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Formation mechanism of soot in pyrolysis of 2-methylfuran under high temperature based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation 基于 ReaxFF 分子动力学模拟的 2-甲基呋喃高温热解过程中烟尘的形成机理
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101879
Xinzhe Zhang , Weikang Han , Yuyang Zhang , Dongting Zhan , Zixiao Qi , Juan Wang , Wenlong Dong , Huaqiang Chu
In this study, the detailed mechanism of soot formation under high temperature pyrolysis of 2-methylfuran (2-MF) has been investigated by using Reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation. The MD analysis shows that 2-MF undergoes ring cleavage and the removal of CO/HCO/CH2CO/CH3CO, which results in the production of the C2-C4 species, promoting the formation of the initial ring molecules. The clustering of hydrocarbons by radical-chain reaction (CHRCR) mechanism plays a significant role in the mass growth of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and initial soot particles. The main contributors to this process are C2H2 and resonance-stabilized free radicals of C3 and C4. The H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is important for the formation of surface active sites for PAHs and initial soot to some extent. In addition, the soot formation capacity of 2,5-dimethylfuran (25DMF) and 2-MF are compared. Under the same simulation conditions, 25DMF exhibits a higher capacity to form soot. Compared with 2-MF, 25DMF pyrolysis forms more ring-containing species at the initial stage, particularly cyclopentadiene and its derivatives. These compounds have the ability to promote the formation of PAHs, thus providing further support to the experimental-based theory.
本研究利用反应力场分子动力学(ReaxFF MD)模拟研究了 2-甲基呋喃(2-MF)高温热解过程中烟尘形成的详细机理。MD 分析表明,2-甲基呋喃会发生环状裂解并去除 CO/HCO/CH2CO/CH3CO,从而产生 C2-C4 物种,促进初始环状分子的形成。在多环芳烃(PAHs)和初始烟尘颗粒的质量增长过程中,碳氢化合物的自由基链反应(CHRCR)机制起着重要作用。这一过程的主要贡献者是 C2H2 以及共振稳定的 C3 和 C4 自由基。H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) 机制在一定程度上对多环芳烃和初始烟尘表面活性位点的形成非常重要。此外,还比较了 2,5-二甲基呋喃(25DMF)和 2-MF 的烟尘形成能力。在相同的模拟条件下,25DMF 的烟尘形成能力更高。与 2-MF 相比,25DMF 在热解初期会形成更多的含环物种,尤其是环戊二烯及其衍生物。这些化合物具有促进多环芳烃形成的能力,从而为基于实验的理论提供了进一步的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Boosting light olefin production from pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene: A two-stage catalytic process 从低密度聚乙烯热解中提高轻烯烃产量:两阶段催化工艺
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101872
Huawei Zhang, Hu Chen, Yincui Li, Shengnan Deng, Zizhen Ma, Yan Tan, Ting Liu
The increasing production of waste plastics poses significant environmental and health risks. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a major component of plastic waste, is a high-quality feedstock for pyrolysis due to its high carbon and hydrogen content. Traditional pyrolysis methods, such as thermal cracking and one-step catalytic pyrolysis, have limitations in yield and selectivity of valuable products like light olefins. This study introduces a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis (TSCP) process aimed at enhancing the production of light olefins from LDPE. In the first stage, LDPE undergoes pyrolysis with MCM-41 catalyst, yielding a substantial number of liquid products and a minor portion of light olefins. The second stage utilizes Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst to further crack the high-temperature volatile matter into light olefins. The optimal conditions identified were 450 °C in the first stage and 500 °C in the second stage, achieving a maximum light olefin yield of 45.80 wt% and a low reaction temperature, decreasing the energy consumption. Additionally, the MCM-41 catalyst demonstrates excellent regeneration performance, with only a slight decrease in liquid yield after nine cycles. The Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst maintains high stability, with light olefin yield remaining at 83.60 % of the initial yield after 48 h of operation.
废塑料产量的不断增加给环境和健康带来了巨大风险。低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)是塑料废弃物的主要成分,由于其碳和氢含量高,是热解的优质原料。传统的热解方法(如热裂解和一步催化热解)在轻烯烃等有价值产品的产量和选择性方面存在局限性。本研究介绍了一种两阶段催化热解(TSCP)工艺,旨在提高低密度聚乙烯轻烯烃的产量。在第一阶段,低密度聚乙烯在 MCM-41 催化剂的作用下进行热解,产生大量液体产品和少量轻质烯烃。第二阶段使用 Mg-ZSM-5 催化剂将高温挥发物进一步裂解为轻质烯烃。确定的最佳条件为第一阶段 450 °C,第二阶段 500 °C,轻烯烃产量最高可达 45.80 wt%,且反应温度较低,降低了能耗。此外,MCM-41 催化剂的再生性能极佳,九次循环后液体产率仅略有下降。Mg-ZSM-5 催化剂保持了较高的稳定性,在运行 48 小时后,轻烯烃产量仍为初始产量的 83.60%。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of carbon dioxide addition on soot dynamics in ethylene/air inverse diffusion flames: An experimental and computational analysis 添加二氧化碳对乙烯/空气反向扩散火焰中烟尘动力学的影响:实验和计算分析
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101874
Xu He , Jingyang Jia , Qi Xiang , Zhiwei Zhang , Dongping Chen
The effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) addition to ethylene (C2H4)/air inverse diffusion flames (IDFs) to the air stream on soot formation characteristics are investigated with the addition ratio of 0–13.64 %. The planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar laser-induced incandescence (PLII) techniques, in conjunction with CoFlame and Chemkin code simulations were utilized to assess the distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Soot Volume Fraction (SVF). The findings indicate that increasing CO2 addition results in a gradual decrease in the mole fraction of hydroxyl (OH) radicals and flame temperature, accompanied by a reduction of approximately 15 % in the reaction zone height in experimental observations and 19 % in simulations. The inhibition of soot formation is evident through a consistent decline in the normalized total SVF, a decrease in the peak volume fraction of radial soot distribution, and reduced total SVFs observed across different flame sections at varying heights. In the meanwhile, increasing the CO2 doping ratio significantly reduces the peak signal intensity of PAHs, particularly affecting high molecular weight PAHs (A3-A4, A2-A3) with reductions of up to 75.5 %. Furthermore, reductions are noted in the rates of soot inception and subsequent surface growth, accompanied by an upward displacement of the initial inception and growth location. The condensation of PAHs controls the soot surface growth. The thermal and chemical effects of CO2 were differentiated by employing the virtual substance FCO2. The results suggest that the thermal effect of CO2 lowers flame temperature, reduces combustion intensity, and consequently inhibits soot nucleation. The chemical effect of CO2 competes for H radicals through the reverse reaction of CO + OH ≤> CO2+H. This process suppresses the formation and growth of PAHs, consequently leading to a reduction in soot production.
研究了向乙烯(C2H4)/空气反向扩散火焰(IDF)气流中添加二氧化碳(CO2)对烟尘形成特性的影响,添加比例为 0-13.64%。利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)和平面激光诱导炽热(PLII)技术以及 CoFlame 和 Chemkin 代码模拟来评估多环芳烃(PAHs)和烟尘体积分数(SVF)的分布。研究结果表明,二氧化碳添加量的增加会导致羟基(OH)自由基的摩尔分数和火焰温度逐渐降低,同时在实验观察中反应区高度降低了约 15%,在模拟中降低了 19%。在不同高度的火焰截面上观察到的归一化总 SVF 持续下降、径向烟尘分布的峰值体积分数降低以及总 SVF 减少,都表明烟尘的形成受到了抑制。同时,二氧化碳掺杂率的增加会显著降低多环芳烃的峰值信号强度,尤其是对高分子量多环芳烃(A3-A4、A2-A3)的影响,降低幅度高达 75.5%。此外,烟尘的萌发率和随后的表面生长率也有所降低,最初的萌发和生长位置也随之上移。多环芳烃的凝结控制了烟尘的表面生长。通过使用虚拟物质 FCO2,对二氧化碳的热效应和化学效应进行了区分。结果表明,二氧化碳的热效应降低了火焰温度,降低了燃烧强度,从而抑制了烟尘成核。CO2 的化学效应通过 CO + OH ≤> CO2+H 的逆反应竞争 H 自由基。这一过程抑制了多环芳烃的形成和增长,从而减少了烟尘的产生。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of NH3 pre-cracking and initial temperature on the intrinsic instability and NOx emissions of NH3/bio-syngas/air premixed flames NH3 预裂解和初始温度对 NH3/生物合成气/空气预混合火焰内在不稳定性和氮氧化物排放的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101873
Lijuan Wen, Qifeng Zhu, Jingwei Zeng, Haoxin Deng, Guoyan Chen, Xiaoping Wen, Fahui Wang, Qizheng Hao
The study of the combustion characteristics of NH₃/bio-syngas/air under NH₃ partial cracking and elevated initial temperatures can enhance its feasibility as a practical fuel. The effects of NH₃ cracking rates (ζ) and initial temperature (T0) on the laminar burning velocity (SL), instability, and NO emissions of NH₃/bio-syngas/air premixed flames under different equivalence ratios are investigated. The results indicate that increasing ζ and T0 enhances the SL of the premixed flame, with ζ having a more pronounced effect on combustion enhancement. Virtual gas analysis reveals that pre-cracking primarily strengthens combustion through chemical effect. An increase in ζ significantly shifts the peak SL towards the fuel-rich region, while at any T0, the peak SL consistently occurs around Φ = 1.1. Increasing ζ and T0 reduces the critical radius (rc) and the critical Peclet number (Pec) of the premixed fuel, with rc decreasing more rapidly when ζ is below 30 %. The dimensionless growth rate () increases with the rise in ζ and T0, consistently remaining positive, indicating an unstable state. Additionally, varies more significantly with T0 when T0 is below 450 K. When ζ is below 60 %, the NO mole fraction increases with the increase in ζ. However, at ζ = 80 %, the NO mole fraction is lower than at ζ = 40 %. Increasing T0 continually increases the NO mole fraction. Analysis of the NH3 reaction pathways indicates that NHi (i = 0, 1, 2) is closely related to the NO → N2 reduction reactions.
研究 NH₃部分裂解和初始温度升高条件下 NH₃/生物合成气/空气的燃烧特性可提高其作为实用燃料的可行性。研究了不同当量比下 NH₃ 裂解率 (ζ)和初始温度 (T0) 对 NH₃/生物合成气/空气预混合火焰的层燃速度 (SL)、不稳定性和氮氧化物排放的影响。结果表明,增加 ζ 和 T0 会增强预混合火焰的 SL,其中 ζ 对燃烧增强的影响更为明显。虚拟气体分析表明,预裂解主要通过化学效应增强燃烧。ζ的增大会使SL峰值明显偏向富燃料区,而在任何T0下,SL峰值始终出现在Φ = 1.1附近。增加 ζ 和 T0 会降低预混燃料的临界半径(rc)和临界佩克莱特数(Pec),当 ζ 低于 30% 时,rc 下降得更快。无量纲增长率(∑)随着 ζ 和 T0 的增加而增加,但始终保持正值,表明处于不稳定状态。此外,当 T0 低于 450 K 时,∑ 随 T0 的变化更为显著。当 ζ 低于 60 % 时,NO 分子分数随 ζ 的增加而增加。然而,当 ζ = 80 % 时,NO 分子分数低于 ζ = 40 %。增加 T0 会持续增加 NO 分子分数。对 NH3 反应路径的分析表明,NHi(i = 0、1、2)与 NO → N2 还原反应密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Global trends on NH3-SCR research for NOx control during 1994–2023: A bibliometric analysis 1994-2023 年期间全球氮氧化物控制 NH3-SCR 研究趋势:文献计量分析
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101865
Rui Li , Tao Yue , Guoliang Li , Jiajia Gao , Yali Tong , Sihong Cheng , Guotao Li , Changjiang Hou , Wei Su
Selective catalytic reduction technology with NH3 as reducing agent (NH3-SCR) has been widely applied to remove NOx from stationary sources and diesel vehicles. In this paper, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to understand the research trends in NH3-SCR fields during 1994–2023. The article number was thriving, especially in China. China and USA were the predominant countries with close collaboration relationship. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University and Zhejiang University made greatest contributions, and Politecnico di Milano had strong academic influence. Li, Junhua was prominent author with publishing most articles and mostly cited articles. The stable core author groups had been developed, whose research focuses were identified. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy was the leading journal. The analysis of most frequently cited articles and most frequently used author keywords found six main research domains, including of the low-temperature catalysts, the transition metal modified zeolites, the V-based catalysts, the deactivation and regeneration, the multi-pollutants removal, the aftertreatment system of diesel vehicles and their mechanism studies. Cu-SSZ-13, DFT, the synergistic effect and the simultaneous removal of NOx and other air pollutants got recent attentions. These findings enriched the understandings in NH3-SCR fields, giving some guidelines for the future research.
以 NH3 为还原剂的选择性催化还原技术(NH3-SCR)已被广泛应用于去除固定污染源和柴油车辆中的氮氧化物。本文进行了文献计量分析,以了解 1994-2023 年间 NH3-SCR 领域的研究趋势。文章数量呈增长趋势,尤其是在中国。中国和美国是合作关系密切的主要国家。中国科学院、清华大学和浙江大学的贡献最大,米兰理工大学也有很强的学术影响力。李俊华是发表文章最多、被引用最多的著名作家。已经形成了稳定的核心作者群,其研究重点已经确定。应用催化 B:环境与能源》是主要期刊。通过分析被引用次数最多的文章和作者最常使用的关键词,发现了六个主要研究领域,包括低温催化剂、过渡金属改性沸石、V 型催化剂、失活与再生、多污染物去除、柴油车后处理系统及其机理研究。最近,Cu-SSZ-13、DFT、协同效应以及同时去除氮氧化物和其他空气污染物的研究受到了关注。这些发现丰富了人们对 NH3-SCR 领域的认识,为今后的研究提供了一些指导。
{"title":"Global trends on NH3-SCR research for NOx control during 1994–2023: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Rui Li ,&nbsp;Tao Yue ,&nbsp;Guoliang Li ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Yali Tong ,&nbsp;Sihong Cheng ,&nbsp;Guotao Li ,&nbsp;Changjiang Hou ,&nbsp;Wei Su","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective catalytic reduction technology with NH<sub>3</sub> as reducing agent (NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR) has been widely applied to remove NO<sub>x</sub> from stationary sources and diesel vehicles. In this paper, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to understand the research trends in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR fields during 1994–2023. The article number was thriving, especially in China. China and USA were the predominant countries with close collaboration relationship. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University and Zhejiang University made greatest contributions, and Politecnico di Milano had strong academic influence. Li, Junhua was prominent author with publishing most articles and mostly cited articles. The stable core author groups had been developed, whose research focuses were identified. <em>Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy</em> was the leading journal. The analysis of most frequently cited articles and most frequently used author keywords found six main research domains, including of the low-temperature catalysts, the transition metal modified zeolites, the V-based catalysts, the deactivation and regeneration, the multi-pollutants removal, the aftertreatment system of diesel vehicles and their mechanism studies. Cu-SSZ-13, DFT, the synergistic effect and the simultaneous removal of NO<sub>x</sub> and other air pollutants got recent attentions. These findings enriched the understandings in NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR fields, giving some guidelines for the future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101865"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental study of ammonia energy ratio on combustion and emissions from ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel engine at various load conditions 不同负荷条件下氨能比对氨汽油双燃料发动机燃烧和排放的实验研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101868
Yan Wu , Jie Hu , Yi Lin , Peng Chen , Gang Chen , Zhihong Wang
Achieving carbon neutrality necessitates the adoption of zero-carbon fuels in engine applications, with ammonia emerging as an up-and-coming candidate due to its favorable safety profile and advantages in storage and transportation. This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of an ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel (AGDF) engine to achieve comparable power output and satisfactory carbon reduction without changing the main structural parameters of the engine. A four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine was used to investigate the impact of ammonia energy ratio (AER), engine base torque and engine speed on the engine performance, combustion evolution and emission characteristics. The findings reveal that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in AGDF mode is lower than in gasoline-only mode, primarily due to the reduced combustion activity. However, this efficiency decline becomes noticeable only when the AER exceeds 15 %. Additionally, at high AERs and high engine base torques, the delayed effect of ammonia fuel on the main combustion period results in a double-peak pattern, which limits the energy output but presents opportunities for phase optimization. The study also examined three incomplete combustion emissions, each exhibiting distinct behaviors. Except for ammonia slip, adding ammonia fuel does not significantly affect carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions, particularly at AERs below 25 %. Nevertheless, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions under AGDF combustion are significantly higher than under gasoline alone in most instances. Crucially, the study demonstrates the carbon reduction potential of ammonia fuel across different engine loads, with a maximum carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction of 46.8 % at a 35 % AER. It is anticipated that further optimization of the combustion phase will improve the capability for carbon reduction.
要实现碳中和,就必须在发动机应用中采用零碳燃料,而氨因其良好的安全性能以及在储存和运输方面的优势,正在成为一种新兴的候选燃料。本研究通过实验研究了氨气-汽油双燃料(AGDF)发动机的可行性,在不改变发动机主要结构参数的情况下,实现了相当的功率输出和令人满意的碳减排效果。研究人员使用一台四缸自然吸气火花点火发动机,研究了氨能比(AER)、发动机基础扭矩和发动机转速对发动机性能、燃烧演化和排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,在 AGDF 模式下,制动热效率(BTE)低于纯汽油模式,主要原因是燃烧活性降低。然而,只有当空燃比超过 15% 时,这种效率下降才会变得明显。此外,在高空燃比和高发动机基础扭矩条件下,氨燃料对主燃烧期的延迟效应会导致双峰模式,这限制了能量输出,但为相位优化提供了机会。研究还考察了三种不完全燃烧排放,每种排放都表现出不同的行为。除氨滑移外,添加氨燃料不会明显影响一氧化碳(CO)和未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)的排放,特别是在 AER 低于 25% 时。然而,在大多数情况下,AGDF 燃烧时的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量明显高于单独使用汽油时的排放量。最重要的是,该研究证明了氨燃料在不同发动机负荷下的碳减排潜力,在 35% 的空气氧化率条件下,二氧化碳(CO2)的最大减排量为 46.8%。预计燃烧阶段的进一步优化将提高碳减排能力。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic and molecular dynamics study of methane dry reforming 甲烷干转化的热力学和分子动力学研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101870
Qingsong Zou , Kejiang Li , Xiangyu He , Alberto N. Conejo , Jianliang Zhang , Chunhe Jiang , Zeng Liang , Zonghao Yang
The carbon neutrality strategy presents both challenges and opportunities for the metallurgical industry. Hydrogen, recognized as a green energy source, demonstrates significant potential for application in metallurgy. The negative impact of carbon deposition on catalysts is a significant challenge in the large-scale industrial application of methane dry reforming to produce hydrogen-rich reducing gases for ironmaking. This paper investigates the reaction mechanism through thermodynamic calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, systematically examining the effects of temperature, pressure, and feed ratio on the composition of gas products and the amount of carbon precipitation during the preparation process of hydrogen-rich reduction gas. The optimal conditions to produce high-quality reducing gas are identified to be a CO₂/CH₄ ratio of 0.8 at 1100K and 1 atm. At elevated temperatures, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide can reduce the amount of precipitated carbon, while the opposite is true at lower temperatures. The carbon absorbed by the nickel-based catalyst primarily originates from methane, while hydrogen ions activate carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide or carboxyl groups. By elucidating the reaction mechanism and quantifying the carbon precipitation, we provide theoretical guidance for industrial application.
碳中和战略为冶金工业带来了挑战和机遇。氢是公认的绿色能源,在冶金领域的应用潜力巨大。碳沉积对催化剂的负面影响是大规模工业应用甲烷干重整生产炼铁用富氢还原气体的重大挑战。本文通过热力学计算和分子动力学模拟研究了反应机理,系统考察了富氢还原气制备过程中温度、压力和进料比对气体产物组成和碳析出量的影响。在 1100K 和 1 atm 条件下,CO₂/CH₄ 比率为 0.8,是生产高质量还原气体的最佳条件。在高温条件下,增加二氧化碳的量可以减少析出碳的量,而在低温条件下则相反。镍基催化剂吸收的碳主要来自甲烷,而氢离子激活二氧化碳产生一氧化碳或羧基。通过阐明反应机理和量化碳沉淀,我们为工业应用提供了理论指导。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of thermophysical properties on heterogeneous reaction dynamics of methane/oxygen mixtures in a micro catalytic combustion chamber 热物理性质对微型催化燃烧室中甲烷/氧气混合物异相反应动力学的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101871
Muhammad Nauman , Jianfeng Pan , Qingbo Lu , Yi Zhang , Evans K. Quaye , Feiyang Li , Wenming Yang
This paper presents a numerical investigation of premixed methane/oxygen heterogeneous reaction characteristics in a micro-catalytic combustion chamber under various boundary and wall thermophysical conditions. A 3-D model was simulated using ANSYS Fluent and validated against experimental data, with a maximum difference of only 1.92 % using a pure heterogeneous reaction. This study aims to analyze the wall boundary conditions and thermophysical factors that influence chemically and thermally during heterogeneous reactions. The results show that, with an increase in inlet velocity from 1 m/s to 10 m/s, the maximum heat produced by the reaction increases 52.67 % and the temperature of the channel as well as the outer wall increases accordingly. Using a 2.5 m/s inlet velocity, we found that the maximum external wall temperature uniformity coefficient was 0.1911. Furthermore, it was observed that as the heterogeneous reaction progresses, Platinum's surface coverage and the H(s) site coverage increase; however, the O(s), OH(s), CO(s), and C(s) site coverage decreases. Additionally, low convective heat transfer and wall thermal conductivity increase the efficiency of heterogeneous reactions and methane conversion. As a result of the low wall thermal conductivity, the outer wall temperature uniformity coefficient was 0.2863, while the methane conversion rate was 79.05 %. According to the results, higher thermal resistance increased the methane conversion rate from 68.18 % to 79.05 %, and the combustion process within the micro-catalytic combustor was uniform and controlled, thus enhancing its efficiency. The results of this study provide useful insights for optimizing micro-combustors, paving the way for future improvements in their design and operational efficiency.
本文对各种边界和壁面热物理条件下微催化燃烧室中的预混合甲烷/氧气异相反应特性进行了数值研究。使用 ANSYS Fluent 对三维模型进行了模拟,并与实验数据进行了验证,在使用纯异相反应时,最大差异仅为 1.92%。本研究旨在分析异相反应过程中影响化学和热反应的壁边界条件和热物理因素。结果表明,随着入口速度从 1 米/秒增加到 10 米/秒,反应产生的最大热量增加了 52.67%,通道和外壁的温度也相应增加。在入口速度为 2.5 米/秒的情况下,我们发现最大外壁温度均匀系数为 0.1911。此外,我们还观察到,随着异相反应的进行,铂的表面覆盖率和 H(s)位点覆盖率增加,但 O(s)、OH(s)、CO(s)和 C(s)位点覆盖率下降。此外,低对流传热和壁面热传导率提高了异质反应和甲烷转化的效率。由于壁面导热系数低,外壁温度均匀系数为 0.2863,甲烷转化率为 79.05%。研究结果表明,较高的热阻可将甲烷转化率从 68.18% 提高到 79.05%,并且微催化燃烧器内的燃烧过程是均匀和可控的,从而提高了其效率。这项研究的结果为优化微型燃烧器提供了有益的启示,为今后改进微型燃烧器的设计和运行效率铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the impact of nitromethane on the combustion mechanism of ammonia/methanol blends 硝基甲烷对氨/甲醇混合物燃烧机理的影响研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101867
Yuan Zhuang , Yihan Li , Rui Zhai , Yuhan Huang , Xinyan Wang , Lei Tang , Ke Wang , Shancai Tang , Zhihong Lin
Ammonia/methanol co-combustion is considered an effective liquid-liquid blending strategy to enhance the combustion performance of ammonia. However, both methanol and ammonia have high latent heats of vaporization, which necessitate significant heat absorption during the vaporization process. This often results in excessively low ambient temperatures before the ignition of the mixture, negatively affecting low-temperature ignition and combustion. To improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia/methanol blends, this study proposes the addition of nitromethane, forming a ternary blend of ammonia/methanol/nitromethane to enhance fuel performance. To evaluate the impact of nitromethane on the combustion mechanism of ammonia/methanol blends, this study utilizes synchronous vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry to analyze the oxidation reactions of the ammonia/methanol/nitromethane blends. Based on the Brequigny model, cross-reactions involving C-N bonds and reactions related to nitromethane were incorporated for model modification, resulting in the newly modified model, termed A-M. Pathway and sensitivity analyses, as well as ignition delay time simulations, were conducted to further understand the combustion process. The results indicate that the addition of nitromethane to the ammonia/methanol blend lowers the initial reaction temperature from 860 K to 740 K and increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations at 1050 K. At 800 K, nitromethane reduces the conversion of NH2 to NH3, thereby enhancing ammonia consumption and altering the NOx consumption pathway. Furthermore, at 1020 K, 98.6 % of H2NO reacts with H to form NH2, which is a crucial species in ammonia regeneration. Additionally, at 1020 K, 90.8 % of nitromethane decomposes through the reaction CH3NO2(+M) = CH3 + NO2(+M), contributing to increased NOx emissions. Moreover, the incorporation of nitromethane significantly reduces the ignition delay time of ammonia/methanol blends, demonstrating its potential to improve the overall combustion performance of these mixtures.
氨/甲醇共燃被认为是一种有效的液-液混合策略,可提高氨的燃烧性能。然而,甲醇和氨的汽化潜热都很高,因此在汽化过程中必须大量吸热。这通常会导致混合物点火前的环境温度过低,从而对低温点火和燃烧产生不利影响。为改善氨/甲醇混合物的燃烧特性,本研究提出添加硝基甲烷,形成氨/甲醇/硝基甲烷三元混合物,以提高燃料性能。为了评估硝基甲烷对氨/甲醇混合物燃烧机理的影响,本研究利用同步真空紫外光离子化质谱仪分析了氨/甲醇/硝基甲烷混合物的氧化反应。在布雷基尼模型的基础上,加入了涉及 C-N 键的交叉反应和与硝基甲烷有关的反应,对模型进行了修改,从而得到了新修改的模型,称为 A-M。为进一步了解燃烧过程,进行了路径和敏感性分析以及点火延迟时间模拟。结果表明,在氨/甲醇混合物中加入硝基甲烷可将初始反应温度从 860 K 降低到 740 K,并增加 1050 K 时的氮氧化物(NOx)浓度。此外,在 1020 K 时,98.6% 的 H2NO 与 H 反应生成 NH2,而 NH2 是氨再生过程中的关键物种。此外,在 1020 K 时,90.8% 的硝基甲烷通过反应 CH3NO2(+M) = CH3 + NO2(+M) 分解,导致氮氧化物排放量增加。此外,硝基甲烷的加入大大缩短了氨/甲醇混合物的点火延迟时间,证明了其改善这些混合物整体燃烧性能的潜力。
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Hydrothermal bio-oil yield and higher heating value of high moisture and lipid biomass: Machine learning modeling and feature response behavior analysis 高水分和高脂肪生物质的水热生物油产量和更高的热值:机器学习建模和特征响应行为分析
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2024.101859
Xiangjie Liu , Xin Zhang , Khantaphong Charoenkal , Qiaoxia Yuan , Hongliang Cao
The yield and higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil products are significant performance parameters for the hydrothermal conversion of high-water and high-lipid biomass. Machine learning (ML) modeling prediction is a fast and convenient means of obtaining performance parameters. An informative dataset with 243 samples was prepared, and two highly adapted ML algorithms were used: Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost). It is interesting to note that the developed ML models demonstrated great prediction ability; for example, the regression coefficient (R2) of the XGBoost model for yield and HHV prediction was as high as 0.942 and 0.940, respectively. Furthermore, partial dependence plots (PDP) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpretability methodologies were adopted to address the main contributions of the feature identification and response behavior analysis of the features. The results demonstrated that the biomass composition had the greatest effect on bio-oil yield, with fat contributing up to 40 %. In contrast, the elemental composition had the most significant effect on the HHV of bio-oil. Notably, hydrogen content affected the HHV of up to 4.5 units. The interaction response behavior showed that the interaction of the process parameters with feedstock properties was most common and significant. The information obtained from the response mechanism can be used to enhance the subsequent hydrothermal fuel preparation process for bio-oils.
生物油产品的产量和较高的热值(HHV)是高水和高脂生物质水热转化的重要性能参数。机器学习(ML)建模预测是获取性能参数的一种快速便捷的方法。我们准备了一个包含 243 个样本的信息数据集,并使用了两种高度适应的 ML 算法:随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升树(XGBoost)。值得注意的是,所开发的 ML 模型表现出很强的预测能力;例如,XGBoost 模型对产量和 HHV 预测的回归系数(R2)分别高达 0.942 和 0.940。此外,针对特征识别和特征响应行为分析的主要贡献,还采用了部分依存图(PDP)和SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)可解释性方法。结果表明,生物质成分对生物油产量的影响最大,其中脂肪的贡献率高达 40%。相比之下,元素组成对生物油的 HHV 影响最大。值得注意的是,氢含量对 HHV 的影响高达 4.5 个单位。交互响应行为表明,工艺参数与原料特性之间的交互作用最为常见和显著。从响应机制中获得的信息可用于改进生物油的后续水热燃料制备工艺。
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