To quantitatively evaluate the effect of RW irrigation on yield, WUE, and IWUE, and identify aqueous, edaphic, and management factors that favor improved yield, WUE, and IWUE compared to control practices, a meta-analysis was conducted. The results indicated that RW irrigation is beneficial for improving crop yields, WUE, and IWUE (16.8, 23.8, and 18.7%, respectively). However, its effectiveness is highly dependent on the aqueous, edaphic, and management factors of the studies evaluated. Greater responses were found in practices using RW with a pH < 7 or a nitrogen content <100 mg/L. The soils with a pH ≥ 7, electrical conductivity between 2 and 4 dS/m, bulk density <1.35 g/cm3, and/or initial nitrogen content between 200 and 2,000 mg/kg produced the highest effect size. Furthermore, using a surface drip irrigation system, with a nitrogen fertilizer rate <1,000 kg/ha and irrigation level at 100% crop evapotranspiration are effective ways to use RW. Our findings highlight the potential of RW irrigation to improve crop yield, WUE, and IWUE and identify the conditions under which these results can be achieved. These results can provide a better understanding of RW irrigation and guide the practice of RW utilization in the future.
{"title":"A global synthetic analysis of the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency","authors":"Zhenjie Qiu, Mengying Sun","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 To quantitatively evaluate the effect of RW irrigation on yield, WUE, and IWUE, and identify aqueous, edaphic, and management factors that favor improved yield, WUE, and IWUE compared to control practices, a meta-analysis was conducted. The results indicated that RW irrigation is beneficial for improving crop yields, WUE, and IWUE (16.8, 23.8, and 18.7%, respectively). However, its effectiveness is highly dependent on the aqueous, edaphic, and management factors of the studies evaluated. Greater responses were found in practices using RW with a pH < 7 or a nitrogen content <100 mg/L. The soils with a pH ≥ 7, electrical conductivity between 2 and 4 dS/m, bulk density <1.35 g/cm3, and/or initial nitrogen content between 200 and 2,000 mg/kg produced the highest effect size. Furthermore, using a surface drip irrigation system, with a nitrogen fertilizer rate <1,000 kg/ha and irrigation level at 100% crop evapotranspiration are effective ways to use RW. Our findings highlight the potential of RW irrigation to improve crop yield, WUE, and IWUE and identify the conditions under which these results can be achieved. These results can provide a better understanding of RW irrigation and guide the practice of RW utilization in the future.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77858168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic is naturally found in the rocks of the Pleistocene and Holocene ages in the groundwater aquifer media. The district Ballia has many reports which are focused on arsenic contamination in its different blocks. This article is devoted to a thorough study of hydrogeochemical characteristics and the source of origin of arsenic in the groundwater system of the Ballia district. The relationship between this hydrogeologically present arsenic and various cations and anions including some physicochemical parameters are discussed here. These observations have been done using ICP MS and ion chromatographic techniques. The relationship study has been done by using a correlation matrix which is further proven by the dendrogram. Different types of loading plots of various principal components have also been studied with the help of principal component analysis. The nature and quality of groundwater are studied with the help of a piper plot. This research article is a complete and detailed study of the nature of groundwater in district Ballia. It also enlightens the source of arsenic contamination in the study area.
{"title":"A hydrogeochemical study of groundwater of district Ballia, U.P., India","authors":"S. K. Verma, Shriram Chaurasia","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.166","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Arsenic is naturally found in the rocks of the Pleistocene and Holocene ages in the groundwater aquifer media. The district Ballia has many reports which are focused on arsenic contamination in its different blocks. This article is devoted to a thorough study of hydrogeochemical characteristics and the source of origin of arsenic in the groundwater system of the Ballia district. The relationship between this hydrogeologically present arsenic and various cations and anions including some physicochemical parameters are discussed here. These observations have been done using ICP MS and ion chromatographic techniques. The relationship study has been done by using a correlation matrix which is further proven by the dendrogram. Different types of loading plots of various principal components have also been studied with the help of principal component analysis. The nature and quality of groundwater are studied with the help of a piper plot. This research article is a complete and detailed study of the nature of groundwater in district Ballia. It also enlightens the source of arsenic contamination in the study area.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91201435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Sun, Wenjun Ma, Qingfeng Peng, Zhiwei Li, Wei Zheng, Tao Ren
The tee structure is an integral part of the water distribution system, and pollutants diffuse in complex ways within the structure. In this paper, the diffusion pattern of contaminants in the tee structure was examined using a combination of numerical simulations and experiments. The coefficient of variation was chosen as an evaluation indicator, and the uniform diffusion length (LU) was defined to quantify the location of uniform diffusion of pollutants in the structure. Several factors were used to investigate pollutant diffusion in the pipe, including pipe diameter, break location, inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow ratio, brine flow rate, and brine density. Results show that the inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow ratio, and pipe diameter all significantly affect pollutant diffusion. The LU increased as the inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow coefficient, and pipe diameter increased. In addition, equations for calculating LU were fitted using dimensional analysis and can be used to predict LU under other conditions as well.
{"title":"Diffusion of point source pollutants in the tee structure","authors":"Bin Sun, Wenjun Ma, Qingfeng Peng, Zhiwei Li, Wei Zheng, Tao Ren","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.167","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The tee structure is an integral part of the water distribution system, and pollutants diffuse in complex ways within the structure. In this paper, the diffusion pattern of contaminants in the tee structure was examined using a combination of numerical simulations and experiments. The coefficient of variation was chosen as an evaluation indicator, and the uniform diffusion length (LU) was defined to quantify the location of uniform diffusion of pollutants in the structure. Several factors were used to investigate pollutant diffusion in the pipe, including pipe diameter, break location, inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow ratio, brine flow rate, and brine density. Results show that the inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow ratio, and pipe diameter all significantly affect pollutant diffusion. The LU increased as the inlet Reynolds number, outlet flow coefficient, and pipe diameter increased. In addition, equations for calculating LU were fitted using dimensional analysis and can be used to predict LU under other conditions as well.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88793643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several sectors including agriculture and farming rely on renewable source-based water pumping due to recurrent hikes in fossil fuel prices and contaminant environment. In recent decades, a solar photovoltaic-based water pumping system (SPVWPS) has been a more popularly chosen technique for its feasibility and economic solution to the end-users. The initial cost, efficiency, orientation, auxiliary storage, head, and payback period are the technical issues, whereas transportation, lack of skilled people, theft, vandalism community, and politics are the social challenges that may prevent the solar pumps from being widely adopted. However, more subsidies, training, tax breaks, and remote monitoring can make this technology more accessible. Also, this article emphasizes various parameters affecting system performance, such as the suitable selection of panels, power conditioning units, motors, pumps, the payback period of the energy, and cost. Moreover, this article covers the technical and environmental facets of the SPVWPS, which helps researchers, policymakers, manufacturers, and end-users to design and choose a suitable pumping system. Major findings are stand-alone SPVWPS is highly recommended in areas with a maximum of 50 m dynamic head and a minimum of 2,000 m from local grid power. Moreover, along with the 25-year life span of the 25-kW SPVWPS could generate 150 MWh/year and reduce about 86,500 kg of CO2 emissions.
{"title":"Technical and environmental aspects of solar photo-voltaic water pumping systems: a comprehensive survey","authors":"V. Gunasekaran, Suprava Chakraborty","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Several sectors including agriculture and farming rely on renewable source-based water pumping due to recurrent hikes in fossil fuel prices and contaminant environment. In recent decades, a solar photovoltaic-based water pumping system (SPVWPS) has been a more popularly chosen technique for its feasibility and economic solution to the end-users. The initial cost, efficiency, orientation, auxiliary storage, head, and payback period are the technical issues, whereas transportation, lack of skilled people, theft, vandalism community, and politics are the social challenges that may prevent the solar pumps from being widely adopted. However, more subsidies, training, tax breaks, and remote monitoring can make this technology more accessible. Also, this article emphasizes various parameters affecting system performance, such as the suitable selection of panels, power conditioning units, motors, pumps, the payback period of the energy, and cost. Moreover, this article covers the technical and environmental facets of the SPVWPS, which helps researchers, policymakers, manufacturers, and end-users to design and choose a suitable pumping system. Major findings are stand-alone SPVWPS is highly recommended in areas with a maximum of 50 m dynamic head and a minimum of 2,000 m from local grid power. Moreover, along with the 25-year life span of the 25-kW SPVWPS could generate 150 MWh/year and reduce about 86,500 kg of CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85569713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Huan, Wenjie Liao, Yong J. Zheng, Xiangen Xu, Hao Zhang, Bing Shi
High-precision water quality prediction plays a vital role in preventing and controlling river pollution. However, river water's highly nonlinear and complex spatio-temporal dependencies pose significant challenges to water quality prediction tasks. In order to capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of water quality data simultaneously, this paper combines deep learning algorithms for river water quality prediction in the river network area of Jiangnan Plain, China. A water quality prediction method based on graph convolutional network (GCN) and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM), namely spatio-temporal graph convolutional network model (ST-GCN), is proposed. Specifically, the spatio-temporal graph is constructed based on the spatio-temporal correlation between river stations, the spatial features in the river network are extracted using GCN, and the temporal correlation of water quality data is obtained by integrating LSTM. The model was evaluated using R2, MAE, and RMSE, and the experimental results were 0.977, 0.238, and 0.291, respectively. Compared with traditional regression models and general deep learning models, this model has significantly improved prediction accuracy, better stability, and generalization ability. The ST-GCN model can achieve high-precision water quality prediction in different river sections and provide technical support for water environment management.
{"title":"A deep learning model with spatio-temporal graph convolutional networks for river water quality prediction","authors":"Juan Huan, Wenjie Liao, Yong J. Zheng, Xiangen Xu, Hao Zhang, Bing Shi","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.164","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 High-precision water quality prediction plays a vital role in preventing and controlling river pollution. However, river water's highly nonlinear and complex spatio-temporal dependencies pose significant challenges to water quality prediction tasks. In order to capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of water quality data simultaneously, this paper combines deep learning algorithms for river water quality prediction in the river network area of Jiangnan Plain, China. A water quality prediction method based on graph convolutional network (GCN) and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM), namely spatio-temporal graph convolutional network model (ST-GCN), is proposed. Specifically, the spatio-temporal graph is constructed based on the spatio-temporal correlation between river stations, the spatial features in the river network are extracted using GCN, and the temporal correlation of water quality data is obtained by integrating LSTM. The model was evaluated using R2, MAE, and RMSE, and the experimental results were 0.977, 0.238, and 0.291, respectively. Compared with traditional regression models and general deep learning models, this model has significantly improved prediction accuracy, better stability, and generalization ability. The ST-GCN model can achieve high-precision water quality prediction in different river sections and provide technical support for water environment management.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78885664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exploring the influencing factors of construction quality management is the key to ensuring the quality of rural drinking water safety projects. Based on the grounded theory, the influencing factors were identified and 65 relevant staff were selected by the objective sampling method for in-depth interviews to obtain the original data. In this study, 34 initial concepts, 18 main categories, and 5 core categories were collected and extracted for the rural drinking water project's safety engineering and construction quality management evaluation system. Furthermore, the incremental model of influencing factors on construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety project was established by Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Interpretative Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) model. Through calculation and analysis, the key influencing factors of construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety project were identified as controls on common quality problems, quality specification implementation, leadership level, acceptance management, design disclosure and modification, and human environment. Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed to improve the construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety construction project.
{"title":"Identification and analysis of influencing factors on construction quality management for rural drinking water safety project","authors":"Shuitai Xu, Meiling Chen, Yuhui Zhou, Yabo Wang","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.162","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Exploring the influencing factors of construction quality management is the key to ensuring the quality of rural drinking water safety projects. Based on the grounded theory, the influencing factors were identified and 65 relevant staff were selected by the objective sampling method for in-depth interviews to obtain the original data. In this study, 34 initial concepts, 18 main categories, and 5 core categories were collected and extracted for the rural drinking water project's safety engineering and construction quality management evaluation system. Furthermore, the incremental model of influencing factors on construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety project was established by Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Interpretative Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) model. Through calculation and analysis, the key influencing factors of construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety project were identified as controls on common quality problems, quality specification implementation, leadership level, acceptance management, design disclosure and modification, and human environment. Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed to improve the construction quality management performance of rural drinking water safety construction project.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88656148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Membrane technology is extensively used for water treatment including desalination to cope with the present water demands. The membrane performance can be analyzed and improved by various methods. A deep understanding of the molecular-level interaction occurring during membrane water treatment can be achieved by molecular dynamic simulations as it helps to develop a thorough knowledge of the systems and processes that occur in an experiment, which are not directly accessible. Through molecular dynamic simulation, a bridge between the experiment and theories can be formed. In this paper, a review of various molecular dynamic simulations that have been employed in the field of desalination using membrane technology is done. Molecular dynamic simulation of the desalination process has been grouped based on the effects of pressure, pore size, functional groups, salinity, electric field, and nanomaterials on the water flux and ion removal.
{"title":"Molecular dynamic simulations of the desalination process through membrane technology: a review","authors":"Megha Mohan, S. K. Pramada","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.155","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Membrane technology is extensively used for water treatment including desalination to cope with the present water demands. The membrane performance can be analyzed and improved by various methods. A deep understanding of the molecular-level interaction occurring during membrane water treatment can be achieved by molecular dynamic simulations as it helps to develop a thorough knowledge of the systems and processes that occur in an experiment, which are not directly accessible. Through molecular dynamic simulation, a bridge between the experiment and theories can be formed. In this paper, a review of various molecular dynamic simulations that have been employed in the field of desalination using membrane technology is done. Molecular dynamic simulation of the desalination process has been grouped based on the effects of pressure, pore size, functional groups, salinity, electric field, and nanomaterials on the water flux and ion removal.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85543149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water and soil moisture management are very important factors in strawberry cultivation, and they directly affect strawberry growth and yield. Full moisture and suitable soil moisture can promote strawberry growth and grow faster and higher; proper soil moisture can maintain soil nutrients and prevent soil loss, thus maintaining soil fertility. In addition, adequate moisture and suitable soil moisture can make the strawberry grow more healthily, thus improving its quality and reducing the occurrence of hollow fruit. Therefore, in strawberry cultivation, reasonable water and soil moisture management is very important, growers need to carry out timely irrigation and drainage according to the growth of strawberry, to ensure the growth and yield of strawberry. Its disadvantages include the following: vulnerable to diseases and pests, high requirements for climatic conditions, high requirements for climatic conditions and high production costs. As a new agricultural technology, hydroponics can save land resources and reduce land pollution by cultivating plants in containers instead of planting plants on the land.
{"title":"Improving soil moisture content to increase strawberry growth indicators using the hydroponic method","authors":"Huijuan Cao, Yongguang Han, Jing Peng, Xiao-Xi Peng","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.158","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Water and soil moisture management are very important factors in strawberry cultivation, and they directly affect strawberry growth and yield. Full moisture and suitable soil moisture can promote strawberry growth and grow faster and higher; proper soil moisture can maintain soil nutrients and prevent soil loss, thus maintaining soil fertility. In addition, adequate moisture and suitable soil moisture can make the strawberry grow more healthily, thus improving its quality and reducing the occurrence of hollow fruit. Therefore, in strawberry cultivation, reasonable water and soil moisture management is very important, growers need to carry out timely irrigation and drainage according to the growth of strawberry, to ensure the growth and yield of strawberry. Its disadvantages include the following: vulnerable to diseases and pests, high requirements for climatic conditions, high requirements for climatic conditions and high production costs. As a new agricultural technology, hydroponics can save land resources and reduce land pollution by cultivating plants in containers instead of planting plants on the land.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84009978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study sought to use a 20 mm thick foam coated with cement slurry and a blue ball with a diameter of 6 cm, as physical methods, in 50 and 80% surface covers, and their composite in 80% surface coverage in the Colorado pan. The water depth in the pans was measured for 1 month in the autumn season. Then, the pans' daily evaporation was calculated and compared with the amount of control evaporation. The results indicated that the combined method (plastic ball and foam) with 80% reduced the evaporation by about 68%, plastic ball with 80% (B80%) cover about 58%, foam with 80% coating about 53%, plastic ball with 50% coating about 34%, and finally 50% foam (F50%) by about 28%. Concerning the statistical analysis of this research, a significant correlation was observed between the control pan and average temperature, although there was no fixed and uniform relationship between the control pan and the maximum wind speed, air pressure, average relative humidity, and the number of sunshine hours. In this research, foam 50%, composite 80%, foam 80%, ball 80%, and ball 50% had better performance in terms of the best water quality based on the water electrical conductivity, respectively.
{"title":"A quantitative and qualitative investigation of ball and foam covers coated with cement slurry and their composition on reducing evaporation and choosing the best coating by the AHP method","authors":"H. Karami, Alireza Sobhi, Ramezan Vaghei","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The present study sought to use a 20 mm thick foam coated with cement slurry and a blue ball with a diameter of 6 cm, as physical methods, in 50 and 80% surface covers, and their composite in 80% surface coverage in the Colorado pan. The water depth in the pans was measured for 1 month in the autumn season. Then, the pans' daily evaporation was calculated and compared with the amount of control evaporation. The results indicated that the combined method (plastic ball and foam) with 80% reduced the evaporation by about 68%, plastic ball with 80% (B80%) cover about 58%, foam with 80% coating about 53%, plastic ball with 50% coating about 34%, and finally 50% foam (F50%) by about 28%. Concerning the statistical analysis of this research, a significant correlation was observed between the control pan and average temperature, although there was no fixed and uniform relationship between the control pan and the maximum wind speed, air pressure, average relative humidity, and the number of sunshine hours. In this research, foam 50%, composite 80%, foam 80%, ball 80%, and ball 50% had better performance in terms of the best water quality based on the water electrical conductivity, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73977614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanaz Hasanian Shirvan, B. Pirzadeh, S. H. Rajaei, Mahmood Shafai Bejestan
The attention of researchers and engineers has been attracted to gabion weirs due to their environmental, hydraulic, and stability capabilities compared with solid weirs. One of the possible problems of the weirs is the partial blockage caused by sedimentation upstream of them. This research experiment investigates the hydraulic performance of gabion broad-crested weirs (GBCWs) with an upstream partial blockage. For this purpose, a total of 147 experiments were studied with different conditions for free-flow conditions. The weirs were tested with five partial blockage conditions between 0% and 100% of the weir height (0, 0.25P, 0.5P, 0.75P, and P). The results showed that increasing the partial blockage decreases the discharge coefficient. The changes in the discharge coefficients are minor for partial blockage less than 0.25P, and for partial blockage greater than 0.5P, the discharge coefficients are significantly reduced. As the partial blockage increases, the effect of filling-material size in gabion weirs decreases. Finally, a relationship was developed using the nonlinear regression analysis approach to estimate the discharge coefficient in the GBCWs with partial blockage.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of gabion broad-crested weirs under upstream partial blockage conditions","authors":"Sanaz Hasanian Shirvan, B. Pirzadeh, S. H. Rajaei, Mahmood Shafai Bejestan","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.159","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The attention of researchers and engineers has been attracted to gabion weirs due to their environmental, hydraulic, and stability capabilities compared with solid weirs. One of the possible problems of the weirs is the partial blockage caused by sedimentation upstream of them. This research experiment investigates the hydraulic performance of gabion broad-crested weirs (GBCWs) with an upstream partial blockage. For this purpose, a total of 147 experiments were studied with different conditions for free-flow conditions. The weirs were tested with five partial blockage conditions between 0% and 100% of the weir height (0, 0.25P, 0.5P, 0.75P, and P). The results showed that increasing the partial blockage decreases the discharge coefficient. The changes in the discharge coefficients are minor for partial blockage less than 0.25P, and for partial blockage greater than 0.5P, the discharge coefficients are significantly reduced. As the partial blockage increases, the effect of filling-material size in gabion weirs decreases. Finally, a relationship was developed using the nonlinear regression analysis approach to estimate the discharge coefficient in the GBCWs with partial blockage.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88539817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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