Adrienne D. Rhodes DVM, Pamela A. Wilkins DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVECC, Annette M. McCoy DVM, MS, PhD, DACVS
Objective
To compare plasma l-lactate (LAC) values between samples collected from jugular and cephalic venipuncture in healthy horses and systemically ill horses.
Design
Prospective, experimental study.
Setting
Large animal university teaching hospital.
Animals
Thirty healthy adult university-owned horses and 43 client-owned horses presenting to the large animal hospital for elective surgical procedures or for emergent medical evaluation of systemic illness.
Interventions
Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein (JV) and cephalic vein (CV) and placed in EDTA blood tubes prior to any medical therapy. LAC values were obtained with a handheld lactate meter at the time of blood collection.
Measurements and Main Results
LAC was higher in CV samples than JV samples in healthy horses (P < 0.001); however, all values were within the normal reference range. Similarly, LAC was higher in CV samples than JV samples in systemically ill horses (P < 0.001), but the median JV value was within normal reference range (1.9 mmol/L [17.1 mg/dL]), while the median CV value was outside the normal reference range (2.9 mmol/L [26.1 mg/dL]).
Conclusions
The CV is an alternative venipuncture site for assessing plasma LAC if the JV is not accessible or to preserve the JV for subsequent catheterization. However, in ill horses, the CV value may be outside the reference range when the corresponding JV value would have been within the reference range.
{"title":"Comparison of plasma l-lactate between jugular and cephalic veins in healthy and systemically ill horses using a point-of-care device","authors":"Adrienne D. Rhodes DVM, Pamela A. Wilkins DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVECC, Annette M. McCoy DVM, MS, PhD, DACVS","doi":"10.1111/vec.13364","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13364","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare plasma <span>l</span>-lactate (LAC) values between samples collected from jugular and cephalic venipuncture in healthy horses and systemically ill horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective, experimental study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Large animal university teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty healthy adult university-owned horses and 43 client-owned horses presenting to the large animal hospital for elective surgical procedures or for emergent medical evaluation of systemic illness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein (JV) and cephalic vein (CV) and placed in EDTA blood tubes prior to any medical therapy. LAC values were obtained with a handheld lactate meter at the time of blood collection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>LAC was higher in CV samples than JV samples in healthy horses (<i>P</i> < 0.001); however, all values were within the normal reference range. Similarly, LAC was higher in CV samples than JV samples in systemically ill horses (<i>P</i> < 0.001), but the median JV value was within normal reference range (1.9 mmol/L [17.1 mg/dL]), while the median CV value was outside the normal reference range (2.9 mmol/L [26.1 mg/dL]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The CV is an alternative venipuncture site for assessing plasma LAC if the JV is not accessible or to preserve the JV for subsequent catheterization. However, in ill horses, the CV value may be outside the reference range when the corresponding JV value would have been within the reference range.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"131-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139984764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danielle M. Martindale DVM, Jenica L. Haraschak MS, DVM, DACVECC, Andrew J. Thiel DVM, Jonathan P. Samuelson MS, DVM, DACVP, John P. Buchweitz PhD, DABT
Objective
To describe the presentation, management, and postmortem examination findings in a dog with confirmed lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) toxicosis.
Case Summary
A 3-year-old female neutered mixed breed dog initially presented with neurological signs suspected to be secondary to LDX toxicosis. The dog was treated as typical for amphetamine toxicoses but developed severe respiratory and cardiovascular signs throughout their hospitalization. The progression of the cardiopulmonary signs led to cardiopulmonary arrest, for which CPR was unsuccessful. Postmortem examination exhibited severe hemorrhage throughout multiple organ systems. Toxicology testing confirmed the presence of unaltered LDX and its metabolite, amphetamine.
New or Unique Information Provided
This is the first case report documenting a severe progression of clinical signs and postmortem examination findings in a case of confirmed LDX toxicosis in a dog. Although the patient did not survive treatment, postmortem examination and microscopic evaluation of tissues allowed visualization of the extent of systemic pathophysiology. With prompt treatment, the prognosis of amphetamine toxicosis in dogs is generally considered good; however, this case report demonstrates a severe case in which even prompt and appropriate treatment did not prevent mortality. This suggests a need to establish negative prognostic indicators for which to monitor in cases of amphetamine toxicosis. Finally, this report is also unique in the fact that the LDX toxicosis was confirmed using a toxicological analysis technique not previously described clinically in dogs.
{"title":"Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse) toxicosis in a dog","authors":"Danielle M. Martindale DVM, Jenica L. Haraschak MS, DVM, DACVECC, Andrew J. Thiel DVM, Jonathan P. Samuelson MS, DVM, DACVP, John P. Buchweitz PhD, DABT","doi":"10.1111/vec.13370","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13370","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the presentation, management, and postmortem examination findings in a dog with confirmed lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) toxicosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 3-year-old female neutered mixed breed dog initially presented with neurological signs suspected to be secondary to LDX toxicosis. The dog was treated as typical for amphetamine toxicoses but developed severe respiratory and cardiovascular signs throughout their hospitalization. The progression of the cardiopulmonary signs led to cardiopulmonary arrest, for which CPR was unsuccessful. Postmortem examination exhibited severe hemorrhage throughout multiple organ systems. Toxicology testing confirmed the presence of unaltered LDX and its metabolite, amphetamine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the first case report documenting a severe progression of clinical signs and postmortem examination findings in a case of confirmed LDX toxicosis in a dog. Although the patient did not survive treatment, postmortem examination and microscopic evaluation of tissues allowed visualization of the extent of systemic pathophysiology. With prompt treatment, the prognosis of amphetamine toxicosis in dogs is generally considered good; however, this case report demonstrates a severe case in which even prompt and appropriate treatment did not prevent mortality. This suggests a need to establish negative prognostic indicators for which to monitor in cases of amphetamine toxicosis. Finally, this report is also unique in the fact that the LDX toxicosis was confirmed using a toxicological analysis technique not previously described clinically in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"193-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Huther DVM, Thomas H. Edwards DVM, MS, DACVECC, Ericka L. Jaramillo DVM, James T. Giles III DVM, MS, DACVS, Sarah K. Israel DVM, DACVS, Michael Mison DVM, DACVS, Lisbeth Ambrosius DVM, MS, DACVIM, Teresa Kaiser DVM, Guillaume L. Hoareau DVM, PhD, FCCM, DACVECC, DECVECC
Objective
To describe the use of a synthetic hemostatic dressing, QuikClot Combat Gauze (QCG), in dogs with bleeding wounds.
Case Series Summary
Two dogs presented with bleeding traumatic wounds, and QCG was used to achieve hemostasis during stabilization of these dogs. In the other 2 dogs, QCG was used to help attenuate bleeding associated with a surgical procedure.
New or Unique Information Provided
While hemostatic dressings have been widely studied and used in human medicine, there is minimal information on the use and efficacy of these hemostatic dressings in veterinary medicine. This case series describes the use of QCG in dogs with hemorrhaging wounds. QCG could be a valuable resource in veterinary emergency and critical care settings.
{"title":"The use of a kaolin-based hemostatic dressing to attenuate bleeding in dogs: A series of 4 cases","authors":"Andrea Huther DVM, Thomas H. Edwards DVM, MS, DACVECC, Ericka L. Jaramillo DVM, James T. Giles III DVM, MS, DACVS, Sarah K. Israel DVM, DACVS, Michael Mison DVM, DACVS, Lisbeth Ambrosius DVM, MS, DACVIM, Teresa Kaiser DVM, Guillaume L. Hoareau DVM, PhD, FCCM, DACVECC, DECVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13361","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13361","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the use of a synthetic hemostatic dressing, QuikClot Combat Gauze (QCG), in dogs with bleeding wounds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Series Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two dogs presented with bleeding traumatic wounds, and QCG was used to achieve hemostasis during stabilization of these dogs. In the other 2 dogs, QCG was used to help attenuate bleeding associated with a surgical procedure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While hemostatic dressings have been widely studied and used in human medicine, there is minimal information on the use and efficacy of these hemostatic dressings in veterinary medicine. This case series describes the use of QCG in dogs with hemorrhaging wounds. QCG could be a valuable resource in veterinary emergency and critical care settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To compare 2 point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) protocols for quantification of B-lines in cats without evidence of respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiography.
Design
Prospective observational study.
Setting
Single center, veterinary teaching hospital.
Animals
Fifty-seven cats without respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiographs.
Interventions
All cats had 2 point-of-care LUS protocols performed bilaterally: a regional protocol (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound evaluation [VetBLUE]) and a more comprehensive vertical sweeping (VS) protocol. The total number of B-lines per cat, number of sites with B-lines, and maximal number of B-lines at each site were recorded and compared.
Measurements and Main Results
Ten cats (18%) had at least 1 B-line identified with VetBLUE, versus 29 (51%) with VS. Comparing protocols, VS had a statistically higher total number of B-lines per cat, higher number of sites with B-lines, and higher maximal number of B-lines per site. B-lines that were too numerous to count were identified at a single location in 1 cat with VetBLUE and 2 cats with VS. A maximum of 3 B-lines were identified at all other positive sites regardless of the protocol used. On average, it took 1.79 times longer to complete VS bilaterally compared to VetBLUE (median [interquartile range]: 140 [33] and 78 [14] s, respectively) (P = 0.001).
Conclusions
This study demonstrates it is not uncommon to identify a single or even multiple B-lines in 1 or several sites on LUS in cats deemed to be clinically free of respiratory pathology—essential knowledge when using LUS as a screening test and to monitor intrathoracic lesions. In cats asymptomatic for respiratory disease, VS generally identifies more B-lines than VetBLUE, likely because it assesses a larger lung surface area. The sonographic identification of B-lines should be interpreted considering the LUS protocol used, history, and other diagnostics to determine their clinical significance.
目的：比较两种护理点肺部超声检查（LUS）方案，以便根据病史、体格检查和胸片对无呼吸道疾病证据的猫进行 B 线定量：比较两种基于病史、体格检查和胸部 X 射线检查的护理点肺部超声波 (LUS) 方案，以量化无呼吸道疾病证据的猫的 B 线：设计：前瞻性观察研究：单中心兽医教学医院：动物：57 只根据病史、体格检查和胸部 X 光片检查无呼吸道疾病的猫：所有猫咪均接受了 2 项双侧护理点 LUS 方案：区域性方案（兽医床旁肺部超声评估 [VetBLUE]）和更全面的垂直扫查 (VS) 方案。记录并比较了每只猫的 B 线总数、有 B 线的部位数和每个部位的最大 B 线数：使用 VetBLUE 时，有 10 只猫（18%）至少发现了 1 条 B 线，而使用 VS 时有 29 只猫（51%）发现了 1 条 B 线。比较两种方案，VS 方案每只猫的 B 线总数、有 B 线的部位数和每个部位的最大 B 线数均高于 VS 方案。在使用 VetBLUE 的 1 只猫和使用 VS 的 2 只猫中，在单个位置发现了无法计数的 B 线。无论使用哪种方案，在所有其他阳性部位都最多发现了 3 条 B 线。与 VetBLUE 相比，完成双侧 VS 平均需要 1.79 倍的时间（中位数[四分位间范围]分别为 140 [33] 秒和 78 [14] 秒）（P = 0.001）：本研究表明，在临床上被认为没有呼吸道病变的猫咪中，在 LUS 的一个或多个部位发现单条甚至多条 B 线的情况并不少见，这是将 LUS 用作筛查检验和监测胸腔内病变时的必要知识。在无呼吸道疾病症状的猫中，VS 通常比 VetBLUE 能识别出更多的 B 线，这可能是因为 VS 评估的肺表面积更大。在解释声像图识别出的 B 线时，应考虑所使用的 LUS 方案、病史和其他诊断，以确定其临床意义。
{"title":"Evaluation of B-lines with 2 point-of-care lung ultrasound protocols in cats with radiographically normal lungs","authors":"Manon Rigot DMV, IPSAV, Søren R. Boysen DVM, DACVECC, Isabelle Masseau DMV, PhD, DACVR, Jo-Annie Letendre DMV, DACVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13360","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13360","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare 2 point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) protocols for quantification of B-lines in cats without evidence of respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiography.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective observational study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Single center, veterinary teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-seven cats without respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiographs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All cats had 2 point-of-care LUS protocols performed bilaterally: a regional protocol (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound evaluation [VetBLUE]) and a more comprehensive vertical sweeping (VS) protocol. The total number of B-lines per cat, number of sites with B-lines, and maximal number of B-lines at each site were recorded and compared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ten cats (18%) had at least 1 B-line identified with VetBLUE, versus 29 (51%) with VS. Comparing protocols, VS had a statistically higher total number of B-lines per cat, higher number of sites with B-lines, and higher maximal number of B-lines per site. B-lines that were too numerous to count were identified at a single location in 1 cat with VetBLUE and 2 cats with VS. A maximum of 3 B-lines were identified at all other positive sites regardless of the protocol used. On average, it took 1.79 times longer to complete VS bilaterally compared to VetBLUE (median [interquartile range]: 140 [33] and 78 [14] s, respectively) (<i>P</i> = 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates it is not uncommon to identify a single or even multiple B-lines in 1 or several sites on LUS in cats deemed to be clinically free of respiratory pathology—essential knowledge when using LUS as a screening test and to monitor intrathoracic lesions. In cats asymptomatic for respiratory disease, VS generally identifies more B-lines than VetBLUE, likely because it assesses a larger lung surface area. The sonographic identification of B-lines should be interpreted considering the LUS protocol used, history, and other diagnostics to determine their clinical significance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"143-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To describe seizure activity in juvenile dogs successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation.
Case Series Summary
Three juvenile dogs (all approximately 3 months old) underwent long-term mechanical ventilation with IV anesthesia for suspected noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Within 24 hours of extubation and within 10 hours of discontinuing midazolam continuous infusions, all dogs experienced seizures, which is 1 sign of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome. Each dog was treated with an anticonvulsant protocol, and none experienced seizures after being discharged.
New or Unique Information Provided
Each dog received IV anesthesia, including fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol, during mechanical ventilation and subsequently experienced seizures after successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Juvenile dogs may be at risk for seizures after weaning from mechanical ventilation and IV anesthesia. Neurological monitoring and further research into an appropriate weaning protocol may prove beneficial in juvenile dogs requiring prolonged anesthesia.
{"title":"Seizures in 3 juvenile dogs after intravenous anesthetic drug withdrawal during weaning from mechanical ventilation suspected to be a sign of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome","authors":"Kaitlyn Dreese VMD, Kellyann Murphy DVM, Jasper Burke VMD, Deborah C. Silverstein DVM, DACVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13366","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13366","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe seizure activity in juvenile dogs successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Series Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three juvenile dogs (all approximately 3 months old) underwent long-term mechanical ventilation with IV anesthesia for suspected noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Within 24 hours of extubation and within 10 hours of discontinuing midazolam continuous infusions, all dogs experienced seizures, which is 1 sign of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome. Each dog was treated with an anticonvulsant protocol, and none experienced seizures after being discharged.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Each dog received IV anesthesia, including fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol, during mechanical ventilation and subsequently experienced seizures after successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Juvenile dogs may be at risk for seizures after weaning from mechanical ventilation and IV anesthesia. Neurological monitoring and further research into an appropriate weaning protocol may prove beneficial in juvenile dogs requiring prolonged anesthesia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"173-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas G. Dannemiller DVM, Sarah M. Ozawa DVM, DACZM, Olivia A. Petritz DVM, DACZM, Sarah E. Musulin DVM, DACVECC
<div> <section> <h3> Objective</h3> <p>To evaluate the major crossmatch compatibility between rabbit recipients, rabbit donors, and the major canine and feline blood types.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Design</h3> <p>Prospective in vitro study in December 2021.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Setting</h3> <p>Academic veterinary teaching hospital.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Animals</h3> <p>Whole blood samples were collected from 11 healthy New Zealand White rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) with no previous transfusion history. Three pigtail segments were acquired from dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA)-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, and feline type A blood units. Whole blood was collected from a healthy type B blood donor cat.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Interventions</h3> <p>Blood from each rabbit recipient underwent a major crossmatch using standard tube crossmatch methodology with itself and the following donor blood types: rabbit, DEA-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, feline type A, and feline type B.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3> <p>Self-crossmatches and crossmatches between rabbit recipients and conspecific donors were negative for hemolysis and agglutination. Crossmatches between rabbit recipients and canine and feline donors yielded no hemolysis but produced varying degrees of macroscopic and microscopic agglutination. Rabbit recipients had 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.8) times the risk of macroscopic agglutination when major crossmatched with canine blood compared to feline blood. No significant difference in agglutination was found between DEA-1-positive and DEA-1-negative or feline type A and type B donors.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>These findings support allogeneic blood transfusions between rabbits being highly compatible and suggest rabbits have naturally occurring alloantibodies against both canine and feline red blood cells. However, feline red blood cells had a lower rate of in vitro incompatibility on major crossmatch, suggesting potentially higher in vivo compatibility if an emergency xenotransfusion is needed. Further prospective research is needed to determine if xenotransfusion is associated with a higher incidence of acute and delayed transfusion reactions in rabbit
目的评估兔受体、兔供体与主要犬科和猫科动物血型之间的主要交叉配血相容性：设计：2021 年 12 月进行的前瞻性体外研究：学术兽医教学医院：从 11 只无输血史的健康新西兰白兔（Oryctolagus cuniculus）身上采集全血样本。从狗红细胞抗原（DEA）-1 阳性、DEA-1 阴性和猫 A 型血单位采集了三个尾段。从健康的 B 型供血猫身上采集全血：干预措施：采用标准试管交叉配血方法，对每只兔子受血者的血液与自身及以下供血者血型进行主要交叉配血：兔子、DEA-1 阳性、DEA-1 阴性、猫科动物 A 型和猫科动物 B 型：自交配血和兔受血者与同种供血者之间的交叉配血的溶血和凝集反应均为阴性。兔受体与犬科和猫科供体之间的交叉配血无溶血现象，但会产生不同程度的宏观和微观凝集。与猫科动物血液相比，兔子受体与犬科动物血液交叉配血时发生大体凝集的风险是猫科动物血液的 1.4 倍（95% 置信区间：1.1-1.8）。DEA-1阳性和DEA-1阴性或猫科动物A型和B型献血者之间的凝集没有明显差异：这些研究结果表明，兔子之间的同种异体输血具有高度相容性，并表明兔子对犬科和猫科动物的红细胞具有天然异体抗体。然而，猫科动物红细胞在体外主要交叉配血中的不相容性较低，这表明如果需要紧急异种输血，体内相容性可能更高。需要进一步开展前瞻性研究，以确定异种输血与同种异体输血相比，是否会导致兔子急性和延迟输血反应的发生率更高。
{"title":"Major crossmatch compatibility of rabbit blood with rabbit, canine, and feline blood","authors":"Nicholas G. Dannemiller DVM, Sarah M. Ozawa DVM, DACZM, Olivia A. Petritz DVM, DACZM, Sarah E. Musulin DVM, DACVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13362","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13362","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the major crossmatch compatibility between rabbit recipients, rabbit donors, and the major canine and feline blood types.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective in vitro study in December 2021.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Academic veterinary teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whole blood samples were collected from 11 healthy New Zealand White rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) with no previous transfusion history. Three pigtail segments were acquired from dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA)-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, and feline type A blood units. Whole blood was collected from a healthy type B blood donor cat.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Blood from each rabbit recipient underwent a major crossmatch using standard tube crossmatch methodology with itself and the following donor blood types: rabbit, DEA-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, feline type A, and feline type B.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-crossmatches and crossmatches between rabbit recipients and conspecific donors were negative for hemolysis and agglutination. Crossmatches between rabbit recipients and canine and feline donors yielded no hemolysis but produced varying degrees of macroscopic and microscopic agglutination. Rabbit recipients had 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.8) times the risk of macroscopic agglutination when major crossmatched with canine blood compared to feline blood. No significant difference in agglutination was found between DEA-1-positive and DEA-1-negative or feline type A and type B donors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings support allogeneic blood transfusions between rabbits being highly compatible and suggest rabbits have naturally occurring alloantibodies against both canine and feline red blood cells. However, feline red blood cells had a lower rate of in vitro incompatibility on major crossmatch, suggesting potentially higher in vivo compatibility if an emergency xenotransfusion is needed. Further prospective research is needed to determine if xenotransfusion is associated with a higher incidence of acute and delayed transfusion reactions in rabbit","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.13362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefan B. Gordon BVSc, DACVECC, Amy C. Nadolski DVM, DACVECC
Objective
To describe the medical management and outcome of a dog suffering severe hydrogen peroxide toxicity.
Case Summary
A 3-year-old neutered female Bichon Frise was presented to an emergency and referral practice after ingestion of 10–20 mL/kg 3% hydrogen peroxide. On presentation, the dog was obtunded, was tachypneic, and had severe gastric tympany. Abdominal radiographs revealed pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas. The dog was managed conservatively with supportive care and oxygen therapy. Repeat radiographs 6 hours later showed complete resolution of all gas inclusions. While hospitalized, the dog developed severe hematemesis, and abdominal ultrasound revealed severe gastric wall thickening. Subsequent endoscopy confirmed severe gastric mucosal necrosis without evidence of deeper ulceration and relatively mild petechiation of the esophagus. The dog was ultimately discharged after 5 days of hospitalization and continued to do well at home. Recheck ultrasound 5 weeks postdischarge showed normal gastric wall appearance.
New or Unique Information Provided
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of pneumoperitoneum secondary to hydrogen peroxide toxicity and the first description of the clinical course of severe toxicity in dogs.
{"title":"Medical management of pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas secondary to 3% hydrogen peroxide toxicity in a dog","authors":"Stefan B. Gordon BVSc, DACVECC, Amy C. Nadolski DVM, DACVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13363","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13363","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the medical management and outcome of a dog suffering severe hydrogen peroxide toxicity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 3-year-old neutered female Bichon Frise was presented to an emergency and referral practice after ingestion of 10–20 mL/kg 3% hydrogen peroxide. On presentation, the dog was obtunded, was tachypneic, and had severe gastric tympany. Abdominal radiographs revealed pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas. The dog was managed conservatively with supportive care and oxygen therapy. Repeat radiographs 6 hours later showed complete resolution of all gas inclusions. While hospitalized, the dog developed severe hematemesis, and abdominal ultrasound revealed severe gastric wall thickening. Subsequent endoscopy confirmed severe gastric mucosal necrosis without evidence of deeper ulceration and relatively mild petechiation of the esophagus. The dog was ultimately discharged after 5 days of hospitalization and continued to do well at home. Recheck ultrasound 5 weeks postdischarge showed normal gastric wall appearance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of pneumoperitoneum secondary to hydrogen peroxide toxicity and the first description of the clinical course of severe toxicity in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"179-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corey J. Fisher DVM, Taylor Adams DVM, David Liss DVM, Amanda A. Cavanagh DVM, DACVECC, Sarah J. Marvel DVM, DACVS, Kelly E. Hall DVM, MS, DACVECC
Objective
To determine signalment, injury type, trauma severity score, and outcome of canine trauma patients undergoing surgical (emergency room [ER] or operating room [OR]) and nonsurgical treatment in addition to time to surgery, specialty services involved, and cost in the OR surgery population.
Design
Retrospective evaluation of medical record and hospital trauma registry data on canine trauma cases.
Setting
University teaching hospital.
Animals
One thousand six hundred and thirty dogs presenting for traumatic injury between May 2017 and July 2020.
Interventions
None.
Measurements and Main Results
Demographics and outcome were compared for canine trauma patients undergoing OR surgery (12.8%, 208/1630), ER surgery (39.1%, 637/1630), or no surgical intervention (48.2%, 785/1630). Among the 2 surgical groups, 98.9% (836/845) survived to discharge compared with 92.2% (724/785) of the nonsurgical group (P < 0.0001). The OR surgical group had significantly higher median Animal Trauma Triage scores (2 vs 1, P < 0.0001) and median days in hospital (2 vs < 1, P < 0.0001) compared with the other groups. For the OR surgical cohort, electronic medical records were reviewed to determine the specialty surgery service involved, time to and duration of anesthesia and surgery, and visit cost. The most common surgery services involved were orthopedics (45.2%, 94/208) and general surgery (26.9%, 56/208). Neurology and general surgery cases required the longest median length of stay in hospital, and ophthalmology and dentistry cases required the shortest. The median cost of visit was highest in neurology ($10,032) and lowest in ophthalmology ($2305) and dentistry ($2404).
Conclusions
Surgical intervention in canine trauma patients appears to be associated with higher survival rates, and among the surgery groups, mortality was highest in the ER and general surgery groups. OR surgical intervention, in particular general surgery and neurology, was associated with increased length of hospitalization, increased cost, and higher Animal Trauma Triage scores.
{"title":"Surgical interventions and outcome in a population of canine trauma patients","authors":"Corey J. Fisher DVM, Taylor Adams DVM, David Liss DVM, Amanda A. Cavanagh DVM, DACVECC, Sarah J. Marvel DVM, DACVS, Kelly E. Hall DVM, MS, DACVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13365","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13365","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine signalment, injury type, trauma severity score, and outcome of canine trauma patients undergoing surgical (emergency room [ER] or operating room [OR]) and nonsurgical treatment in addition to time to surgery, specialty services involved, and cost in the OR surgery population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective evaluation of medical record and hospital trauma registry data on canine trauma cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>University teaching hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One thousand six hundred and thirty dogs presenting for traumatic injury between May 2017 and July 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>None.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demographics and outcome were compared for canine trauma patients undergoing OR surgery (12.8%, 208/1630), ER surgery (39.1%, 637/1630), or no surgical intervention (48.2%, 785/1630). Among the 2 surgical groups, 98.9% (836/845) survived to discharge compared with 92.2% (724/785) of the nonsurgical group (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). The OR surgical group had significantly higher median Animal Trauma Triage scores (2 vs 1, <i>P</i> < 0.0001) and median days in hospital (2 vs < 1, <i>P</i> < 0.0001) compared with the other groups. For the OR surgical cohort, electronic medical records were reviewed to determine the specialty surgery service involved, time to and duration of anesthesia and surgery, and visit cost. The most common surgery services involved were orthopedics (45.2%, 94/208) and general surgery (26.9%, 56/208). Neurology and general surgery cases required the longest median length of stay in hospital, and ophthalmology and dentistry cases required the shortest. The median cost of visit was highest in neurology ($10,032) and lowest in ophthalmology ($2305) and dentistry ($2404).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surgical intervention in canine trauma patients appears to be associated with higher survival rates, and among the surgery groups, mortality was highest in the ER and general surgery groups. OR surgical intervention, in particular general surgery and neurology, was associated with increased length of hospitalization, increased cost, and higher Animal Trauma Triage scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"153-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiwoong Her DVM, MS, DACVECC, Daniel Gordon DVM, DACVECC, Alexandra Riggs DVM, Laura Venner DVM, Edward Cooper DVM, MS, DACVECC, Catherine Langston DVM, DACVIM
Objective
To describe the successful use of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration in combination with mechanical ventilation (MV) to treat a severe intoxication of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in a dog.
Case Summary
A dog ingested a minimum of 550 mg/kg of extended-release 5-HTP, resulting in serotonin syndrome that progressed to a comatose state and severe hypoventilation requiring MV. Extracorporeal carbon hemoperfusion coupled with hemodiafiltration was performed to remove 5-HTP from this patient. A carbon hemoperfusion cartridge was placed in series upstream in the extracorporeal circuit from the hemodialyzer. A total of 46.5 L of blood (4.89 L/kg) was processed during a 4.85-hour treatment. Serial plasma samples were obtained at 0, 60, 90, and 150 minutes during the session and 14 hours after the session. These samples were later analyzed for 5-HTP and serotonin concentrations. The extraction ratio of 5-HTP was 93.6%–98.9% through the carbon filter. The dog was weaned from MV within 8 hours after extracorporeal therapy and, after a full recovery, was successfully discharged.
New or Unique Information Provided
Despite an extensive review of the available literature, this appears to be the first reported case of using a carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and MV to treat severe serotonin syndrome secondary to 5-HTP intoxication in a dog. The combination of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration can significantly reduce plasma 5-HTP concentrations after acute intoxication and may serve to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with severe intoxication.
{"title":"Successful treatment of a severe 5-hydroxytrytophan intoxication using carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and mechanical ventilation in a dog","authors":"Jiwoong Her DVM, MS, DACVECC, Daniel Gordon DVM, DACVECC, Alexandra Riggs DVM, Laura Venner DVM, Edward Cooper DVM, MS, DACVECC, Catherine Langston DVM, DACVIM","doi":"10.1111/vec.13368","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13368","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the successful use of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration in combination with mechanical ventilation (MV) to treat a severe intoxication of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in a dog.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A dog ingested a minimum of 550 mg/kg of extended-release 5-HTP, resulting in serotonin syndrome that progressed to a comatose state and severe hypoventilation requiring MV. Extracorporeal carbon hemoperfusion coupled with hemodiafiltration was performed to remove 5-HTP from this patient. A carbon hemoperfusion cartridge was placed in series upstream in the extracorporeal circuit from the hemodialyzer. A total of 46.5 L of blood (4.89 L/kg) was processed during a 4.85-hour treatment. Serial plasma samples were obtained at 0, 60, 90, and 150 minutes during the session and 14 hours after the session. These samples were later analyzed for 5-HTP and serotonin concentrations. The extraction ratio of 5-HTP was 93.6%–98.9% through the carbon filter. The dog was weaned from MV within 8 hours after extracorporeal therapy and, after a full recovery, was successfully discharged.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> New or Unique Information Provided</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite an extensive review of the available literature, this appears to be the first reported case of using a carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and MV to treat severe serotonin syndrome secondary to 5-HTP intoxication in a dog. The combination of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration can significantly reduce plasma 5-HTP concentrations after acute intoxication and may serve to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with severe intoxication.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"186-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Cortellini DVM, MVetMed, DACVECC, DECVECC, Amy E. DeClue DVM, MSc, DACVIM, Massimo Giunti DVM, DECVECC, Robert Goggs BVSc, PhD, DACVECC, DECVECC, Kate Hopper DVM, PhD, DACVECC, Julie M. Menard DVM DACVECC, Rodrigo C. Rabelo DVM, DSc, Elizabeth A. Rozanski DVM, DACVECC, Claire R. Sharp DVM, DACVECC, Deborah C. Silverstein DVM, DACVECC, Virginia Sinnott-Stutzman DVM, DACVECC, Giacomo Stanzani DVM, MVetMed, DACVECC, DECVECC
Objective
To discuss the definitions of sepsis in human and veterinary medicine.
Design
International, multicenter position statement on the need for consensus definitions of sepsis in veterinary medicine.
Setting
Veterinary private practice and university teaching hospitals.
Animals
Dogs and cats.
Interventions
None.
Measurements and Main Results
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition associated with the body's response to an infection. In human medicine, sepsis has been defined by consensus on 3 occasions, most recently in 2016. In veterinary medicine, there is little uniformity in how sepsis is defined and no consensus on how to identify it clinically. Most publications rely on modified criteria derived from the 1991 and 2001 human consensus definitions. There is a divergence between the human and veterinary descriptions of sepsis and no consensus on how to diagnose the syndrome. This impedes research, hampers the translation of pathophysiology insights to the clinic, and limits our abilities to optimize patient care. It may be time to formally define sepsis in veterinary medicine to help the field move forward. In this narrative review, we present a synopsis of prior attempts to define sepsis in human and veterinary medicine, discuss developments in our understanding, and highlight some criticisms and shortcomings of existing schemes.
Conclusions
This review is intended to serve as the foundation of current efforts to establish a consensus definition for sepsis in small animals and ultimately generate evidence-based criteria for its recognition in veterinary clinical practice.
{"title":"Defining sepsis in small animals","authors":"Stefano Cortellini DVM, MVetMed, DACVECC, DECVECC, Amy E. DeClue DVM, MSc, DACVIM, Massimo Giunti DVM, DECVECC, Robert Goggs BVSc, PhD, DACVECC, DECVECC, Kate Hopper DVM, PhD, DACVECC, Julie M. Menard DVM DACVECC, Rodrigo C. Rabelo DVM, DSc, Elizabeth A. Rozanski DVM, DACVECC, Claire R. Sharp DVM, DACVECC, Deborah C. Silverstein DVM, DACVECC, Virginia Sinnott-Stutzman DVM, DACVECC, Giacomo Stanzani DVM, MVetMed, DACVECC, DECVECC","doi":"10.1111/vec.13359","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vec.13359","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To discuss the definitions of sepsis in human and veterinary medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>International, multicenter position statement on the need for consensus definitions of sepsis in veterinary medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Veterinary private practice and university teaching hospitals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dogs and cats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>None.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements and Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sepsis is a life-threatening condition associated with the body's response to an infection. In human medicine, sepsis has been defined by consensus on 3 occasions, most recently in 2016. In veterinary medicine, there is little uniformity in how sepsis is defined and no consensus on how to identify it clinically. Most publications rely on modified criteria derived from the 1991 and 2001 human consensus definitions. There is a divergence between the human and veterinary descriptions of sepsis and no consensus on how to diagnose the syndrome. This impedes research, hampers the translation of pathophysiology insights to the clinic, and limits our abilities to optimize patient care. It may be time to formally define sepsis in veterinary medicine to help the field move forward. In this narrative review, we present a synopsis of prior attempts to define sepsis in human and veterinary medicine, discuss developments in our understanding, and highlight some criticisms and shortcomings of existing schemes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review is intended to serve as the foundation of current efforts to establish a consensus definition for sepsis in small animals and ultimately generate evidence-based criteria for its recognition in veterinary clinical practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17603,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care","volume":"34 2","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/vec.13359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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