Pub Date : 2014-05-02DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000171
H. Obaid, S. Shamsuddin, K. N. Basim, C. Shreeshivadasan
The sewer system of many historical or holy cities is not well associated with the present need. The managing of the sewer system of such cities is very difficult. Karbala, located in central Iraq, is one such city that experiences tremendous pressure on its sewer system due to large visiting population during special religious gathering. As the sewer system of Karbala city is not designed for such high population like many other historic or holy cities, the sewer overflows, inundate the roads, and degrade the environmental due to the polluted sewer during religious gatherings. The problem often becomes critical due to heavy rainfall as the gathering usually happens during monsoon. The modeling of the sewer water quantity with a varying population and rainfall is important for simulating the sewer overflow as well as to manage the sewer system. The modeling of the sewer water quality is also important to understand the possible environmental hazard due to the sewer overflow. In this present study, an attempt has been taken to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of the sewer water quantity and quality with a varying population and rainfall for the prediction of sewer overflow and possible pollution susceptibility. The Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) will be used in the proposed study. The simulation will be carried out in the city center of the Karbala city where the stormwater network is not fully developed. It is expected that this study will help in the operational management of the sewerage system and mitigate the sewer flooding and related environmental problems.
{"title":"Modeling sewer overflow of a city with a large floating population","authors":"H. Obaid, S. Shamsuddin, K. N. Basim, C. Shreeshivadasan","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000171","url":null,"abstract":"The sewer system of many historical or holy cities is not well associated with the present need. The managing of the sewer system of such cities is very difficult. Karbala, located in central Iraq, is one such city that experiences tremendous pressure on its sewer system due to large visiting population during special religious gathering. As the sewer system of Karbala city is not designed for such high population like many other historic or holy cities, the sewer overflows, inundate the roads, and degrade the environmental due to the polluted sewer during religious gatherings. The problem often becomes critical due to heavy rainfall as the gathering usually happens during monsoon. The modeling of the sewer water quantity with a varying population and rainfall is important for simulating the sewer overflow as well as to manage the sewer system. The modeling of the sewer water quality is also important to understand the possible environmental hazard due to the sewer overflow. In this present study, an attempt has been taken to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of the sewer water quantity and quality with a varying population and rainfall for the prediction of sewer overflow and possible pollution susceptibility. The Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) will be used in the proposed study. The simulation will be carried out in the city center of the Karbala city where the stormwater network is not fully developed. It is expected that this study will help in the operational management of the sewerage system and mitigate the sewer flooding and related environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84344083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000170
Alej, ro Ruiz-Marín, Y. Canedo-López, J. Zavala-Loría, R. Reyes, García-Sarracino, F. Anguebes-Franseschi, A. Quiroz
This document to examine the changes occurred in the flux of nutrients and NEM during dry season and rainy + north wind season in the Caleta system located within the Terminos lagoon natural reserve which presents negative impacts caused by discharges of urban wastewater. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored during nine months considering the dry, rainy and north wind season. Storms caused sediment disturbances which increased the amount of nutrients into the Caleta system as well as the phytoplankton production (25 mg m-3). The system shows longer times of water renovation during the summer (21 d) unlike (6 d) during the rainy + north wind season. On one hand, the ΔDIP values during dry season (0.0049 μmol m-2 d-1), establishes the system as producer and exporter of DIP into the ocean; on the other hand, the ΔDIP during rainy + north wind seasons (-0.0039 μmol m-2 d-1) suggests the importation of phosphorus from the ocean. Likewise, the system exports DIN (0.0031 μmol m-2 d-1) during the summer and imports DIN (-0.0048 μmol m-2 d-1), during the rainy + north wind seasons. The negative values of fixation-denitrification and NEM during the summer turn the system into a nitrogen sink. Seasonal changes were present in the system, dominated by heterotrophic NEM during summer with higher nitrogen fixation; while an autotrophic NEM dominated during winter.
{"title":"Variation on the Fluxes of Nutrients in an Urban Lagoon by Seasonal Effects and Human Activities","authors":"Alej, ro Ruiz-Marín, Y. Canedo-López, J. Zavala-Loría, R. Reyes, García-Sarracino, F. Anguebes-Franseschi, A. Quiroz","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000170","url":null,"abstract":"This document to examine the changes occurred in the flux of nutrients and NEM during dry season and rainy + north wind season in the Caleta system located within the Terminos lagoon natural reserve which presents negative impacts caused by discharges of urban wastewater. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored during nine months considering the dry, rainy and north wind season. Storms caused sediment disturbances which increased the amount of nutrients into the Caleta system as well as the phytoplankton production (25 mg m-3). The system shows longer times of water renovation during the summer (21 d) unlike (6 d) during the rainy + north wind season. On one hand, the ΔDIP values during dry season (0.0049 μmol m-2 d-1), establishes the system as producer and exporter of DIP into the ocean; on the other hand, the ΔDIP during rainy + north wind seasons (-0.0039 μmol m-2 d-1) suggests the importation of phosphorus from the ocean. Likewise, the system exports DIN (0.0031 μmol m-2 d-1) during the summer and imports DIN (-0.0048 μmol m-2 d-1), during the rainy + north wind seasons. The negative values of fixation-denitrification and NEM during the summer turn the system into a nitrogen sink. Seasonal changes were present in the system, dominated by heterotrophic NEM during summer with higher nitrogen fixation; while an autotrophic NEM dominated during winter.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80418688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000169
Dipak Bisai, S. Chatterjee, Ansar Khan, Nilay Kanti Barman
This research article aims to detect the short term as well as long term significant changes in the surface air temperature time series for Midnapore Weather observation station, West Bengal, India. The temperature time series data has been collected from Indian Meteorological station, Kolkata, for the period from 1941-2010. Fluctuations and trends of annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature time series were statistically examined. To identify the abrupt change in trend, the cumulative sum chart (CUSUM) and Bootstrapping were employed on the considered data set. The major change point in the annual mean temperature occurred around 2001 at level 1 (Confidence level 100%). On the other hand, the annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperatures have level 1 change points in 2001 and 1969 respectively. The results show that, one can be 100% confident that the annual mean maximum temperature significantly changed between 1998 and 2001. Similarly, annual mean minimum temperature changed between 1963 and 1971 as a confidence level of 98%. Before the change in 2001, annual mean temperature was 27.11°C; while after the level 1 change the temperature becomes 25.1°C. The mean of annual maximum temperature for the period from 1941-2010 has been 34.017°C which reduced to 30.25°C for rest of the period in consideration. For the annual mean minimum temperature, the time series can be divided into two segment taking 1968 as the last point of the first segment for which the average value is 22.38°C, while the second segment, the average value is 18.077°C. The analysis has identified 13 abrupt change points in three temperature time series.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Trend and Change Point in Surface Air Temperature Time Series for Midnapore Weather Observatory, West Bengal, India","authors":"Dipak Bisai, S. Chatterjee, Ansar Khan, Nilay Kanti Barman","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"This research article aims to detect the short term as well as long term significant changes in the surface air temperature time series for Midnapore Weather observation station, West Bengal, India. The temperature time series data has been collected from Indian Meteorological station, Kolkata, for the period from 1941-2010. Fluctuations and trends of annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature time series were statistically examined. To identify the abrupt change in trend, the cumulative sum chart (CUSUM) and Bootstrapping were employed on the considered data set. The major change point in the annual mean temperature occurred around 2001 at level 1 (Confidence level 100%). On the other hand, the annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperatures have level 1 change points in 2001 and 1969 respectively. The results show that, one can be 100% confident that the annual mean maximum temperature significantly changed between 1998 and 2001. Similarly, annual mean minimum temperature changed between 1963 and 1971 as a confidence level of 98%. Before the change in 2001, annual mean temperature was 27.11°C; while after the level 1 change the temperature becomes 25.1°C. The mean of annual maximum temperature for the period from 1941-2010 has been 34.017°C which reduced to 30.25°C for rest of the period in consideration. For the annual mean minimum temperature, the time series can be divided into two segment taking 1968 as the last point of the first segment for which the average value is 22.38°C, while the second segment, the average value is 18.077°C. The analysis has identified 13 abrupt change points in three temperature time series.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84742158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-15DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000168
C. Ortloff
The ancient (300 BCE-1100 CE) city of Tiwanaku, capital of a vast South American empire, has been the subject of research starting from early 20th century scholars and continuing to the present day [1-10]. The city, located at the southern edge of the Lake Titicaca Basin in the south-central portion of the South American Andes at an altitude of 3800-3900 masl incorporated an elite area bounded by an encompassing perimeter canal that supported temple complexes, palace architecture and a stepped-pyramid (the Akapana) designed to serve ceremonial functions and provide residential structures for Tiwanaku’s rulers. Outside this center lay a vast domain of urban housing structures. An intricate network of canals acting in conjunction with the perimeter canal performed several hydrological functions: rapid ground drainage during both wet and dry seasons to promote health advantages for the city’s 20,000 inhabitants; flood defense to preserve the ritual center and surrounding urban structures and, most importantly, height excursion control of the deep groundwater base underlying the site. This latter function prevented dry-out collapse of the deep aquifer underlying the city’s monumental center preserving its bearing strength and limiting subsidence of foundation soils underlying massive monumental structures within the perimeter canal’s boundary.
{"title":"Groundwater Management in the 300 bce-1100ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia)","authors":"C. Ortloff","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"The ancient (300 BCE-1100 CE) city of Tiwanaku, capital of a vast South American empire, has been the subject of research starting from early 20th century scholars and continuing to the present day [1-10]. The city, located at the southern edge of the Lake Titicaca Basin in the south-central portion of the South American Andes at an altitude of 3800-3900 masl incorporated an elite area bounded by an encompassing perimeter canal that supported temple complexes, palace architecture and a stepped-pyramid (the Akapana) designed to serve ceremonial functions and provide residential structures for Tiwanaku’s rulers. Outside this center lay a vast domain of urban housing structures. An intricate network of canals acting in conjunction with the perimeter canal performed several hydrological functions: rapid ground drainage during both wet and dry seasons to promote health advantages for the city’s 20,000 inhabitants; flood defense to preserve the ritual center and surrounding urban structures and, most importantly, height excursion control of the deep groundwater base underlying the site. This latter function prevented dry-out collapse of the deep aquifer underlying the city’s monumental center preserving its bearing strength and limiting subsidence of foundation soils underlying massive monumental structures within the perimeter canal’s boundary.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87918307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000167
C. Calvo, A. Rodríguez-Calvo, G. Silva-Castro, F. Osorio, J. González-López
The use of solvents in desalination processes limits the use of certain materials in the construction of the reverse osmosis membranes. Therefore now the research effort has focused on improving new materials. In particular, nanostructured materials will probably form the basis for new reverse osmosis membrane materials. This study makes a review of the new materials used for the construction of reverse osmosis membranes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages that each of them gives to the desalination process. Firstly inorganic membranes, made mainly from zeolites, offer higher tolerance to a variety of feed waters and harsh cleaning methods. Secondly, two carbonderived materials as carbon nanotubes, exhibit high permeability and high rejection rate, and graphene, with high breaking strength and impermeability to molecules as small standard gases. Finally, a novel concept of membranes called Mixed Matrix Membrane (MMM) which combines organic and inorganic material and the benefits of each one.
{"title":"Novel Membrane Materials for Reverse Osmosis Desalination","authors":"C. Calvo, A. Rodríguez-Calvo, G. Silva-Castro, F. Osorio, J. González-López","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000167","url":null,"abstract":"The use of solvents in desalination processes limits the use of certain materials in the construction of the reverse osmosis membranes. Therefore now the research effort has focused on improving new materials. In particular, nanostructured materials will probably form the basis for new reverse osmosis membrane materials. This study makes a review of the new materials used for the construction of reverse osmosis membranes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages that each of them gives to the desalination process. Firstly inorganic membranes, made mainly from zeolites, offer higher tolerance to a variety of feed waters and harsh cleaning methods. Secondly, two carbonderived materials as carbon nanotubes, exhibit high permeability and high rejection rate, and graphene, with high breaking strength and impermeability to molecules as small standard gases. Finally, a novel concept of membranes called Mixed Matrix Membrane (MMM) which combines organic and inorganic material and the benefits of each one.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90810575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-21DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000166
A. Khan, Mahmood Ahmad
Recently one of the most prominent activity focusing in Indian cities is the retrofitting the urban drainage system. Millions of rupees spent on the construction of stormwater drains in towns and cities to prevent flooding during the rains. These drains that extend several kilometers across the town or city are expected to feed all the collected surface runoff into the nearest surface water body such as a lake or a river. Recently a case study was done by Royal HaskoningDHV, a premier engineering and consultancy organization of Netherlands in association with German funding agency - GIZ on improvement of the stormwater management of Raipur city in India. The study suggested that flooding can be prevented in the city by interlinking of stormwater drain with the existing lakes in the city. The lakes can act as the storage reservoirs which dampen the effect of flooding and also reduce the chances of getting lakes dried during summer. Site reconnaissance revealed that most of the drains damaged and the sewage also entering to lakes. The sewerage system in the city observed very poor, creating health and safety issues for the general public. The city municipal corporation is making an effort in restoring these systems. This technical article will try with the following describe and provide with a glimpse into the massive efforts that the Raipur City undertook in order to inspect and clean its drainage and sanitary sewer systems.
{"title":"Integration of Stormwater Drains with Lakes: Expectations and Reality - A Case of Raipur, India","authors":"A. Khan, Mahmood Ahmad","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"Recently one of the most prominent activity focusing in Indian cities is the retrofitting the urban drainage system. Millions of rupees spent on the construction of stormwater drains in towns and cities to prevent flooding during the rains. These drains that extend several kilometers across the town or city are expected to feed all the collected surface runoff into the nearest surface water body such as a lake or a river. Recently a case study was done by Royal HaskoningDHV, a premier engineering and consultancy organization of Netherlands in association with German funding agency - GIZ on improvement of the stormwater management of Raipur city in India. The study suggested that flooding can be prevented in the city by interlinking of stormwater drain with the existing lakes in the city. The lakes can act as the storage reservoirs which dampen the effect of flooding and also reduce the chances of getting lakes dried during summer. Site reconnaissance revealed that most of the drains damaged and the sewage also entering to lakes. The sewerage system in the city observed very poor, creating health and safety issues for the general public. The city municipal corporation is making an effort in restoring these systems. This technical article will try with the following describe and provide with a glimpse into the massive efforts that the Raipur City undertook in order to inspect and clean its drainage and sanitary sewer systems.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76903027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-21DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000165
M. Nawalany, M. Loga
By aiming at correction of the existing standards of the Fermentation Tube Test (FTT) this article critically reviews one of the oldest statistical methodologies used in sanitary engineering clearly relevant to health science. The common practice of water works is to perform the FTT on water samples for detecting fecal bacteria contamination in raw water prior to technological processing. Analysis of the Fermentation Tube Test (FTT) statistics presented in the article is to support a hypothesis that “standard FTT procedures may not be compatible with the statistical tables of FTT in the Standard Methods (1998, 2005)”. The inconsistency can be seen from the observation that the standard FTT procedures require subsequent dilution of water samples, which implies the indirect sampling. At the same time, the Standard Methods (1998, 2005) statistical tables used for FTT interpretations result from the assumption of the direct water sampling. In the article a statistical context of the Most Probable Number of bacteria, MPN, for actual, i.e. indirect, procedures of water sampling is described. Theoretical background of the inconsistency is explained and the remedy proposed by means of a new formula for calculating Most Probable Number of Bacteria consistent with actual indirect sampling procedures. The inconsistency is illustrated with simple but realistic example. As the ultimate result of the research it is proposed to modify the existing MPN tables and thus eliminate the inconsistency between the standard FTT procedures and the FTT tables published in the Standard Methods (1998, 2005) and ISO (1988) standards.
{"title":"Fermentation Tube Test Statistics for Indirect Water Sampling","authors":"M. Nawalany, M. Loga","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"By aiming at correction of the existing standards of the Fermentation Tube Test (FTT) this article critically reviews one of the oldest statistical methodologies used in sanitary engineering clearly relevant to health science. The common practice of water works is to perform the FTT on water samples for detecting fecal bacteria contamination in raw water prior to technological processing. Analysis of the Fermentation Tube Test (FTT) statistics presented in the article is to support a hypothesis that “standard FTT procedures may not be compatible with the statistical tables of FTT in the Standard Methods (1998, 2005)”. The inconsistency can be seen from the observation that the standard FTT procedures require subsequent dilution of water samples, which implies the indirect sampling. At the same time, the Standard Methods (1998, 2005) statistical tables used for FTT interpretations result from the assumption of the direct water sampling. In the article a statistical context of the Most Probable Number of bacteria, MPN, for actual, i.e. indirect, procedures of water sampling is described. Theoretical background of the inconsistency is explained and the remedy proposed by means of a new formula for calculating Most Probable Number of Bacteria consistent with actual indirect sampling procedures. The inconsistency is illustrated with simple but realistic example. As the ultimate result of the research it is proposed to modify the existing MPN tables and thus eliminate the inconsistency between the standard FTT procedures and the FTT tables published in the Standard Methods (1998, 2005) and ISO (1988) standards.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74069956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-12DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000E117
S. K. Kurunthachalam
Water is one of the core essential and basic necessity; 1) for the life forms-living things on the biosphere, 2) for the natural processes, 3) for the communities, 4) for the society, 5) for the economy of the country and 6) for on-coming generations. Although total earth’s water (>71%) is constant, it goes through continuous hydrological cycle such as transpiring by vegetation, evaporation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and other natural processes. Consequently, the rainfall in any locations may not be same and therefore water shortage is the final outcome. Despite earth’s majority of the cover is filled by water (97% by oceans), only freshwater (about 3% in which 85% is available as a glacier) is suitable for living organisms including humans. In recent years water table is facing serious threat due to rapid population increase, industrial and urban development, over usage, climate change, global warming, shrinkage in glaciers in Arctic and Antarctic, natural calamities (shifting of precipitation and reduced snow pack) and negligence of people to use the water in proper way and slow replenishment of natural waters [1]. Besides, drastic economic expansion, energy demand and shrinkage of replenished waters are point of major concern. Water withdrawals across all sectors including public use (municipal), rural or domestic use, livestock use, irrigation, thermoelectric power generation increased dramatically between 1950 and 2005 in the USA [2]. When compare with few decades during the past, the draught condition in all over the world have been doubled. The rainfall has been changed during the current years and catchment of rainwater is decreasing in several countries. Very recently, with increasing demand of water requirement, preservation of water resources has been increased. It is anticipated that water level may go further down and their necessity may increase more in future. It is utmost necessity for the humans to take care of the water resources, usage pattern and sustainable management/conservation at great importance. Consequently, water conservation can be achieved 1) through logical policy, 2) from existing resources, 3) by mechanical auditing, 4) by rain water harvesting, 5) increase de-salination projects (to get additional sustainable water from ocean), 6) water re-use and 7) stringent regulations to adopt safe and conservative water adaptation policy by individuals in order to save the earth and improve the quality and quantity of the sustainable water.Majority of water bodies on the earth contain cocktails of toxic chemicals. In some countries along with toxic chemicals, bad sanitary quality makes water to carry biological pathogens and replenishment of these contaminated water take several years. Moreover, chemical and biological contamination tend to increase more in future if there is no strict water conservation/management policy is maintained in and around developing countries, industries, in house, commercial sector, mu
{"title":"Water Conservation and Sustainability: An Utmost Importance","authors":"S. K. Kurunthachalam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000E117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000E117","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the core essential and basic necessity; 1) for the life forms-living things on the biosphere, 2) for the natural processes, 3) for the communities, 4) for the society, 5) for the economy of the country and 6) for on-coming generations. Although total earth’s water (>71%) is constant, it goes through continuous hydrological cycle such as transpiring by vegetation, evaporation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and other natural processes. Consequently, the rainfall in any locations may not be same and therefore water shortage is the final outcome. Despite earth’s majority of the cover is filled by water (97% by oceans), only freshwater (about 3% in which 85% is available as a glacier) is suitable for living organisms including humans. In recent years water table is facing serious threat due to rapid population increase, industrial and urban development, over usage, climate change, global warming, shrinkage in glaciers in Arctic and Antarctic, natural calamities (shifting of precipitation and reduced snow pack) and negligence of people to use the water in proper way and slow replenishment of natural waters [1]. Besides, drastic economic expansion, energy demand and shrinkage of replenished waters are point of major concern. Water withdrawals across all sectors including public use (municipal), rural or domestic use, livestock use, irrigation, thermoelectric power generation increased dramatically between 1950 and 2005 in the USA [2]. When compare with few decades during the past, the draught condition in all over the world have been doubled. The rainfall has been changed during the current years and catchment of rainwater is decreasing in several countries. Very recently, with increasing demand of water requirement, preservation of water resources has been increased. It is anticipated that water level may go further down and their necessity may increase more in future. It is utmost necessity for the humans to take care of the water resources, usage pattern and sustainable management/conservation at great importance. Consequently, water conservation can be achieved 1) through logical policy, 2) from existing resources, 3) by mechanical auditing, 4) by rain water harvesting, 5) increase de-salination projects (to get additional sustainable water from ocean), 6) water re-use and 7) stringent regulations to adopt safe and conservative water adaptation policy by individuals in order to save the earth and improve the quality and quantity of the sustainable water.Majority of water bodies on the earth contain cocktails of toxic chemicals. In some countries along with toxic chemicals, bad sanitary quality makes water to carry biological pathogens and replenishment of these contaminated water take several years. Moreover, chemical and biological contamination tend to increase more in future if there is no strict water conservation/management policy is maintained in and around developing countries, industries, in house, commercial sector, mu","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83348971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000164
M. O. Awaleh, Y. D. Soubaneh
The world’s chemical industries face formidable environmental regulatory challenges in treating their wastewater effluents. The present work aims at highlighting the various industrial wastewater treatment technologies currently available including physico-chemical and biological processes as well as constructed wetland and conventional or advanced oxidation processes. Activated carbon prepared from low cost material, Agricultural by-product materials or modified natural polymers, which is considerably efficient for removal of direct dyes from wastewater, is also discussed. Combinations of anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes are found to be efficient in the removal of soluble biodegradable organic pollutants. The use of membrane in final stage of industrial wastewater treatments is increasing. The chemical oxidation techniques to treat wastewater, classical chemical treatment and advanced oxidation processes, is discussed.
{"title":"Waste Water Treatment in Chemical Industries: The Concept and Current Technologies","authors":"M. O. Awaleh, Y. D. Soubaneh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"The world’s chemical industries face formidable environmental regulatory challenges in treating their wastewater effluents. The present work aims at highlighting the various industrial wastewater treatment technologies currently available including physico-chemical and biological processes as well as constructed wetland and conventional or advanced oxidation processes. Activated carbon prepared from low cost material, Agricultural by-product materials or modified natural polymers, which is considerably efficient for removal of direct dyes from wastewater, is also discussed. Combinations of anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes are found to be efficient in the removal of soluble biodegradable organic pollutants. The use of membrane in final stage of industrial wastewater treatments is increasing. The chemical oxidation techniques to treat wastewater, classical chemical treatment and advanced oxidation processes, is discussed.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78188923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000E116
M. Guo
{"title":"The Shifting Hydrology and Water Resources under the Changing Climate","authors":"M. Guo","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000E116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000E116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83831461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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