Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101831
Qifu Luo , Linmin Zhang , Yonghui Bai , Guanghua Lu , Peng Lv , Juntao Wei , Xudong Song , Jiaofei Wang , Weiguang Su , Guangsuo Yu
Calcium has a definite catalytic effect in char gasification and affects the distribution and composition of gasification products. Therefore, a deep understanding of the reaction properties and mechanism of calcium in gasification is of great significance for the gasification process. Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics (ReaxFF MD), an approach for exploring complex chemical reactions, has provided an indispensable aid to the insightful study of the reaction properties of calcium in coal gasification processes. In this work, ReaxFF MD was adopted to construct gasification reactions with different conditions, and the effect of calcium on the products during the gasification was investigated by counting the distribution of the gasification products as well as the changes of calcium species in different conditions. At the same time, the catalytic mechanism of calcium in char during gasification was further investigated by calculating the charge and electrostatic potential of the gasification agent and the gasification agent after calcium binding, as well as the radial distribution function between different atoms. Research has shown that during gasification, the release of calcium from char combined with oxygen atoms in the gasifying agent leads to a decrease in the O–H or C=O bond energy, which promotes the cracking of the gasifying agent. It is worth noting that in comparison to CO2, Ca can easily form ionic bonds with O in the H2O molecule during the gasification process, which leads to easier breaking of the O–H bonds.
钙在炭气化过程中具有一定的催化作用,并影响气化产物的分布和组成。因此,深入了解钙在气化过程中的反应特性和机理对气化过程具有重要意义。反应力场分子动力学(ReaxFF MD)作为一种探索复杂化学反应的方法,为深入研究煤气化过程中钙的反应特性提供了不可或缺的帮助。本研究采用 ReaxFF MD 构建了不同条件下的煤气化反应,通过统计不同条件下煤气化产物的分布以及钙物种的变化,研究了钙对煤气化过程中产物的影响。同时,通过计算气化剂和钙结合后气化剂的电荷和静电位,以及不同原子间的径向分布函数,进一步研究了钙在气化过程中对炭素的催化机理。研究表明,在气化过程中,炭中的钙与气化剂中的氧原子结合释放,导致 O-H 或 C=O 键能降低,从而促进了气化剂的裂解。值得注意的是,与 CO2 相比,钙在气化过程中很容易与 H2O 分子中的 O 形成离子键,从而导致 O-H 键更容易断裂。
{"title":"Insights into the catalytic mechanism of calcium species during char-H2O/CO2 gasification based on molecular reaction dynamics","authors":"Qifu Luo , Linmin Zhang , Yonghui Bai , Guanghua Lu , Peng Lv , Juntao Wei , Xudong Song , Jiaofei Wang , Weiguang Su , Guangsuo Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium has a definite catalytic effect in char gasification and affects the distribution and composition of gasification products. Therefore, a deep understanding of the reaction properties and mechanism of calcium in gasification is of great significance for the gasification process. Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics (ReaxFF MD), an approach for exploring complex chemical reactions, has provided an indispensable aid to the insightful study of the reaction properties of calcium in coal gasification processes. In this work, ReaxFF MD was adopted to construct gasification reactions with different conditions, and the effect of calcium on the products during the gasification was investigated by counting the distribution of the gasification products as well as the changes of calcium species in different conditions. At the same time, the catalytic mechanism of calcium in char during gasification was further investigated by calculating the charge and electrostatic potential of the gasification agent and the gasification agent after calcium binding, as well as the radial distribution function between different atoms. Research has shown that during gasification, the release of calcium from char combined with oxygen atoms in the gasifying agent leads to a decrease in the O–H or C=O bond energy, which promotes the cracking of the gasifying agent. It is worth noting that in comparison to CO<sub>2</sub>, Ca can easily form ionic bonds with O in the H<sub>2</sub>O molecule during the gasification process, which leads to easier breaking of the O–H bonds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101817
Ariyan Zare Ghadi , Hankwon Lim
In the present study, we have investigated the impact of introducing different amounts of hydrogen peroxide into the air on the co-combustion behavior of propane and ammonia. Various combustion criteria including flame speed, ignition delay, heat release, NO emission, and reaction pathways have been explored within different compositions of propane/ammonia/air/hydrogen peroxide. This investigation has been performed through the kinetic study applying a detailed mechanism compromising 188 species and 1604 reactions. According to the findings, air replacement by hydrogen peroxide might improve the laminar burning velocity, heat release rate, flame temperature. The substantial reactivity of hydrogen peroxide leads to a significant increase in OH and H radicals, consequently accelerating the reaction rates as the hydrogen peroxide content in the oxidizer increases. The reaction H + O2↔O + OH (R906) plays the most significant role in enhancing flame propagation in a fuel/air mixture. However, as the hydrogen peroxide content in the mixture increases, the influence of this reaction diminishes, and the reaction H2O2(+M)↔2OH(+M) (R929) becomes more dominant. Initially, NO levels increase with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, but they start to decline at higher proportions of hydrogen peroxide. The initial increase may be attributed to the higher flame temperature, while the subsequent decrease could be linked to a substantial reduction in atmospheric nitrogen levels in the oxidizer. In situations where, pure hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizer, there is no production of NOx in pure propane combustion due to the lack of nitrogen. When compared to pure ammonia combustion, cofiring results in approximately half the amount of NOx emissions.
在本研究中,我们研究了在空气中引入不同量的过氧化氢对丙烷和氨气共燃行为的影响。在丙烷/氨气/空气/过氧化氢的不同成分中,我们探索了各种燃烧标准,包括火焰速度、点火延迟、热量释放、氮氧化物排放和反应途径。这项研究采用了详细的动力学机制,包括 188 种物质和 1604 个反应。研究结果表明,用过氧化氢替代空气可提高层流燃烧速度、热释放率和火焰温度。过氧化氢的高反应活性会导致 OH 和 H 自由基的显著增加,从而随着氧化剂中过氧化氢含量的增加而加快反应速率。反应 H + O2↔O + OH (R906) 在增强燃料/空气混合物的火焰传播方面发挥着最重要的作用。然而,随着混合物中过氧化氢含量的增加,该反应的影响逐渐减弱,而 H2O2(+M)↔2OH(+M) (R929)反应则变得更加主要。最初,NO 含量随着过氧化氢的加入而增加,但当过氧化氢的比例越高时,NO 含量开始下降。最初的增加可能是由于火焰温度升高,而随后的减少可能与氧化剂中大气氮含量的大幅降低有关。在使用纯过氧化氢作为氧化剂的情况下,由于缺少氮,纯丙烷燃烧不会产生氮氧化物。与纯氨燃烧相比,联合燃烧产生的氮氧化物排放量约为后者的一半。
{"title":"Numerical investigation of ammonia-propane cofiring characteristics utilizing air and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizers","authors":"Ariyan Zare Ghadi , Hankwon Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, we have investigated the impact of introducing different amounts of hydrogen peroxide into the air on the co-combustion behavior of propane and ammonia. Various combustion criteria including flame speed, ignition delay, heat release, NO emission, and reaction pathways have been explored within different compositions of propane/ammonia/air/hydrogen peroxide. This investigation has been performed through the kinetic study applying a detailed mechanism compromising 188 species and 1604 reactions. According to the findings, air replacement by hydrogen peroxide might improve the laminar burning velocity, heat release rate, flame temperature. The substantial reactivity of hydrogen peroxide leads to a significant increase in OH and H radicals, consequently accelerating the reaction rates as the hydrogen peroxide content in the oxidizer increases. The reaction H + O<sub>2</sub>↔O + OH (R906) plays the most significant role in enhancing flame propagation in a fuel/air mixture. However, as the hydrogen peroxide content in the mixture increases, the influence of this reaction diminishes, and the reaction H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(+M)↔2OH(+M) (R929) becomes more dominant. Initially, NO levels increase with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, but they start to decline at higher proportions of hydrogen peroxide. The initial increase may be attributed to the higher flame temperature, while the subsequent decrease could be linked to a substantial reduction in atmospheric nitrogen levels in the oxidizer. In situations where, pure hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizer, there is no production of NO<sub>x</sub> in pure propane combustion due to the lack of nitrogen. When compared to pure ammonia combustion, cofiring results in approximately half the amount of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101817"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101818
Hao Yu, Yan Su, Bo Shen, Yulin Zhang, Bin Wang, Xiaoping Li, Fangxi Xie
Auto-ignition triggering plays an important role in the study of knock, accurate and generalized calculation methods are of great significance. In this study, a brand new calculation method of end-mixture auto-ignition timing based on heat release rate (HRR) is proposed based on several sets of data with different knock intensities of a small turbocharged gasoline engine. The calculation method effectively eliminates the effect of fluctuations in the actual HRR data by setting the search range and the auto-ignition threshold, and also eliminates the calculation delay caused by the second-order derivatives of HRR in the regular calculation method. Under this calculation method, the auto-ignition and knock characteristics present a good fit. The effects of combustion parameters on auto-ignition are significantly different. The changes in engine coolant and inlet air temperature as well as the over-rich mixture significantly affected the auto-ignition trigger pressure, while the ignition timing and the over-lean mixture had no effect on it. The effects of methanol on auto-ignition trigger pressure were also significantly different under various injection timings. The calculation of auto-ignition timing provides a vital prerequisite for the study of auto-ignition triggering, which is of obvious significance for the study of knock.
{"title":"Research on the calculation method of auto-ignition timing and the effect of combustion parameters on auto-ignition under knock condition","authors":"Hao Yu, Yan Su, Bo Shen, Yulin Zhang, Bin Wang, Xiaoping Li, Fangxi Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Auto-ignition triggering plays an important role in the study of knock, accurate and generalized calculation methods are of great significance. In this study, a brand new calculation method of end-mixture auto-ignition timing based on heat release rate (HRR) is proposed based on several sets of data with different knock intensities of a small turbocharged gasoline engine. The calculation method effectively eliminates the effect of fluctuations in the actual HRR data by setting the search range and the auto-ignition threshold, and also eliminates the calculation delay caused by the second-order derivatives of HRR in the regular calculation method. Under this calculation method, the auto-ignition and knock characteristics present a good fit. The effects of combustion parameters on auto-ignition are significantly different. The changes in engine coolant and inlet air temperature as well as the over-rich mixture significantly affected the auto-ignition trigger pressure, while the ignition timing and the over-lean mixture had no effect on it. The effects of methanol on auto-ignition trigger pressure were also significantly different under various injection timings. The calculation of auto-ignition timing provides a vital prerequisite for the study of auto-ignition triggering, which is of obvious significance for the study of knock.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101818"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101820
Youjian Zhu , Diyu Liu , Zhiwu Tan , Huihui Liu , Tao Kan , Wennan Zhang , Hui Li , Yu Li , Wei Yang , Haiping Yang
Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion method for harmless and resource utilization of sewage sludge, which gives carbon-containing products with high added value and benefits for GHG reduction towards “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals. In this work, co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar wood was studied to investigate the effects of the wood blend ratio and the volatile-char interactions on the pyrolysis product characteristics. It was found that the synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis could enhance the production of aromatic hydrocarbons but inhibit the formation of nitrogen-containing and phenolic compounds. Meanwhile, the aromaticity of the char increased with increasing the wood blend ratio, resulting in an enhanced quality of the char. The volatile-char interactions could facilitate the cracking of large molecules in volatiles into small-molecule gases, leading to an increase in the gas yield of 0.6–14.6 %, and especially the H2 yield of 16.2–53.8 %, as compared to the case without interaction in the experiment. The char yields hold fairly constant but the physicochemical structure of the char changed significantly with the interactions. Specifically, the O-containing functional groups on the char surface decreased significantly with increasing aromaticity and stability. More importantly, the total phosphorus content of char was increased by 11.3–33.6 %, as compared to the case without interaction, with the enhanced conversion of non-hydroxyapatite phosphorus to hydroxyapatite phosphorus. The interaction can increase bio-availability of the phosphorus and make biochar to be a better organic fertilizer in application.
热解是一种对污水污泥进行无害化和资源化利用的热化学转化方法,可获得高附加值的含碳产品,并有利于减少温室气体,实现 "碳峰值和碳中和 "目标。这项工作研究了污水污泥和杨木的协同热解,探讨了木材混合比例和挥发物与碳的相互作用对热解产物特性的影响。研究发现,协同热解过程中的协同效应可提高芳香烃的产量,但会抑制含氮化合物和酚类化合物的形成。同时,木炭的芳香度随着木材混合比例的增加而增加,从而提高了木炭的质量。挥发物与木炭的相互作用可促进挥发物中的大分子裂解为小分子气体,与实验中无相互作用的情况相比,气体产率增加了 0.6-14.6%,特别是 H2 产率增加了 16.2-53.8%。炭产量基本保持不变,但炭的物理化学结构却随着相互作用发生了显著变化。具体来说,随着芳香度和稳定性的增加,炭表面的含 O 功能基团明显减少。更重要的是,随着非羟基磷灰石磷向羟基磷灰石磷的转化增强,与无相互作用的情况相比,炭的总磷含量增加了 11.3-33.6%。相互作用可提高磷的生物利用率,使生物炭成为更好的有机肥料。
{"title":"Volatile-char interactions during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar wood","authors":"Youjian Zhu , Diyu Liu , Zhiwu Tan , Huihui Liu , Tao Kan , Wennan Zhang , Hui Li , Yu Li , Wei Yang , Haiping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion method for harmless and resource utilization of sewage sludge, which gives carbon-containing products with high added value and benefits for GHG reduction towards “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals. In this work, co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar wood was studied to investigate the effects of the wood blend ratio and the volatile-char interactions on the pyrolysis product characteristics. It was found that the synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis could enhance the production of aromatic hydrocarbons but inhibit the formation of nitrogen-containing and phenolic compounds. Meanwhile, the aromaticity of the char increased with increasing the wood blend ratio, resulting in an enhanced quality of the char. The volatile-char interactions could facilitate the cracking of large molecules in volatiles into small-molecule gases, leading to an increase in the gas yield of 0.6–14.6 %, and especially the H<sub>2</sub> yield of 16.2–53.8 %, as compared to the case without interaction in the experiment. The char yields hold fairly constant but the physicochemical structure of the char changed significantly with the interactions. Specifically, the O-containing functional groups on the char surface decreased significantly with increasing aromaticity and stability. More importantly, the total phosphorus content of char was increased by 11.3–33.6 %, as compared to the case without interaction, with the enhanced conversion of non-hydroxyapatite phosphorus to hydroxyapatite phosphorus. The interaction can increase bio-availability of the phosphorus and make biochar to be a better organic fertilizer in application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101820"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101822
Fuxin Yang, Xu Zhao, Houzhang Tan, Enlai Hu
As a renewable energy with zero carbon emission, the utilization of biomass has attracted widely studied. One of the most effective methods is to gasify the biomass into high-quality gas fuel. In the recent years, the majority of research on biomass gasification is conducted in the laboratory. However, it lacks the research in engineering application scale. In this work, a biomass gasification-combustion plant was designed and built to provide the industrial steam with a rate of 30 t/h for a food industrial park. The agricultural and forestry waste biomass was gasified in a gasifier, and then the product gas combusted in a boiler to supply the steam. The characteristics of the product gas from the gasifier were studied. The corrosion and pollutants in the combustion process were investigated. In the gasification process, the main components of the product gas are CO, H2 and CH4. CO and H2 account for 29.55 vol%-30.56 vol% and 11.65 vol%-15.35 vol%, respectively. The calorific value of the product gas is 5.88–6.29 MJ/m3. The tar concentration is 110.58–155.07 g/Nm3. At the outlet of the boiler, the concentration of the filterable particulate matter is 300.25 mg/Nm3, and the particle size is concentrated at 1.00–2.50 μm. The concentration of the condensable particulate matter (CPM) is 157.14 mg/Nm3, and the proportion of water-soluble ions in CPM is 86.36 wt%. The concentration of Cl−, SO42-, NH4+ and Na+ in CPM is relatively high, with the values of 28.83 mg/Nm3, 10.29 mg/Nm3, 7.46 mg/Nm3, and 5.06 mg/Nm3, respectively. During the half-year running, the ash deposition and corrosion were detected in the boiler heating surface and the economizer. The ash deposit in the boiler is mainly composed of the sulfate and silicate, such as CaSO4, Zn2SO4, Na2SO4 and K3Na(SO4)2. The ash deposit in the economizer is primarily composed of the sulfate and a small amount of alkali metal chloride. The flue gas reaches the emission requirement after passing through the pollution control devices and can be discharged into the atmosphere.
{"title":"A pilot study on a 30 t/h biomass gasification-combustion plant","authors":"Fuxin Yang, Xu Zhao, Houzhang Tan, Enlai Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a renewable energy with zero carbon emission, the utilization of biomass has attracted widely studied. One of the most effective methods is to gasify the biomass into high-quality gas fuel. In the recent years, the majority of research on biomass gasification is conducted in the laboratory. However, it lacks the research in engineering application scale. In this work, a biomass gasification-combustion plant was designed and built to provide the industrial steam with a rate of 30 t/h for a food industrial park. The agricultural and forestry waste biomass was gasified in a gasifier, and then the product gas combusted in a boiler to supply the steam. The characteristics of the product gas from the gasifier were studied. The corrosion and pollutants in the combustion process were investigated. In the gasification process, the main components of the product gas are CO, H<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>. CO and H<sub>2</sub> account for 29.55 vol%-30.56 vol% and 11.65 vol%-15.35 vol%, respectively. The calorific value of the product gas is 5.88–6.29 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>. The tar concentration is 110.58–155.07 g/Nm<sup>3</sup>. At the outlet of the boiler, the concentration of the filterable particulate matter is 300.25 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, and the particle size is concentrated at 1.00–2.50 μm. The concentration of the condensable particulate matter (CPM) is 157.14 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, and the proportion of water-soluble ions in CPM is 86.36 wt%. The concentration of Cl<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> in CPM is relatively high, with the values of 28.83 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, 10.29 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, 7.46 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, and 5.06 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. During the half-year running, the ash deposition and corrosion were detected in the boiler heating surface and the economizer. The ash deposit in the boiler is mainly composed of the sulfate and silicate, such as CaSO<sub>4</sub>, Zn<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and K<sub>3</sub>Na(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. The ash deposit in the economizer is primarily composed of the sulfate and a small amount of alkali metal chloride. The flue gas reaches the emission requirement after passing through the pollution control devices and can be discharged into the atmosphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101822"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101816
Muhammad Zubair Qureshi , Carlo Caligiuri , Massimiliano Renzi , Marco Baratieri
<div><p>In the context of the current energy transition, the use of biomass-derived syngas (BDS) is often recognized as a fundamental path towards decreasing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions. However, hydrogen-containing BDS are prone to flame instability problems. More efforts are being carried out aiming at efficiently adopting BDS in industrial combustors with CH<sub>4</sub> co-firing or inert gas dilutions by exploring accurate knowledge of burning velocity. To do so, a deeper knowledge of the syngas combustion behaviour is strictly necessary. The objective of this study fits in this framework: in particular, a computational study has been carried out to evaluate kinetic models and present fresh insights on the effects of varying syngas mixtures such as CO/H<sub>2</sub>, CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> and CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> on Laminar Burning Velocity (LBV) and peak LBV location <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. In-detail chemical kinetic simulations of equimolar (CO: H<sub>2</sub> = 1:1) forestry waste syngas were systematically carried out taking advantage of the open-source CANTERA solver. Three detailed kinetic models i.e., newly released FFCM-2, USC mech II, and modified GRI mech III were implemented to report accurate flame parameters at 1 bar and different temperature levels (from 300 K up to 450 K). On comparing the results with experiments, FFCM-2 proved to be a good kinetic model for the considered syngas mixtures CO/H<sub>2</sub>, CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> and especially for CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> for mixtures containing a limited share of 30 % methane at normal and moderately elevated temperature at 0.4 ≤ <strong><em>Φ</em></strong> ≤ 2.1. The USC mech II performed very well for CO/H<sub>2</sub>, and CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub>, while the modified GRI mech III model also gave agreeable predictions for CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> mixture having rich methane content. Additionally, when varying syngas composition analysis was conducted at different temperatures, the progressive CO<sub>2</sub> dilution and CH<sub>4</sub> addition of up to 30 % reduced the peak LBV and moved the peak LBV locations <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> towards lean ER conditions with 9 % and 40 % reductions, respectively; however, only the latter effect was enhanced at the elevated initial temperature. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of respective syngas mixtures is reported at normal and elevated temperatures to explore the most sensitive intermediate reactions relative to LBV. The shift of peak LBV locations and their enhancement at elevated temperatures also open the research path to study the underlying impacts on the flame modes/regimes and stru
{"title":"Study of peak Laminar Burning Velocity of several syngas compositions at different temperatures","authors":"Muhammad Zubair Qureshi , Carlo Caligiuri , Massimiliano Renzi , Marco Baratieri","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of the current energy transition, the use of biomass-derived syngas (BDS) is often recognized as a fundamental path towards decreasing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions. However, hydrogen-containing BDS are prone to flame instability problems. More efforts are being carried out aiming at efficiently adopting BDS in industrial combustors with CH<sub>4</sub> co-firing or inert gas dilutions by exploring accurate knowledge of burning velocity. To do so, a deeper knowledge of the syngas combustion behaviour is strictly necessary. The objective of this study fits in this framework: in particular, a computational study has been carried out to evaluate kinetic models and present fresh insights on the effects of varying syngas mixtures such as CO/H<sub>2</sub>, CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> and CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> on Laminar Burning Velocity (LBV) and peak LBV location <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. In-detail chemical kinetic simulations of equimolar (CO: H<sub>2</sub> = 1:1) forestry waste syngas were systematically carried out taking advantage of the open-source CANTERA solver. Three detailed kinetic models i.e., newly released FFCM-2, USC mech II, and modified GRI mech III were implemented to report accurate flame parameters at 1 bar and different temperature levels (from 300 K up to 450 K). On comparing the results with experiments, FFCM-2 proved to be a good kinetic model for the considered syngas mixtures CO/H<sub>2</sub>, CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> and especially for CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> for mixtures containing a limited share of 30 % methane at normal and moderately elevated temperature at 0.4 ≤ <strong><em>Φ</em></strong> ≤ 2.1. The USC mech II performed very well for CO/H<sub>2</sub>, and CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub>, while the modified GRI mech III model also gave agreeable predictions for CO/H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> mixture having rich methane content. Additionally, when varying syngas composition analysis was conducted at different temperatures, the progressive CO<sub>2</sub> dilution and CH<sub>4</sub> addition of up to 30 % reduced the peak LBV and moved the peak LBV locations <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> towards lean ER conditions with 9 % and 40 % reductions, respectively; however, only the latter effect was enhanced at the elevated initial temperature. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of respective syngas mixtures is reported at normal and elevated temperatures to explore the most sensitive intermediate reactions relative to LBV. The shift of peak LBV locations and their enhancement at elevated temperatures also open the research path to study the underlying impacts on the flame modes/regimes and stru","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743967124002940/pdfft?md5=dc41ff5f8d5fb107f29d56f1c1edab04&pid=1-s2.0-S1743967124002940-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142168747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101819
Zihao Yang, Shengli Niu, Jie Zhu, Jie Geng, Jisen Liu, Kuihua Han, Yongzheng Wang, Sunwen Xia
With the combination of stepwise dechlorination and co-pyrolysis techniques, this study conducted polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dechlorination experiments and co-pyrolysis experiments of poplar wood (PW) with dechlorinated polyvinyl chloride (DPVC) by thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed bed reactor. Stepwise pyrolysis effectively removed Cl from PVC with a dechlorination efficiency of 99.84 % at 360 °C for 30 min. Thermogravimetric tests and thermokinetic variables were employed to describe the co-pyrolysis process's thermodynamic behavior, where co-pyrolysis significantly diminished the activation energy of the initial pyrolysis stage (9.65–21.62 kJ/mol) and increased the reaction rate (0.02–0.09 %/°C). The synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis enhanced the yield and quality of liquid oil and reduced the solid residue rate, with the maximum change in solid residue rate (−2.36 wt%) occurring at PW:DPVC = 3:7. The optimal conditions for the synergistic effect are a raw material ratio of 3:7 at 500 °C. Co-pyrolysis efficiently reduced the content of oxygen-containing compounds of phenols, ketones, and acids in oil, and elevated the selectivity of aromatics. The research methods avoid the drawbacks of bio-oil and plastic oil and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil in a concise and efficient manner, which provides some new ideas for the resource and clean utilization of municipal waste.
{"title":"Stepwise dechlorination and co-pyrolysis of poplar wood with dechlorinated polyvinyl chloride: Synergistic effect and products distribution","authors":"Zihao Yang, Shengli Niu, Jie Zhu, Jie Geng, Jisen Liu, Kuihua Han, Yongzheng Wang, Sunwen Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the combination of stepwise dechlorination and co-pyrolysis techniques, this study conducted polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dechlorination experiments and co-pyrolysis experiments of poplar wood (PW) with dechlorinated polyvinyl chloride (DPVC) by thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed bed reactor. Stepwise pyrolysis effectively removed Cl from PVC with a dechlorination efficiency of 99.84 % at 360 °C for 30 min. Thermogravimetric tests and thermokinetic variables were employed to describe the co-pyrolysis process's thermodynamic behavior, where co-pyrolysis significantly diminished the activation energy of the initial pyrolysis stage (9.65–21.62 kJ/mol) and increased the reaction rate (0.02–0.09 %/°C). The synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis enhanced the yield and quality of liquid oil and reduced the solid residue rate, with the maximum change in solid residue rate (−2.36 wt%) occurring at PW:DPVC = 3:7. The optimal conditions for the synergistic effect are a raw material ratio of 3:7 at 500 °C. Co-pyrolysis efficiently reduced the content of oxygen-containing compounds of phenols, ketones, and acids in oil, and elevated the selectivity of aromatics. The research methods avoid the drawbacks of bio-oil and plastic oil and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil in a concise and efficient manner, which provides some new ideas for the resource and clean utilization of municipal waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101819"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101821
Anh-Tam Nguyen , Kim Hoong Ng , Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar , Thuy-Phuong T. Pham , H.D. Setiabudi , Mohammad Yusuf , Le Kim Hoang Pham , Bui T. Thu Thao , Aishah Abdul Jalil , Mahadi Bin Bahari , Khaled Al-Kahtany , Dai-Viet N. Vo
Acetic acid dry reforming (ADR) is a promising route for sustainable H2 generation. However, coke inhibition during ADR is the main challenge and not resolved by using suitable promoted catalysts. In this work, Ce promotion on 10%Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with 1-5 wt%Ce was evaluated for ADR at varied temperatures of 923–998 K and stoichiometric feed in a fixed-bed rig. CeO2 addition of 1–3% enhanced metal dispersion, and surface area whilst basic CeO2 character significantly boosted the concentration and density of basic sites on catalysts. Particularly, the CO2 uptake of promoted catalysts was about 2.49–3.73 times greater than that of counterpart sample. CH3COOH and CO2 conversions were enhanced with rising Ce loading and the highest reactant conversions were observed at 3 wt%Ce. The improved adsorption of acidic CH3COOH and CO2 molecules due to increasing amount of basic sites as well as redox attributes of CeO2 promoter could be responsible for the enhancement in ADR activity and yield of H2 and CO. The mechanistic two-step pathway for coke suppression induced by CeO2 promotion was elaborated in this work. Generally, carbonaceous species formation on 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al2O3 was considerably reduced about 1.6–2.0 times. H2/CO ratio varied from 0.59 to 0.65 relying on ADR temperature over 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al2O3. These H2/CO values, two times higher than theoretical H2/CO ratio in ADR, are compatible for downstream gas-to-liquid processes to selectively yield high molecular weight olefins. Water formation rate increased from 8.67 × 10−6 to 4.71 × 10−5 gcat−1 s−1 with rising temperature within 923–998 K on 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al2O3.
{"title":"Ceria-boosted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for enhanced H2 production via acetic acid dry reforming","authors":"Anh-Tam Nguyen , Kim Hoong Ng , Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar , Thuy-Phuong T. Pham , H.D. Setiabudi , Mohammad Yusuf , Le Kim Hoang Pham , Bui T. Thu Thao , Aishah Abdul Jalil , Mahadi Bin Bahari , Khaled Al-Kahtany , Dai-Viet N. Vo","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acetic acid dry reforming (ADR) is a promising route for sustainable H<sub>2</sub> generation. However, coke inhibition during ADR is the main challenge and not resolved by using suitable promoted catalysts. In this work, Ce promotion on 10%Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts with 1-5 wt%Ce was evaluated for ADR at varied temperatures of 923–998 K and stoichiometric feed in a fixed-bed rig. CeO<sub>2</sub> addition of 1–3% enhanced metal dispersion, and surface area whilst basic CeO<sub>2</sub> character significantly boosted the concentration and density of basic sites on catalysts. Particularly, the CO<sub>2</sub> uptake of promoted catalysts was about 2.49–3.73 times greater than that of counterpart sample. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH and CO<sub>2</sub> conversions were enhanced with rising Ce loading and the highest reactant conversions were observed at 3 wt%Ce. The improved adsorption of acidic CH<sub>3</sub>COOH and CO<sub>2</sub> molecules due to increasing amount of basic sites as well as redox attributes of CeO<sub>2</sub> promoter could be responsible for the enhancement in ADR activity and yield of H<sub>2</sub> and CO. The mechanistic two-step pathway for coke suppression induced by CeO<sub>2</sub> promotion was elaborated in this work. Generally, carbonaceous species formation on 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was considerably reduced about 1.6–2.0 times. H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio varied from 0.59 to 0.65 relying on ADR temperature over 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. These H<sub>2</sub>/CO values, two times higher than theoretical H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio in ADR, are compatible for downstream gas-to-liquid processes to selectively yield high molecular weight olefins. Water formation rate increased from 8.67 × 10<sup>−6</sup> to 4.71 × 10<sup>−5</sup> <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>mol</mtext><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> with rising temperature within 923–998 K on 3%Ce–10%Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101821"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101806
Roman Weber, Vishnuvardhan N. Tanga, Marco Mancini, Agnes Lindmüller, Michael Alberti
Jet entrainment - relevant to mixers, sprays and combustion technologies - has been the subject of this work. We limit our considerations to air jets issued from convergent nozzles of diameter smaller than 25.4 mm, the nozzle exit Reynolds number in the range 30,000 to 100,000 and Mach numbers not exceeding 0.4. The emphasis is on jet self-similarity region (60 < x/d0 < 210) and the key question is with which accuracy can Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS and LES) and free-jet theory predict jet entrainment. Seven jets have been considered.
The realizable k-є model has outperformed the other models and provides the entrainment predictions within ±6 % margin from the measured data. The standard k-є and the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω models deliver entrainment figures which are larger than the measured data by 22 % – 24 % whilst predictions of either the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) or Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-є models can be off (too large) by as much as 34 % and 40 %, respectively. Such a clarity in classification of turbulence models has been obtained after minimization of numerical related errors to a degree which was not achievable in the past. The Panchapakesan&Lumly's jet has been computed using the Large Eddy Simulations with the filter size of the order of Kolmogorov scale throughout the jet e.g. at the inlet, potential core and the far field. Excellent predictions of the jet spread rate, velocity profiles and the entrainment have been obtained at the expense of huge computational resources.
The well-known engineering correlation provides entrainment figures that are by 10 % or less larger than the measured values.
{"title":"Entrainment rate predictions of axis-symmetric non-swirling jets using free-jet-theory, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modelling and large-eddy-simulations resolved up to Kolmogorov scale","authors":"Roman Weber, Vishnuvardhan N. Tanga, Marco Mancini, Agnes Lindmüller, Michael Alberti","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Jet entrainment - relevant to mixers, sprays and combustion technologies - has been the subject of this work. We limit our considerations to air jets issued from convergent nozzles of diameter smaller than 25.4 mm, the nozzle exit Reynolds number in the range 30,000 to 100,000 and Mach numbers not exceeding 0.4. The emphasis is on jet self-similarity region (60 < x/d<sub>0</sub> < 210) and the key question is with which accuracy can Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS and LES) and free-jet theory predict jet entrainment. Seven jets have been considered.</div><div>The realizable k-є model has outperformed the other models and provides the entrainment predictions within ±6 % margin from the measured data. The standard k-є and the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω models deliver entrainment figures which are larger than the measured data by 22 % – 24 % whilst predictions of either the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) or Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-є models can be off (too large) by as much as 34 % and 40 %, respectively. Such a clarity in classification of turbulence models has been obtained after minimization of numerical related errors to a degree which was not achievable in the past. The Panchapakesan&Lumly's jet has been computed using the Large Eddy Simulations with the filter size of the order of Kolmogorov scale throughout the jet e.g. at the inlet, potential core and the far field. Excellent predictions of the jet spread rate, velocity profiles and the entrainment have been obtained at the expense of huge computational resources.</div><div>The well-known engineering correlation <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mover><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mn>0.32</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>d</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> provides entrainment figures that are by 10 % or less larger than the measured values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101806"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101811
Bolun Hao , Ke Song , Tengteng Shao , Yao Gao , Jie Li , GuoZhang Chang , Jian Zhang
This research delves into the field of fast hydropyrolysis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), with the goal of understanding product distribution and interactions in a hydrogen-rich condition. Through experimental investigations on MSW and its components, this study thoroughly examines the impact of pyrolysis temperature and gasification atmosphere (30 % H2+30 % CO+20 % CO2+20 % H2O) on the yields and distribution of the three-phase products. As the temperature increases, the gas yield gradually increases, while the yields of tar and char gradually decrease. The introduction of a hydrogen source increases the methane content in the combustible gas, which generally reaches its maximum at 850 °C, and promotes aromatic formation in tar, making aromatics the main component of pyrolysis oil. Notably, aromatics have the highest-octane number in gasoline. This study highlights gasification as a promising technology for converting organic waste into valuable fuel, advancing waste management and energy recovery.
{"title":"Insight into high-temperature fast pyrolysis characterization, product distribution and interaction effect of municipal solid waste and its components under steam-containing hydrogen-rich syngas atmosphere","authors":"Bolun Hao , Ke Song , Tengteng Shao , Yao Gao , Jie Li , GuoZhang Chang , Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research delves into the field of fast hydropyrolysis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), with the goal of understanding product distribution and interactions in a hydrogen-rich condition. Through experimental investigations on MSW and its components, this study thoroughly examines the impact of pyrolysis temperature and gasification atmosphere (30 % H<sub>2</sub>+30 % CO+20 % CO<sub>2</sub>+20 % H<sub>2</sub>O) on the yields and distribution of the three-phase products. As the temperature increases, the gas yield gradually increases, while the yields of tar and char gradually decrease. The introduction of a hydrogen source increases the methane content in the combustible gas, which generally reaches its maximum at 850 °C, and promotes aromatic formation in tar, making aromatics the main component of pyrolysis oil. Notably, aromatics have the highest-octane number in gasoline. This study highlights gasification as a promising technology for converting organic waste into valuable fuel, advancing waste management and energy recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101811"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}