Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"A new low NOx emission technique for NH3/H2 blends in a flameless combustor through offset injection","authors":"Mohammad Kalamuddin Ansari ,&nbsp;Shawnam ,&nbsp;Anand Shankar Singh ,&nbsp;Bhupendra Khandelwal ,&nbsp;Sudarshan Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of ammonia (NH₃) as a possible future fuel presents a plausible solution for green energy storage. It helps provide a carbon-neutral fuel alternative for industrial power generation and transportation. However, the combustion of NH₃ presents a formidable challenge due to its low reactivity, inadequate flame stability, sluggish flame propagation, and high NO_x emissions. Consequently, its integration into combustion systems necessitates substantial system and strategy modification to enable its deployment to industrial systems. The current study presents a novel fuel/air injection technique, which emphasizes the high recirculation of hot combustion products and the extended residence time of fuel/air mixtures. A comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation is conducted using a swirl air injection and offset fuel injection to achieve the flameless combustion mode for optimized NH₃/H₂ fuel blends. A range of mixture conditions (ϕ = 0.5–1.2) and NH₃/H₂ compositions (50/50–70/30) are experimentally examined. The investigations helped elucidate the effect of residence time and recirculation on NO_x emissions through kinetic simulations using a reactor network model. Subsequently, 3-D numerical simulations helped identify regions of high recirculation, quantified through reactant dilution ratios and uniform temperature distribution. These aspects are determined using a new parameter, the temperature uniformity index along the axial direction of the combustor. The emissions of NO_x, unburnt NH₃, and unburnt H₂ are quantified for different equivalence ratios and NH₃ mole fractions in the fuel mixture. The investigations reveal that NO_x emissions reached their minimum (450–654 ppm) and (344-211 ppm), when the burner operated at lean (ϕ = 0.5–0.8) and rich (ϕ = 1.0–1.2) conditions, respectively, for 70/30 NH₃/H₂ blend. The emissions of unburnt NH₃ and H₂ species remain minimal for lean conditions. Both lean and rich operational regimes demonstrated similar or superior emission characteristics in flameless combustion mode when compared to the conventional combustion mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101864"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and modeling studies on char combustion under pressurized O2/H2O conditions","authors":"Kun Chen,&nbsp;Chenxi Bai,&nbsp;Wenda Zhang,&nbsp;Yijun Zhao,&nbsp;Dongdong Feng,&nbsp;Shaozeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The desorption kinetic parameters for pressurized combustion and gasification reactions were determined based on a C++ program coupled with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model developed and experimental data from pressurized char combustion, and the established L-H kinetic model for pressurized char-O₂/H₂O combustion was refined in the current paper. The activation energy for desorption in reactions involving pressurized char-O₂ and char-H₂O was determined to be 250.8 kJ/mol, accompanied by a pre-exponential factor of 5.42 × 10¹⁰ g/(m² s). Using this foundation, the current research conducted simulations to investigate the impacts of temperature, pressure, and H₂O concentration on the oxidation adsorption rate (<em>R</em>_ads,oxi), desorption rate (<em>R</em>_des), gasification adsorption rate (<em>R</em>_ads,gas), and the competitive influences of kinetics and diffusion processes within the pressurized char-O₂/H₂O combustion. The simulation results indicate a gradual increase in <em>R</em>_des and <em>R</em>_ads,gas with char conversion to reach a peak, followed by a gradual decline. Conversely, the <em>R</em>_ads,oxi varies smoothly throughout the char conversion process. At 1673 K/1.0 MPa, the char-O₂/H₂O reaction rate is primarily constrained by <em>R</em>_ads,oxi and <em>R</em>_ads,gas, with the adsorption reaction serving as the rate-controlling step. Moreover, it was noted that a rise in pressure resulted in a linear increase in <em>R</em>_ads,oxi, <em>R</em>_des, and <em>R</em>_ads,gas. At elevated temperatures, the impact of pressure on them becomes more noticeable. However, the introduction of H₂O mitigates this effect. Elevated temperature and pressure facilitate the competition on the kinetics of char-O₂ combustion for O₂ diffusion, resulting in the conversion of char being more susceptible to O₂ diffusion rate limitation. With the addition of 20 % H₂O, the competition effect was weakened. In the case of pressurized combustion involving char and O₂/H₂O, the char conversion is primarily constrained by the O₂ diffusion rate and is scarcely influenced by the H₂O diffusion rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101858"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of NOx emission characteristics in air-staged combustion system fueled by premixed ammonia/methane","authors":"Weiguo Pan ,&nbsp;Ningning Yao ,&nbsp;Yifeng Chen ,&nbsp;Lianwei Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the purpose of achieving global CO₂ reduction, decarbonization at the source of fuels is a practical approach. The transition phase of blending fossil fuels with carbon-free fuels for combustion is a hot topic in the current carbon emission reduction process. In order to achieve efficient and low-pollution combustion of NH₃/CH₄, the combustion and emission characteristics of NH₃/CH₄ under single-stage and air-staged combustion methods were numerically investigated in this work. The emissions were compared for different equivalence ratios and different ammonia content conditions. Rate of production (ROP) and sensitivity analysis were performed for NO_x, and the reaction path of NH₃/CH₄ was analyzed. The results indicate that the C-N interaction of the NH₃/CH₄ mixed combustion process is not significant and turns weaker in the lean flames. HNO intermediate is an important specie for NO generation, and HCN together with HCO intermediate, are essential species for CO generation. NH₂ and NH almost dominate the promotion and inhibition of NO generation. Given the contrasting NO_x and CO emission behavior of NH₃/CH₄ in rich and lean flames, the single-stage combustion approach is not suitable. Air-staged combustion achieves both, ensuring the complete burning of NH₃ and CH₄ while reducing NO_x and CO emissions. Moreover, the results suggest that <em>Φ</em>_pri = 1.2/<em>Φ</em>_total = 0.6 is the optimal NH₃/CH₄ combustion staging method for controlling NO_x emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on influences of intake temperature and swirl ratio on in-cylinder combustion and pollutant formation characteristics of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine","authors":"Yuhang Lu ,&nbsp;Mingliang Wei ,&nbsp;Xidong Wang ,&nbsp;Qian Ji ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Ao ,&nbsp;Xintao Wang ,&nbsp;Junheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the combustion efficiency of ammonia fuel, and enhance the operational stability and emission level for ammonia engines, this study constructs an in-cylinder combustion numerical model of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine based on CONVERGE software, and investigates the effects of initial intake temperature and swirl intensity on in-cylinder combustion and pollutant formation characteristics of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine. The results show that increasing the intake temperature can improve the in-cylinder thermal atmosphere, advance the dual-fuel combustion reaction process, and increase the peak in-cylinder combustion pressure and temperature. The peak in-cylinder pressure increases from 6.05 to 6.44 MPa when the intake temperature is increased from 303 to 343 K. This is effective in improving the emissions of incomplete combustion for the ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine. The in-cylinder unburned NH₃, CO and HC emissions are reduced by 20.2 %, 77.1 % and 88.21 %, respectively. Increasing the swirl ratio enhances the in-cylinder gas disturbance, reduces the amount of fuel attached to the wall, and improves the quality of in-cylinder fuel-gas mixture. It also accelerates the process of combustible mixture formation, advances the starting point of ammonia fuel consumption, and accelerates the initial reaction rate. When the swirl ratio is increased from 0.5 to 3.0, the in-cylinder unburned NH₃ emission is reduced by 14.85 %. Reasonable adjustment of intake temperature and swirl ratio helps to improve the distribution of direct injection fuel particles inside the cylinder, thereby optimizing the dual-fuel combustion process and enhancing engine performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ammonia reforming on combustion and emission characteristics of a 4-valve engine with an active pre-chamber","authors":"Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Fangjia Yan ,&nbsp;Ren Zhang ,&nbsp;Haiqiao Wei ,&nbsp;Jiaying Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃), as a hydrogen carrier and carbon-free fuel, offers an attractive opportunity for engines to achieve carbon neutrality. Turbulent jet ignition (TJI) combined with ammonia reforming shows the great capacity in ammonia-fueled engines. In this study, the effects of reforming strategy in an ammonia-fueled TJI are numerically studied, addressing the reforming ratio and reforming region. The results show that when only using reformate in the pre-chamber, the promoting effect of jet flame is more effective on the initial combustion phase. There are still very high NH₃ emissions due to the low reactivity in the main chamber. Further using reformate both in the pre-chamber and the main chamber, all the combustion stages (ST-CA10, CA10-50, CA50-90) can be shortened almost linearly with the increase of reforming ratio. Besides, the unburned NH₃ can be reduced to an acceptable level when the reforming ratio reaches 200 ‰ (hydrogen energy ratio of 18.50 %). The main reason is that the jet-induced strong flow field is coincident with the whole combustion stage. Further increasing the reforming ratio (pure hydrogen) in the pre-chamber, a high combustion efficiency and acceptable NH₃ emission can be achieved at a low hydrogen energy ratio (7.08 %). However, knocking combustion will happen at high reforming ratio with a low knock intensity. The results can provide some guidance for making the best-promoting benefit of the limited hydrogen in ammonia TJI engines with different reforming strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Desulfurization of pyrolytic oils from waste tire pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor with boron nitride adsorbents","authors":"Rukan Can Seyfeli ,&nbsp;Abdülvahap Çakmak ,&nbsp;Esma Yeliz Kaya ,&nbsp;Selim Ceylan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study focused on producing hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as an adsorbent which provides high efficiency in desulfurization processes. The synthesized hBN is used for sulfur removal from liquid fuel derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs). Characterization of hBN was performed using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS analyses. Liquid fuel was produced in a fluidized bed reactor at 550 °C under a nitrogen gas flow. Post-desulfurization, the fuel's density, water content, and calorific value increased, while sulfur content and flash point decreased, with sulfur content showing a significant reduction of 79.23 %. The desulfurized fuel (PS-A) exhibited better combustion characteristics and closely resembled diesel fuel performance, though it slightly reduced engine effective efficiency by 1.06 % compared to diesel. Both PS-A and pre-desulfurized fuel (PS-B) significantly reduced soot emissions by 23.28 % and 20.81 %, respectively, compared to diesel. Additionally, CO emissions were lower for PS-A and PS-B, with reductions of 4.35 % and 2.00 %, respectively. However, CO₂ emissions increased by 1.60 % for PS-A and 0.86 % for PS-B, attributed to higher fuel consumption. Overall, hBN effectively reduced sulfur content and improved several fuel properties of pyrolytic liquids. The study highlights the environmental and economic benefits of enhancing ELT-derived liquid fuels and suggests potential applications in real systems, serving as a foundation for new technologies and projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101862"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Mn0.4Cu0.6Fe2O4 on mercury removal with high efficiency and sulfur resistance","authors":"Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Wan-Yuan Shi ,&nbsp;Lin Feng ,&nbsp;Wan Sun ,&nbsp;Liang-Ming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although ferrite-based adsorbents are the potential mercury removal materials for the high thermal stability, they usually suffer from a low efficiency in flue gas environment, especially under SO₂ condition. In the present paper, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are utilized to improve the adsorption capacity of the Mn_0.4Cu_0.6Fe₂O₄ adsorbents as well as inhibit the influence of flue gas composition. The influences of temperature, adsorbent type and the flue gas composition on Hg⁰ removal efficiency are evaluated by experiments. The physical adsorption property of MWCNTs provides a platform for Hg⁰ oxidation by Mn_0.4Cu_0.6Fe₂O₄. The synergistic effect between MWCNTs and Mn_0.4Cu_0.6Fe₂O₄ enhances the mercury removal efficiency as well we the sulfur resistance. The results find that the adsorbent of Mn_0.4Cu_0.6Fe₂O₄ containing 14 % MWCNTs has a high mercury removal efficiency of 95.6 % at 120 °C even under 1000 ppm SO₂ concentration. The kinetic behaviors of adsorbent adsorption are analyzed by theoretical models. The mechanisms of porous carbon-containing modifier to improve the mercury removal performance of Mn_0.4Cu_0.6Fe₂O₄ are explored carefully. The present ferrite-based adsorbent exhibits promising prospects for the practical industrial applications of the low temperature mercury removal from coal-fired flue gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Cu incorporation on Fe-based catalysts for selective CO2 hydrogenation to olefins","authors":"Basiru O. Yusuf ,&nbsp;Ijaz Hussain ,&nbsp;Mustapha Umar ,&nbsp;Aliyu M. Alhassan ,&nbsp;Chennampilly Ummer Aniz ,&nbsp;Khalid R. Alhooshani ,&nbsp;Syed A. Ali ,&nbsp;Babar Ali ,&nbsp;Saheed A. Ganiyu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process of converting CO₂ into sustainable chemical feedstock and fuels through reaction with renewable hydrogen has been regarded as a promising direction in energy research. The enhancement of CO₂ hydrogenation efficiency to produce valuable hydrocarbons (specifically olefins) on Fe catalysts through Cu modification has been extensively researched. However, there is ongoing vigorous debate regarding the impact of these modifications on catalytic properties and the underlying mechanism. When compared to unprompted iron-based catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation, the choice of desired products, such as C₂-C₄ and C₅₊, is relatively low. So, promoters are frequently employed to customize and enhance product distribution. This study investigates how adding Cu to Fe-based supported catalysts affects their performance in converting CO₂ to hydrocarbons, with a specific emphasis on the interaction between Fe and Cu. To achieve this goal, catalysts were created using co-precipitation methods, varying the distribution of Fe and Cu within them. A set of composite catalysts underwent testing in a fixed bed setup using a reactant gas mixture at 350 °C and 30 bar pressure. Analysis techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, NH₃-TPD, H₂-TPR, and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms revealed the presence of iron-copper interaction within the composite catalysts. This interaction between the two components synergistically enhances the catalytic activity in CO₂ hydrogenation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101849"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CoCe composite catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation: Effect of pore structure","authors":"Guilin Zhou ,&nbsp;Liying Xie ,&nbsp;Fengqiong Xie ,&nbsp;Shuang Chen ,&nbsp;Jia Zeng ,&nbsp;Hongmei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to realize the dual carbon goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”, the design and development CO₂ hydrogenation catalyst with high performances is of great significance. In this study, the CoCe composite catalysts were prepared by different methods and used to CO₂ catalytic hydrogenation. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM/HRTEM, and H₂-TPD. The characterization results indicated that the studied CoCe composite catalytsts with different pore structure can be prepared by different preparation methods. The suitable preparation method can promote Co species to be dissolved into the CeO₂ lattice to form Ce-O-Co solid solution, which can promote the corresponding Co species to be reduced by H₂ to form active Co⁰ species. The large specific surface area and developed ordered mesoporous structure of the CoCe-HT catalyst precursor, which was prepared by hard-template method, are conducive to the formation of active Co⁰ species and activation of H₂ to produce reactive H species. The CO₂ hydrogenation activity of the studied CoCe composite catalysts follows the following order: CoCe-HT &gt; CoCe-CP &gt; CoCe-CA &gt; CoCe-HY. The CoCe-HT catalyst showed high CO₂ hydrogenation conversion of 53.9 % and good using stability at 360 °C for 600 min. However, the CoCe-CA prepared by complex method has a poor use stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101856"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from Euro 6d vehicles fueled by innovative LPG/DME blend","authors":"T. Rossi ,&nbsp;S. Lixi ,&nbsp;S. Puricelli ,&nbsp;M. Grosso ,&nbsp;D. Faedo ,&nbsp;S. Casadei","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this research was to investigate the exhaust emissions from vehicles when fueled by a new and fully renewable fuel if made of bio-LPG and renewable dimethyl ether (DME), in comparison with standard gasoline. For this purpose, DME was mixed with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and used to fuel three bi-fuel LPG/gasoline spark-ignition engines light-duty vehicles. The suitable fuel blend was selected based on several octane tests using CFR engines. Exhaust emissions were tested over the WLTC and over the hot-start CADC cycles, as well as on the road. All Euro 6 standards were well fully met over the WLTC with both fuels. Switching from gasoline to LPG/DME fueling, the CO and NOx emission factors increased for two vehicles, whereas THC and NMHC decreased. Regarding particulates, for two vehicles the emission factors decreased, too. Generally, when the vehicles were driven on the CADC, lower gaseous emissions were observed compared to WLTC: excluding one vehicle, when switching from gasoline to LPG/DME fueling, the overall emission profiles reflected those of the same vehicles run on the WLTC. The unregulated particulate emissions measured over both testing cycles reflect what was detected for the regulated ones. Except for PN10, which was not measured, all regulated emissions were found to meet the (most severe) Euro 7 standards proposed at first by the European Commission. RDE tests showed that all vehicle emissions obtained from on-road tests were also found to meet the RDE standards, regardless of the fueling. Concerning CO₂ emissions, LPG/DME fueling guaranteed a systematic decrease for all vehicles and cycles, both on road and in the laboratory. The present investigation aims at demonstrating that the innovative LPG/DME 80 %/20 % (m/m) blend not only can be deemed as potentially suitable for GHG emissions reduction, as long as both DME and propane are obtained from renewable sources, but even compliant with EN 589 and both Euro 6 and part of preliminary Euro 7 exhaust emission proposal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 101851"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}