HCN together with HCO intermediate, are essential species for CO generation. NH<sub>2</sub> and NH almost dominate the promotion and inhibition of NO generation. Given the contrasting NO<sub>x</sub> and CO emission behavior of NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> in rich and lean flames, the single-stage combustion approach is not suitable. Air-staged combustion achieves both, ensuring the complete burning of NH<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> while reducing NO<sub>x</sub> and CO emissions. Moreover, the results suggest that <em>Φ</em><sub>pri</sub> = 1.2/<em>Φ</em><sub>total</sub> = 0.6 is the optimal NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> combustion staging method for controlling NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Journal of The Energy Institute
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