Jackson A. Griffith, Melissa R. Santonocito, Katie D. Mauro
Objective
To describe the management of a unique case of hypermagnesemia in a cat.
Case Summary
An 8-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented for acute-onset stupor, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Overtly elevated ionized (>1.5 mmol/L [>3.6 mg/dL]; reference interval: 0.4–0.8 mmol/L [0.9–1.9 mg/dL]) and total magnesium (3.0 mmol/L [7.3 mg/dL]; reference interval: 0.74–1.0 mmol/L [1.8–2.5 mg/dL]) concentrations were identified. A thorough history uncovered the long-term at-home administration of an anxiolytic supplement containing magnesium stearate as an inactive ingredient. No other sources of nondietary magnesium were identified. A diagnosis of magnesium toxicosis was reached. Secondarily, an acute kidney injury developed. After 10 days of hospitalization, the cat was successfully discharged with normalized kidney and electrolyte values.
New or Unique Information Provided
Few case reports regarding magnesium toxicosis and its management exist in the veterinary literature. A rare case of hypermagnesemia is presented in this report, highlighting the importance of a complete laboratory workup that includes an evaluation of magnesium levels in previously healthy animals that present with otherwise unexplained clinical signs.
{"title":"Hypermagnesemia in a Cat Secondary to Suspected Intoxication","authors":"Jackson A. Griffith, Melissa R. Santonocito, Katie D. Mauro","doi":"10.1111/vec.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the management of a unique case of hypermagnesemia in a cat.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An 8-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented for acute-onset stupor, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Overtly elevated ionized (>1.5 mmol/L [>3.6 mg/dL]; reference interval: 0.4–0.8 mmol/L [0.9–1.9 mg/dL]) and total magnesium (3.0 mmol/L [7.3 mg/dL]; reference interval: 0.74–1.0 mmol/L [1.8–2.5 mg/dL]) concentrations were identified. A thorough history uncovered the long-term at-home administration of an anxiolytic supplement containing magnesium stearate as an inactive ingredient. No other sources of nondietary magnesium were identified. A diagnosis of magnesium toxicosis was reached. Secondarily, an acute kidney injury developed. After 10 days of hospitalization, the cat was successfully discharged with normalized kidney and electrolyte values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Few case reports regarding magnesium toxicosis and its management exist in the veterinary literature. A rare case of hypermagnesemia is presented in this report, highlighting the importance of a complete laboratory workup that includes an evaluation of magnesium levels in previously healthy animals that present with otherwise unexplained clinical signs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"442-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To describe the clinical presentation of a dog with eunatremic, eukalemic hypoadrenocorticism (EEH) with multifocal, asymmetrical neurological signs.
Case Summary
A 7-year-old neutered male miniature Poodle presented for collapse, vomiting, and acute onset of neurological signs. The dog was obtunded and nonambulatory, with a right-sided head tilt and turn with rotary nystagmus. No seizure activity was observed by the owner. The patient was in hypovolemic shock. Hypoglycemia, mild azotemia, and metabolic acidosis characterized by hyperlactatemia were identified. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and CSF analysis performed within 24 h of presentation were unremarkable. ACTH stimulation testing confirmed hypoadrenocorticism. Neurological signs failed to significantly improve despite systemic stabilization, glucose supplementation, and dexamethasone administration until approximately 48 h following admission. A mild proprioceptive ataxia was present at discharge approximately 84 h following admission and had resolved by the time of initial recheck 7 days following discharge.
New Information Provided
EEH can cause neurological signs with forebrain localization that are typically symmetrical due to the global nature of the injury. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a dog with EEH presenting with severe, asymmetric, and multifocal neurological signs.
{"title":"Asymmetric Multifocal Neurological Signs in a Dog With Eunatremic, Eukalemic Hypoadrenocorticism With Severe Hypoglycemia","authors":"Cameron A. D. Morris, Rebekah E. Donaldson","doi":"10.1111/vec.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the clinical presentation of a dog with eunatremic, eukalemic hypoadrenocorticism (EEH) with multifocal, asymmetrical neurological signs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 7-year-old neutered male miniature Poodle presented for collapse, vomiting, and acute onset of neurological signs. The dog was obtunded and nonambulatory, with a right-sided head tilt and turn with rotary nystagmus. No seizure activity was observed by the owner. The patient was in hypovolemic shock. Hypoglycemia, mild azotemia, and metabolic acidosis characterized by hyperlactatemia were identified. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and CSF analysis performed within 24 h of presentation were unremarkable. ACTH stimulation testing confirmed hypoadrenocorticism. Neurological signs failed to significantly improve despite systemic stabilization, glucose supplementation, and dexamethasone administration until approximately 48 h following admission. A mild proprioceptive ataxia was present at discharge approximately 84 h following admission and had resolved by the time of initial recheck 7 days following discharge.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EEH can cause neurological signs with forebrain localization that are typically symmetrical due to the global nature of the injury. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a dog with EEH presenting with severe, asymmetric, and multifocal neurological signs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"455-460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Migliorisi, Bridget Nottle, Lauren E. Smanik, Yvette S. Nout-Lomas, Diana M. Hassel
Objective
To (1) compare total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at admission between horses with medically managed, large intestinal (LI) and small intestinal (SI) surgical colic; (2) compare TNCC and NLR between survivors and nonsurvivors; and (3) investigate associations between TNCC, NLR, surgical intervention, and outcome.
Design
Case–control study.
Setting
Single, academic institution.
Animals
A total of 341 adult horses diagnosed with noninfectious medical or surgical colic.
Measurements and Main Results
Admission TNCC did not differ between the medical and combined surgical groups, but NLR was higher in the surgical group (3.3 [2–5.2]) compared to the medical group (2.2 [1.6–3.4]). There was no difference in TNCC among the medical, LI, and SI groups, but the SI group's NLR (3.9 [2.8–6.3]) was higher compared to the medical (2.2 [1.6–3.4]) and LI (3.2 [1.6–4.8]) groups. TNCC was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors, but admission NLR was higher in nonsurvivors (3.6 [2–4.8]) compared to survivors (2.7 [1.7–4]). There was no association between admission TNCC and surgical intervention or outcome, but associations were found between NLR and both the need for surgical intervention and outcome.
Conclusions
NLR, but not TNCC, at admission is increased in horses with surgical intestinal lesions. Overlap in data precludes its use as a sole marker for case identification, and interpretation of NLR should therefore be performed considering appropriate clinical context. Prospective studies accounting for measurement of adrenocortical hormones are required to investigate NLR changes during the stress response in horses presenting with colic.
{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Horses That Required Emergency Laparotomy: 341 Cases of Noninfectious Causes of Gastrointestinal Colic (2019–2024)","authors":"Alessandro Migliorisi, Bridget Nottle, Lauren E. Smanik, Yvette S. Nout-Lomas, Diana M. Hassel","doi":"10.1111/vec.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To (1) compare total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at admission between horses with medically managed, large intestinal (LI) and small intestinal (SI) surgical colic; (2) compare TNCC and NLR between survivors and nonsurvivors; and (3) investigate associations between TNCC, NLR, surgical intervention, and outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Case–control study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Single, academic institution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 341 adult horses diagnosed with noninfectious medical or surgical colic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Admission TNCC did not differ between the medical and combined surgical groups, but NLR was higher in the surgical group (3.3 [2–5.2]) compared to the medical group (2.2 [1.6–3.4]). There was no difference in TNCC among the medical, LI, and SI groups, but the SI group's NLR (3.9 [2.8–6.3]) was higher compared to the medical (2.2 [1.6–3.4]) and LI (3.2 [1.6–4.8]) groups. TNCC was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors, but admission NLR was higher in nonsurvivors (3.6 [2–4.8]) compared to survivors (2.7 [1.7–4]). There was no association between admission TNCC and surgical intervention or outcome, but associations were found between NLR and both the need for surgical intervention and outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>NLR, but not TNCC, at admission is increased in horses with surgical intestinal lesions. Overlap in data precludes its use as a sole marker for case identification, and interpretation of NLR should therefore be performed considering appropriate clinical context. Prospective studies accounting for measurement of adrenocortical hormones are required to investigate NLR changes during the stress response in horses presenting with colic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"378-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To compare survival between cats diagnosed with a nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and to determine whether clinical parameters, clinicopathologic data, and insulin type are associated with survival. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether these parameters were associated with survival in cats undergoing a generalized hyperglycemic diabetic crisis.
Design
Retrospective evaluation of medical records of cats diagnosed with DKA and HHS between 2000 and 2020.
Setting
University teaching hospital.
Animals
The HHS group consisted of 29 cats (blood glucose concentration [BG] ≥31.08 mmol/L [≥560 mg/dL]; calculated serum osmolality ≥350 mOsm/kg; ketone negative). The DKA group consisted of 71 cats (BG ≥7.77 mmol/L [≥140 mg/dL]; pH <7.35; ketone positive).
Interventions
None.
Measurements and Main Results
No clinicopathologic parameters or previous use of glargine U-100 were significantly associated with survival in the HHS group. There was no difference in survival of the HHS group versus the DKA group (65.5% vs. 68.6%; p = 0.85). In all cats, higher serum BUN (p = 0.014), creatinine (p = 0.0098), or BG (p = 0.015) and lower serum sodium concentration (p = 0.03) or body temperature (p = 0.0098) were associated with decreased odds of survival. Calculated total and effective osmolalities were not associated with survival in either group.
Conclusions
Cats with HHS had a survival of 65.5% in this study. No serum biochemical parameters predicted prognosis for the HHS group, and insulin type was not found to be associated with survival. Azotemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hypothermia were associated with decreased survival when combining all cats. Hyperosmolality was not associated with survival; therefore, distinguishing HHS and DKA into separate syndromes may be arbitrary.
{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Prognostic Variables and Overall Survival Associated With Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Cats: 29 Cases (2000–2020)","authors":"Annalisa Judy, Aaron Rendahl, Kelly Tart","doi":"10.1111/vec.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare survival between cats diagnosed with a nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and to determine whether clinical parameters, clinicopathologic data, and insulin type are associated with survival. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether these parameters were associated with survival in cats undergoing a generalized hyperglycemic diabetic crisis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective evaluation of medical records of cats diagnosed with DKA and HHS between 2000 and 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>University teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The HHS group consisted of 29 cats (blood glucose concentration [BG] ≥31.08 mmol/L [≥560 mg/dL]; calculated serum osmolality ≥350 mOsm/kg; ketone negative). The DKA group consisted of 71 cats (BG ≥7.77 mmol/L [≥140 mg/dL]; pH <7.35; ketone positive).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>None.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No clinicopathologic parameters or previous use of glargine U-100 were significantly associated with survival in the HHS group. There was no difference in survival of the HHS group versus the DKA group (65.5% vs. 68.6%; <i>p</i> = 0.85). In all cats, higher serum BUN (<i>p</i> = 0.014), creatinine (<i>p</i> = 0.0098), or BG (<i>p</i> = 0.015) and lower serum sodium concentration (<i>p</i> = 0.03) or body temperature (<i>p</i> = 0.0098) were associated with decreased odds of survival. Calculated total and effective osmolalities were not associated with survival in either group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cats with HHS had a survival of 65.5% in this study. No serum biochemical parameters predicted prognosis for the HHS group, and insulin type was not found to be associated with survival. Azotemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hypothermia were associated with decreased survival when combining all cats. Hyperosmolality was not associated with survival; therefore, distinguishing HHS and DKA into separate syndromes may be arbitrary.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"415-424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyein Jung, K. Jane Wardrop, Sabrina N. Hoehne, Linda G. Martin, Jillian M. Haines, Trey L. DeJong, Elizabeth B. Davidow
Objective
To develop a PCV-dependent hemolysis color scale and evaluate its accuracy in predicting supernatant hemoglobin concentration in packed red blood cell (pRBC) products, helping to determine transfusion safety.
Design
Prospective experimental study.
Setting
University veterinary teaching hospital.
Interventions
Serial dilutions of a pRBC unit were performed to create a range of hemolyzed supernatant samples. A commercial graphics program was used to allocate computerized color to each hemolyzed sample, constructing a color scale. Study participants were then asked to use the color scale to estimate the hemoglobin concentration of a provided supernatant sample. The color estimation data were analyzed by the authors to determine whether to transfuse blood, as pRBC should not be transfused if the product's percentage hemolysis is >1%.
Measurements and Main Results
Visual inspection with the color scale was evaluated with seven supernatant test samples containing different free hemoglobin concentrations (0.3–8.0 g/L). The percentage of correct color estimation overall was 61.9%. The percentage of correct decisions to transfuse the blood product overall would have been 93.7%. All incorrect estimations were one color range (approximately 1.0 g/L difference between the ranges) off from the correct estimation for all samples.
Conclusions
The color scale aided the visual assessment of hemolysis. However, visual inspection with the color scale can still be inaccurate near the corresponding cutoff color of <1% hemolysis in each PCV range. If the supernatant color of the unit is estimated to be one color range off from the cutoff color, the cell-free hemoglobin concentration of the unit should be measured, and percentage hemolysis should be calculated to determine if it meets the <1% hemolysis standard.
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of a PCV-Dependent Visual Hemolysis Color Scale for Packed Red Blood Cell Products","authors":"Hyein Jung, K. Jane Wardrop, Sabrina N. Hoehne, Linda G. Martin, Jillian M. Haines, Trey L. DeJong, Elizabeth B. Davidow","doi":"10.1111/vec.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To develop a PCV-dependent hemolysis color scale and evaluate its accuracy in predicting supernatant hemoglobin concentration in packed red blood cell (pRBC) products, helping to determine transfusion safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective experimental study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>University veterinary teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serial dilutions of a pRBC unit were performed to create a range of hemolyzed supernatant samples. A commercial graphics program was used to allocate computerized color to each hemolyzed sample, constructing a color scale. Study participants were then asked to use the color scale to estimate the hemoglobin concentration of a provided supernatant sample. The color estimation data were analyzed by the authors to determine whether to transfuse blood, as pRBC should not be transfused if the product's percentage hemolysis is >1%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Visual inspection with the color scale was evaluated with seven supernatant test samples containing different free hemoglobin concentrations (0.3–8.0 g/L). The percentage of correct color estimation overall was 61.9%. The percentage of correct decisions to transfuse the blood product overall would have been 93.7%. All incorrect estimations were one color range (approximately 1.0 g/L difference between the ranges) off from the correct estimation for all samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The color scale aided the visual assessment of hemolysis. However, visual inspection with the color scale can still be inaccurate near the corresponding cutoff color of <1% hemolysis in each PCV range. If the supernatant color of the unit is estimated to be one color range off from the cutoff color, the cell-free hemoglobin concentration of the unit should be measured, and percentage hemolysis should be calculated to determine if it meets the <1% hemolysis standard.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"346-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristian Martinez Alvarez, Britt A. L. Thevelein, Katie M. Hodges, Amy N. Weitzman, Amie Koenig, Benjamin M. Brainard
Objective
To compare the measurement of axillary temperature (AT) with rectal temperature (RT) in dogs and cats and to identify the influence of physical parameters on the difference between their measurement using a veterinary-specific thermometer.
Design
Prospective study (2022–2024).
Setting
University teaching hospital.
Animals
A total of 106 dogs and 101 cats aged ≥4 months.
Interventions
Body temperatures were measured contemporaneously using a veterinary-specific, calibrated, dual-thermistor axillary thermometer (AT) and a calibrated medical thermometer (RT). Data were evaluated for bias as a whole set and after stratification based on various physical parameters (species, body weight, haircoat length, body condition score [BCS]). A machine learning (ML) model was subsequently applied, and bias was reevaluated.
Measurements and Main Results
A Bland–Altman analysis comparing the measurement of AT with RT showed a bias of 1.01°C (1.82°F) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) −0.66°C to 2.68°C (−1.19°F to 4.83°F) in dogs and a bias of 0.23°C (0.42°F) and 95% LOA of −2.61°C to 3.08°C (−4.71°F to 5.55°F) in cats. Animals weighing <10 kg had a bias of 0.33°C (95% LOA: −2.29°C to 2.96°C), animals with BCS <5 had a bias of 0.09°C (95% LOA: −2.92°C to 3.11°C), and those with shorter haircoats had a bias of 0.49°C (95% LOA: −2.03°C to 3.00°C). The ML model overestimated RT when using AT and physical parameters in its algorithm (dogs: −0.57°C [95% LOA: −2.18°C to 0.99°C]; cats −0.84°C [95% LOA: −2.62°C to 0.93°C]).
Conclusions
Animals weighing <10 kg, with lower BCS, and shorter haircoats had less bias when AT was compared with RT. Cats exhibited a lower bias between AT and RT than dogs. ML models can be programmed to account for various physical characteristics, improving the predictive impact of AT for directly measured RT, especially in categories of animals where closer prediction does not already exist.
{"title":"Associations Among Various Physical Parameters and the Axillary-to-Rectal Temperature Difference in Dogs and Cats","authors":"Cristian Martinez Alvarez, Britt A. L. Thevelein, Katie M. Hodges, Amy N. Weitzman, Amie Koenig, Benjamin M. Brainard","doi":"10.1111/vec.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare the measurement of axillary temperature (AT) with rectal temperature (RT) in dogs and cats and to identify the influence of physical parameters on the difference between their measurement using a veterinary-specific thermometer.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective study (2022–2024).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>University teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 106 dogs and 101 cats aged ≥4 months.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Body temperatures were measured contemporaneously using a veterinary-specific, calibrated, dual-thermistor axillary thermometer (AT) and a calibrated medical thermometer (RT). Data were evaluated for bias as a whole set and after stratification based on various physical parameters (species, body weight, haircoat length, body condition score [BCS]). A machine learning (ML) model was subsequently applied, and bias was reevaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A Bland–Altman analysis comparing the measurement of AT with RT showed a bias of 1.01°C (1.82°F) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) −0.66°C to 2.68°C (−1.19°F to 4.83°F) in dogs and a bias of 0.23°C (0.42°F) and 95% LOA of −2.61°C to 3.08°C (−4.71°F to 5.55°F) in cats. Animals weighing <10 kg had a bias of 0.33°C (95% LOA: −2.29°C to 2.96°C), animals with BCS <5 had a bias of 0.09°C (95% LOA: −2.92°C to 3.11°C), and those with shorter haircoats had a bias of 0.49°C (95% LOA: −2.03°C to 3.00°C). The ML model overestimated RT when using AT and physical parameters in its algorithm (dogs: −0.57°C [95% LOA: −2.18°C to 0.99°C]; cats −0.84°C [95% LOA: −2.62°C to 0.93°C]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Animals weighing <10 kg, with lower BCS, and shorter haircoats had less bias when AT was compared with RT. Cats exhibited a lower bias between AT and RT than dogs. ML models can be programmed to account for various physical characteristics, improving the predictive impact of AT for directly measured RT, especially in categories of animals where closer prediction does not already exist.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"361-367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information - Prelim","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/vec.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.70027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 S1","pages":"S1-S2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel Boller, Jamie M. Burkitt-Creedon, Christopher G. Byers, Daniel J. Fletcher, Kate S. Farrell, Autumn P. Davidson, Suzanne Fricke, Giovanna Bassu, Sophie A. Grundy, Cheryl Lopate, Maria C. Veronesi, the RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Domain Evidence Evaluators
<div> <section> <h3> Objective</h3> <p>To systematically review the evidence on, to devise clinical recommendations for, and to identify critical knowledge gaps in resuscitation of newborn puppies and kittens.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Design</h3> <p>Standardized, systematic evaluation of literature pertinent to newborn resuscitation following Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Prioritized questions were reviewed by Evidence Evaluators, and findings were reconciled by Domain Chairs and Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) Co-Chairs to arrive at treatment recommendations commensurate with the quality of evidence, risk–benefit relationship, and clinical feasibility. This process was implemented using an evidence profile worksheet for each question that included an introduction, consensus on science, treatment recommendations, justification for these recommendations, and important knowledge gaps. Treatment recommendations underwent a modified Delphi consensus process and were then distributed to veterinary professionals for comment for 2 weeks prior to finalization.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Setting</h3> <p>Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency veterinary practice.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Twenty-eight questions pertaining to temperature management, respiratory and metabolic support, and CPR were addressed. Of the 59 treatment recommendations formulated, 21 concerned medications, 20 addressed respiratory measures, 20 provided guidance on CPR, and 3 related to temperature management. Taken together, the recommendations emphasize the importance of early administration of bag–mask ventilation in nonvigorous, severely bradycardic newborn puppies and kittens. Most recommendations are either expert opinion (<i>n</i> = 28) or based on very low quality of evidence (<i>n</i> = 26).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Significant uncertainty remains regarding most resuscitative interventions in newborn puppies and kittens at birth. However, through a comprehensive evaluation of the evidence and a consensus process that included considerations of feasibility, the resulting treatment recommendations lay the foundation for clear, actionable guidance in small animal newborn resuscitation. In addition, a list of prioritized knowledge gaps was identified to guide collaborative clinical research to ove
{"title":"RECOVER Guidelines: Newborn Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats. Evidence and Knowledge Gap Analysis With Treatment Recommendations","authors":"Manuel Boller, Jamie M. Burkitt-Creedon, Christopher G. Byers, Daniel J. Fletcher, Kate S. Farrell, Autumn P. Davidson, Suzanne Fricke, Giovanna Bassu, Sophie A. Grundy, Cheryl Lopate, Maria C. Veronesi, the RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Domain Evidence Evaluators","doi":"10.1111/vec.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To systematically review the evidence on, to devise clinical recommendations for, and to identify critical knowledge gaps in resuscitation of newborn puppies and kittens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Standardized, systematic evaluation of literature pertinent to newborn resuscitation following Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Prioritized questions were reviewed by Evidence Evaluators, and findings were reconciled by Domain Chairs and Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) Co-Chairs to arrive at treatment recommendations commensurate with the quality of evidence, risk–benefit relationship, and clinical feasibility. This process was implemented using an evidence profile worksheet for each question that included an introduction, consensus on science, treatment recommendations, justification for these recommendations, and important knowledge gaps. Treatment recommendations underwent a modified Delphi consensus process and were then distributed to veterinary professionals for comment for 2 weeks prior to finalization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency veterinary practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-eight questions pertaining to temperature management, respiratory and metabolic support, and CPR were addressed. Of the 59 treatment recommendations formulated, 21 concerned medications, 20 addressed respiratory measures, 20 provided guidance on CPR, and 3 related to temperature management. Taken together, the recommendations emphasize the importance of early administration of bag–mask ventilation in nonvigorous, severely bradycardic newborn puppies and kittens. Most recommendations are either expert opinion (<i>n</i> = 28) or based on very low quality of evidence (<i>n</i> = 26).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant uncertainty remains regarding most resuscitative interventions in newborn puppies and kittens at birth. However, through a comprehensive evaluation of the evidence and a consensus process that included considerations of feasibility, the resulting treatment recommendations lay the foundation for clear, actionable guidance in small animal newborn resuscitation. In addition, a list of prioritized knowledge gaps was identified to guide collaborative clinical research to ove","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 S1","pages":"S3-S59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel Boller, Jamie M. Burkitt-Creedon, Daniel J. Fletcher, Christopher G. Byers, Autumn P. Davidson, Kate S. Farrell, Giovanna Bassu, Erik D. Fausak, Sophie A. Grundy, Cheryl Lopate, Maria C. Veronesi
Objective
To present evidence- and consensus-based guidelines for resuscitation of newborn puppies and kittens.
Design
Prioritized clinical questions pertaining to newborn resuscitation and in the Population–Intervention–Comparator–Outcome (PICO) format were used to inform systematic literature searches by information specialists, to extract research findings from relevant publications and synthesize them into evidence, to assess this evidence for quality, and, finally, to develop draft treatment recommendations. These steps were followed by a consensus process and a community commenting period prior to finalization of the project. These RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Guidelines are a concise summary of the newborn resuscitation process to provide clear and actionable clinical instructions to veterinary professionals.
Setting
Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency practice.
Results
A total of 28 PICO questions pertaining to resuscitation of puppies and kittens at birth were addressed in this project. This resulted in 59 treatment recommendations that delineate an iterative approach to newborn resuscitation starting with airway clearance, tactile stimulation, and temperature control, as well as positive pressure ventilation, and instruct on more advanced measures such as CPR. An algorithm displays the flow of assessments and actions over the course of the resuscitation process.
Conclusions
These RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Guidelines present a concise and comprehensive framework for resuscitation of puppies and kittens at birth. These works serve to support veterinary professionals and breeders, educational systems, and research initiatives in conducting, implementing, and advancing newborn resuscitation in puppies and kittens.
{"title":"RECOVER Guidelines: Newborn Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats. Clinical Guidelines","authors":"Manuel Boller, Jamie M. Burkitt-Creedon, Daniel J. Fletcher, Christopher G. Byers, Autumn P. Davidson, Kate S. Farrell, Giovanna Bassu, Erik D. Fausak, Sophie A. Grundy, Cheryl Lopate, Maria C. Veronesi","doi":"10.1111/vec.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To present evidence- and consensus-based guidelines for resuscitation of newborn puppies and kittens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prioritized clinical questions pertaining to newborn resuscitation and in the Population–Intervention–Comparator–Outcome (PICO) format were used to inform systematic literature searches by information specialists, to extract research findings from relevant publications and synthesize them into evidence, to assess this evidence for quality, and, finally, to develop draft treatment recommendations. These steps were followed by a consensus process and a community commenting period prior to finalization of the project. These RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Guidelines are a concise summary of the newborn resuscitation process to provide clear and actionable clinical instructions to veterinary professionals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 28 PICO questions pertaining to resuscitation of puppies and kittens at birth were addressed in this project. This resulted in 59 treatment recommendations that delineate an iterative approach to newborn resuscitation starting with airway clearance, tactile stimulation, and temperature control, as well as positive pressure ventilation, and instruct on more advanced measures such as CPR. An algorithm displays the flow of assessments and actions over the course of the resuscitation process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These RECOVER Newborn Resuscitation Guidelines present a concise and comprehensive framework for resuscitation of puppies and kittens at birth. These works serve to support veterinary professionals and breeders, educational systems, and research initiatives in conducting, implementing, and advancing newborn resuscitation in puppies and kittens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 S1","pages":"S60-S85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anusha Balakrishnan, Deborah C. Silverstein, Daniela Bedenice, Alexa Bersenas, John Paul Bourgeois, Christopher L. Carroll, Bettina Dunkel, Thomas Greensmith, Kate Hopper, Kara Lascola, Nilam Mangalmurti, Elizabeth Rozanski, Pamela Wilkins, Nadir Yehya
Objective
To use a systematic, evidence-based consensus process to develop updated definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in veterinary medicine to facilitate its recognition and diagnosis.
Design
International consensus conference series involving 12 multidisciplinary international content experts from three countries, using consensus conference methodology and implementation science. A systematic review of the literature was carried out for ARDS and acute lung injury in veterinary medicine. Updated definitions of ARDS were generated based on synthesis of human and veterinary literature. Consensus on the definitions was achieved through Delphi-style surveys involving the above subject matter experts. Draft recommendations were made available through industry specialty listservs for feedback, which was incorporated in the final definitions.
Results
Updated definitions were developed for Veterinary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDSVet) in small animals (dogs and cats) and large animals (equids). For small animals, 690 publications were identified for dogs and 99 were identified for cats in the initial literature search. Seventeen cats and 103 dogs with ARDS were represented across these publications. For the initial literature search in large animals, there were 83 equid, five camelid, 158 pig, 714 sheep and goat, and 270 cattle publications identified. Additionally, 1084 publications were found across all large animals that addressed interstitial lung disease. Five adult equids and 136 foals with ARDS were represented across these publications. The updated ARDSVet definitions incorporate criteria for risk factors, origin and timing of pulmonary edema, and impaired oxygenation, with severity stratified by oxygenation and definitions for both intubated and nonintubated animals.
Conclusions
The evidence review and consensus process resulted in updated definitions that can be used to improve the recognition of veterinary ARDS as well as facilitate and standardize future research, including the development of an ARDS registry and eventual treatment recommendations.
{"title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Veterinary Medicine—The ARDSVet Definitions","authors":"Anusha Balakrishnan, Deborah C. Silverstein, Daniela Bedenice, Alexa Bersenas, John Paul Bourgeois, Christopher L. Carroll, Bettina Dunkel, Thomas Greensmith, Kate Hopper, Kara Lascola, Nilam Mangalmurti, Elizabeth Rozanski, Pamela Wilkins, Nadir Yehya","doi":"10.1111/vec.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To use a systematic, evidence-based consensus process to develop updated definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in veterinary medicine to facilitate its recognition and diagnosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>International consensus conference series involving 12 multidisciplinary international content experts from three countries, using consensus conference methodology and implementation science. A systematic review of the literature was carried out for ARDS and acute lung injury in veterinary medicine. Updated definitions of ARDS were generated based on synthesis of human and veterinary literature. Consensus on the definitions was achieved through Delphi-style surveys involving the above subject matter experts. Draft recommendations were made available through industry specialty listservs for feedback, which was incorporated in the final definitions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Updated definitions were developed for Veterinary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDSVet) in small animals (dogs and cats) and large animals (equids). For small animals, 690 publications were identified for dogs and 99 were identified for cats in the initial literature search. Seventeen cats and 103 dogs with ARDS were represented across these publications. For the initial literature search in large animals, there were 83 equid, five camelid, 158 pig, 714 sheep and goat, and 270 cattle publications identified. Additionally, 1084 publications were found across all large animals that addressed interstitial lung disease. Five adult equids and 136 foals with ARDS were represented across these publications. The updated ARDSVet definitions incorporate criteria for risk factors, origin and timing of pulmonary edema, and impaired oxygenation, with severity stratified by oxygenation and definitions for both intubated and nonintubated animals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The evidence review and consensus process resulted in updated definitions that can be used to improve the recognition of veterinary ARDS as well as facilitate and standardize future research, including the development of an ARDS registry and eventual treatment recommendations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"35 4","pages":"327-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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