<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental changes and extinction events. Here, we aim to use dental characters to quantify how shark functional diversity has changed during the last 66 Myr.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Global.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time period</h3> <p>Cenozoic era (66–0 million years ago; Ma).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major taxa studied</h3> <p>Sharks (Selachii).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We complied a dataset of over 9000 shark teeth belonging to 537 taxa from museum collections and scientific literature and measured six dental characters strongly linked with functional traits. We then quantified different functional diversity metrics across Cenozoic time bins, compared them against null expectations and identified the most important taxa contributing to maintaining functional diversity.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Sharks displayed relatively high functional diversity during the Cenozoic, with 66%–87% of the functional space being occupied for ~60 Myr (Palaeocene to Miocene). High levels of functional redundancy during this time resulted in larger-than-expected functional richness; but a large decline (−45%) in redundancy in the Oligocene (~30 Ma) left shark functional diversity highly vulnerable to further loss. Shark functional diversity declined from the late Miocene (~10 Ma) onwards, losing 44% of functional richness by the Recent. Extinct sharks disproportionally contributed to the Cenozoic functional diversity and spanned a wider range of functional space than extant sharks, with the loss of mid-sized suction feeders and large-bodied predators driving functional declines.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main conclusions</h3> <p>After maintaining high levels of functional diversity for most of the Cenozoic, sharks lost nearly half of their functional diversity in the last ~10 Myr. Current anthropogenic pressures are therefore likely eroding an already diminished shark functional d
{"title":"The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years","authors":"Jack A. Cooper, Catalina Pimiento","doi":"10.1111/geb.13881","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13881","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental changes and extinction events. Here, we aim to use dental characters to quantify how shark functional diversity has changed during the last 66 Myr.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cenozoic era (66–0 million years ago; Ma).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sharks (Selachii).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We complied a dataset of over 9000 shark teeth belonging to 537 taxa from museum collections and scientific literature and measured six dental characters strongly linked with functional traits. We then quantified different functional diversity metrics across Cenozoic time bins, compared them against null expectations and identified the most important taxa contributing to maintaining functional diversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sharks displayed relatively high functional diversity during the Cenozoic, with 66%–87% of the functional space being occupied for ~60 Myr (Palaeocene to Miocene). High levels of functional redundancy during this time resulted in larger-than-expected functional richness; but a large decline (−45%) in redundancy in the Oligocene (~30 Ma) left shark functional diversity highly vulnerable to further loss. Shark functional diversity declined from the late Miocene (~10 Ma) onwards, losing 44% of functional richness by the Recent. Extinct sharks disproportionally contributed to the Cenozoic functional diversity and spanned a wider range of functional space than extant sharks, with the loss of mid-sized suction feeders and large-bodied predators driving functional declines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After maintaining high levels of functional diversity for most of the Cenozoic, sharks lost nearly half of their functional diversity in the last ~10 Myr. Current anthropogenic pressures are therefore likely eroding an already diminished shark functional d","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141309254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masha T. van der Sande, Lourens Poorter, Géraldine Derroire, Mario Marcos do Espirito Santo, Madelon Lohbeck, Sandra C. Müller, Radika Bhaskar, Michiel van Breugel, Juan Manuel Dupuy-Rada, Sandra M. Durán, Catarina C. Jakovac, Horacio Paz, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Pedro Brancalion, Dylan Craven, Francisco Mora Ardilla, Jarcilene S. Almeida, Patricia Balvanera, Justin Becknell, Bryan Finegan, Ricardo Gomes César, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, Deborah Kennard, Susan G. Letcher, Erika Marín-Spiotta, Rodrigo Muñoz, Casandra Reyes-García, Lucía Sanaphre-Villanueva, Luis P. Utrera, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Francisco S. Álvarez, Jose Luis Andrade, Felipe Arreola, Vanessa Boukili, George A. L. Cabral, Jerome Chave, Robin Chazdon, Gabriel Colletta, Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso, Ben de Jong, Edwin Lebrija-Trejos, Vanessa de Souza Moreno, Daisy H. Dent, Saara DeWalt, Elisa Díaz García, Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, Vanessa Granda, Jefferson Hall, Rodney Lobo, Omar Lopez, Miguel Martínez Ramos, Jorge A. Meave, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, Everardo V. S. B. Sampaio, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, Heitor Mancini Teixeira, Marisol Toledo, Maria Uriarte, S. Joseph Wright, Kátia Zanini, Frans Bongers
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Successional changes in functional diversity provide insights into community assembly by indicating how species are filtered into local communities based on their traits. Here, we assess successional changes in taxonomic and functional richness, evenness and redundancy along gradients of climate, soil pH and forest cover.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Neotropics.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time period</h3> <p>Last 0–100 years.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major taxa studied</h3> <p>Trees.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We used 22 forest chronosequence studies and 676 plots across the Neotropics to analyse successional changes in Hill's taxonomic and functional diversity of trees, and how these successional changes vary with continental-scale gradients in precipitation, soil pH and surrounding forest cover.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Taxonomic and functional richness and functional redundancy increased, while taxonomic and functional evenness decreased over time. Functional richness and evenness changed strongly when not accounting for taxonomic richness, but changed more weakly after statistically accounting for taxonomic richness, indicating that changes in functional diversity are largely driven by taxonomic richness. Nevertheless, the successional increases in functional richness when correcting for taxonomic richness may indicate that environmental heterogeneity and limiting similarity increase during succession. The taxonomically-independent successional decreases in functional evenness may indicate that stronger filtering and competition select for dominant species with similar trait values, while many rare species and traits are added to the community. Such filtering and competition may also lead to increased functional redundancy. The changes in taxonomically-independent functional diversity varied with resource availability and were stronger in harsh, resource-poor environments, but weak in benign, productive environments. Hence, in resource-poor environments, environmental filtering and facilitation are important, whereas in productive environments, weaker abiotic filtering allows for high initial functional diversity and weak successional changes.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main
{"title":"Tropical forest succession increases tree taxonomic and functional richness but decreases evenness","authors":"Masha T. van der Sande, Lourens Poorter, Géraldine Derroire, Mario Marcos do Espirito Santo, Madelon Lohbeck, Sandra C. Müller, Radika Bhaskar, Michiel van Breugel, Juan Manuel Dupuy-Rada, Sandra M. Durán, Catarina C. Jakovac, Horacio Paz, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Pedro Brancalion, Dylan Craven, Francisco Mora Ardilla, Jarcilene S. Almeida, Patricia Balvanera, Justin Becknell, Bryan Finegan, Ricardo Gomes César, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, Deborah Kennard, Susan G. Letcher, Erika Marín-Spiotta, Rodrigo Muñoz, Casandra Reyes-García, Lucía Sanaphre-Villanueva, Luis P. Utrera, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Francisco S. Álvarez, Jose Luis Andrade, Felipe Arreola, Vanessa Boukili, George A. L. Cabral, Jerome Chave, Robin Chazdon, Gabriel Colletta, Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso, Ben de Jong, Edwin Lebrija-Trejos, Vanessa de Souza Moreno, Daisy H. Dent, Saara DeWalt, Elisa Díaz García, Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, Vanessa Granda, Jefferson Hall, Rodney Lobo, Omar Lopez, Miguel Martínez Ramos, Jorge A. Meave, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, Everardo V. S. B. Sampaio, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, Heitor Mancini Teixeira, Marisol Toledo, Maria Uriarte, S. Joseph Wright, Kátia Zanini, Frans Bongers","doi":"10.1111/geb.13856","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13856","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Successional changes in functional diversity provide insights into community assembly by indicating how species are filtered into local communities based on their traits. Here, we assess successional changes in taxonomic and functional richness, evenness and redundancy along gradients of climate, soil pH and forest cover.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neotropics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Last 0–100 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used 22 forest chronosequence studies and 676 plots across the Neotropics to analyse successional changes in Hill's taxonomic and functional diversity of trees, and how these successional changes vary with continental-scale gradients in precipitation, soil pH and surrounding forest cover.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Taxonomic and functional richness and functional redundancy increased, while taxonomic and functional evenness decreased over time. Functional richness and evenness changed strongly when not accounting for taxonomic richness, but changed more weakly after statistically accounting for taxonomic richness, indicating that changes in functional diversity are largely driven by taxonomic richness. Nevertheless, the successional increases in functional richness when correcting for taxonomic richness may indicate that environmental heterogeneity and limiting similarity increase during succession. The taxonomically-independent successional decreases in functional evenness may indicate that stronger filtering and competition select for dominant species with similar trait values, while many rare species and traits are added to the community. Such filtering and competition may also lead to increased functional redundancy. The changes in taxonomically-independent functional diversity varied with resource availability and were stronger in harsh, resource-poor environments, but weak in benign, productive environments. Hence, in resource-poor environments, environmental filtering and facilitation are important, whereas in productive environments, weaker abiotic filtering allows for high initial functional diversity and weak successional changes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Li, Minhui Hao, Yanxia Cheng, Xiuhai Zhao, Klaus von Gadow, Chunyu Zhang
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>North-eastern China.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>2017.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Woody plants.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple-threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill–Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models and structural equation modelling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are, respectively, more important for promoting high- and moderate-threshold multifunctionality (e.g. EMF<sub>T90</sub> and EMF<sub>T50</sub>) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high-threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our finding
{"title":"Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region","authors":"Jie Li, Minhui Hao, Yanxia Cheng, Xiuhai Zhao, Klaus von Gadow, Chunyu Zhang","doi":"10.1111/geb.13880","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13880","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>North-eastern China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>2017.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Woody plants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple-threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill–Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models and structural equation modelling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are, respectively, more important for promoting high- and moderate-threshold multifunctionality (e.g. EMF<sub>T90</sub> and EMF<sub>T50</sub>) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high-threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our finding","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Quantify tree functional and phylogenetic richness and divergence at the global scale, and explore the drivers underpinning these biogeographic patterns.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Global.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>Present.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Trees.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Using global tree occurrence data, we outlined species' observed ranges using individual alpha hulls to obtain per-pixel tree species composition at a 0.83-degree resolution. Using eight traits from a recent tree-trait database and a vascular-plant phylogeny we computed and mapped four pixel-level biodiversity indices, including two metrics related to richness: phylogenetic richness and functional richness, and two related to divergence: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance and Rao's quadratic entropy. To account for the effect of species richness, we also calculated standardized effect sizes accounting for richness for each pixel. We then explored the relations between richness and divergence and the latitudinal patterns of divergence both globally and across biomes. Finally, we used a random forest modelling approach to test for drivers of the different dimensions of diversity in trees.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>In contrast to the latitudinal gradient in species richness, functional and phylogenetic divergence both peak in mid-latitude systems, exhibiting the highest values in temperate ecosystems and lowest values in boreal and tropical forests. This result holds for functional divergence when removing gymnosperms but the peak flattens for phylogenetic divergence. Phylogenetic richness is consistently lower than expected given the number of species, whereas functional richness has higher-than-expected values at mid-latitudes, mimicking functional divergence patterns. When considering the drivers of these diversity patterns, temperature and historical speciation rates consistently emerge as the strongest forces driving divergence, with negligible effects of human influence, soils or historical climate stability.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Collectively, these results reveal unique similarities and
在全球范围内量化树木功能和系统发育的丰富性和差异，并探索这些生物地理模式的驱动因素。
{"title":"Functional and phylogenetic dimensions of tree biodiversity reveal unique geographic patterns","authors":"Andrea Paz, Thomas W. Crowther, Daniel S. Maynard","doi":"10.1111/geb.13877","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13877","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quantify tree functional and phylogenetic richness and divergence at the global scale, and explore the drivers underpinning these biogeographic patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Present.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using global tree occurrence data, we outlined species' observed ranges using individual alpha hulls to obtain per-pixel tree species composition at a 0.83-degree resolution. Using eight traits from a recent tree-trait database and a vascular-plant phylogeny we computed and mapped four pixel-level biodiversity indices, including two metrics related to richness: phylogenetic richness and functional richness, and two related to divergence: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance and Rao's quadratic entropy. To account for the effect of species richness, we also calculated standardized effect sizes accounting for richness for each pixel. We then explored the relations between richness and divergence and the latitudinal patterns of divergence both globally and across biomes. Finally, we used a random forest modelling approach to test for drivers of the different dimensions of diversity in trees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In contrast to the latitudinal gradient in species richness, functional and phylogenetic divergence both peak in mid-latitude systems, exhibiting the highest values in temperate ecosystems and lowest values in boreal and tropical forests. This result holds for functional divergence when removing gymnosperms but the peak flattens for phylogenetic divergence. Phylogenetic richness is consistently lower than expected given the number of species, whereas functional richness has higher-than-expected values at mid-latitudes, mimicking functional divergence patterns. When considering the drivers of these diversity patterns, temperature and historical speciation rates consistently emerge as the strongest forces driving divergence, with negligible effects of human influence, soils or historical climate stability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Collectively, these results reveal unique similarities and ","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex J. Jensen, Michael V. Cove, Benjamin R. Goldstein, Roland Kays, William McShea, Krishna Pacifici, Brigit Rooney, Elizabeth Kierepka
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Synthesize literature on genetic structure within species to understand how geographic features and species traits influence past responses to climate change.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>North America.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>We synthesized phylogeographic studies from 1978 to 2023, which describe genetic lineages that diverged during the Pleistocene (≥11,700 years ago).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Mammals.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We conducted a literature review to map genetic breaks in species distributions, then tested a set of geographic hypotheses (e.g., mountains, rivers) to explain their position by comparing break locations to a grid within each species' sampled range using logistic regression. We then conducted a meta-analysis using species-specific model estimates to ask if life-history traits explained variation in which barriers were most important in species' past response to climate change.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Our findings reveal heterogeneity in both where North American mammal phylogeography has been studied and the density of genetic breaks across 229 species. We found relatively high concordance among carnivores, ungulates and lagomorphs, where breaks were associated with mountains, major water bodies and relatively even terrain. In contrast, we found high variability within rodents and shrews, and no evidence that intrinsic factors related to dispersal ability explained the importance of hypothesized barriers across all species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Southern Mexico is a hotspot for genetic breaks that has yet to be integrated into the broader story of North American phylogeography. We show that mountains and major water bodies play particularly important roles as barriers, but substantial variation across species within orders suggests that there is more to the story besides shared climatic or phylogenetic histories. Thus, understanding the phylogeography of individual species will continue to be important given that our results suggest high variability in how species may respond to future global change.</p> </section>
综合物种内部遗传结构方面的文献，了解地理特征和物种特征如何影响过去对气候变化的反应。
{"title":"Geographic barriers but not life history traits shape the phylogeography of North American mammals","authors":"Alex J. Jensen, Michael V. Cove, Benjamin R. Goldstein, Roland Kays, William McShea, Krishna Pacifici, Brigit Rooney, Elizabeth Kierepka","doi":"10.1111/geb.13875","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13875","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Synthesize literature on genetic structure within species to understand how geographic features and species traits influence past responses to climate change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>North America.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We synthesized phylogeographic studies from 1978 to 2023, which describe genetic lineages that diverged during the Pleistocene (≥11,700 years ago).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mammals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a literature review to map genetic breaks in species distributions, then tested a set of geographic hypotheses (e.g., mountains, rivers) to explain their position by comparing break locations to a grid within each species' sampled range using logistic regression. We then conducted a meta-analysis using species-specific model estimates to ask if life-history traits explained variation in which barriers were most important in species' past response to climate change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings reveal heterogeneity in both where North American mammal phylogeography has been studied and the density of genetic breaks across 229 species. We found relatively high concordance among carnivores, ungulates and lagomorphs, where breaks were associated with mountains, major water bodies and relatively even terrain. In contrast, we found high variability within rodents and shrews, and no evidence that intrinsic factors related to dispersal ability explained the importance of hypothesized barriers across all species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Southern Mexico is a hotspot for genetic breaks that has yet to be integrated into the broader story of North American phylogeography. We show that mountains and major water bodies play particularly important roles as barriers, but substantial variation across species within orders suggests that there is more to the story besides shared climatic or phylogenetic histories. Thus, understanding the phylogeography of individual species will continue to be important given that our results suggest high variability in how species may respond to future global change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141265023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Piwoni-Piórewicz, Lee Hsiang Liow, Małgorzata Krzemińska, Maciej Chełchowski, Anna Iglikowska, Fabrizia Ronco, Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz, Abigail M. Smith, Dennis P. Gordon, Andrea Waeschenbach, Jens Najorka, Blanca Figuerola, Melissa K. Boonzaaier-Davids, Katerina Achilleos, Hannah Mello, Wayne K. Florence, Leandro M. Vieira, Andrew N. Ostrovsky, Natalia Shunatova, Joanne S. Porter, Noga Sokolover, Robyn L. Cumming, Maja Novosel, Aaron O'Dea, Chiara Lombardi, Sudhanshi S. Jain, Danwei Huang, Piotr Kukliński
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Quantify the contribution of environmental factors (water temperature, salinity and depth) and evolutionary history to varied skeletal mineralogy in calcifying marine organisms.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Global Ocean.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time period</h3> <p>Present.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major taxa studied</h3> <p>Order: Cheilostomatida; Phylum: Bryozoa.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyse the skeletal mineral composition of 872 individual colonies, representing 437 bryozoan species, in terms of calcite/aragonite ratios. We integrated these data with equivalent published data, thus reaching 981 species, and applied linear models (LMs), generalized linear models (GLMs) and phylogenetic generalized least squares models (PGLSs) to investigate the influences of temperature, salinity, depth and phylogenetic history on the mineralogy of nearly 1000 cheilostome bryozoan species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Cheilostome bryozoans vary considerably in their skeletal mineral composition: in our dataset 65% of the species possess purely calcite skeletons, 15% exclusively employ aragonite and 20% exhibit mixed (i.e. calcite and aragonite) mineralogies. Temperature is the predominant measured environmental factor influencing bryozoan skeletal mineralogy, accounting for 20% of its variability across species, when phylogenetic relatedness is unaccounted for. Bryozoans in lower latitudes, characterized by higher seawater temperatures, have higher aragonite concentrations. By accounting for phylogenetic structure using a subset of 87 species for which we have topological information, 40% of the observed mineralogical variability could be attributed to present-day temperature. In contrast, depth and salinity played minor roles, explaining less than 1% of the mineralogical variation each.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main conclusions</h3> <p>This study emphasizes the influence of evolutionary history on the mineralogical variability of calcifying organisms, even when it can be shown that a single environmental factor (temperature) explains a substantial amount of this variability. When confronted with changing temperature,
量化环境因素（水温、盐度和深度）和进化史对钙化海洋生物不同骨骼矿物学的影响。
{"title":"Skeletal mineralogy of marine calcifying organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history—A case study of cheilostome bryozoans","authors":"Anna Piwoni-Piórewicz, Lee Hsiang Liow, Małgorzata Krzemińska, Maciej Chełchowski, Anna Iglikowska, Fabrizia Ronco, Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz, Abigail M. Smith, Dennis P. Gordon, Andrea Waeschenbach, Jens Najorka, Blanca Figuerola, Melissa K. Boonzaaier-Davids, Katerina Achilleos, Hannah Mello, Wayne K. Florence, Leandro M. Vieira, Andrew N. Ostrovsky, Natalia Shunatova, Joanne S. Porter, Noga Sokolover, Robyn L. Cumming, Maja Novosel, Aaron O'Dea, Chiara Lombardi, Sudhanshi S. Jain, Danwei Huang, Piotr Kukliński","doi":"10.1111/geb.13874","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13874","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quantify the contribution of environmental factors (water temperature, salinity and depth) and evolutionary history to varied skeletal mineralogy in calcifying marine organisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global Ocean.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Present.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Order: Cheilostomatida; Phylum: Bryozoa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyse the skeletal mineral composition of 872 individual colonies, representing 437 bryozoan species, in terms of calcite/aragonite ratios. We integrated these data with equivalent published data, thus reaching 981 species, and applied linear models (LMs), generalized linear models (GLMs) and phylogenetic generalized least squares models (PGLSs) to investigate the influences of temperature, salinity, depth and phylogenetic history on the mineralogy of nearly 1000 cheilostome bryozoan species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cheilostome bryozoans vary considerably in their skeletal mineral composition: in our dataset 65% of the species possess purely calcite skeletons, 15% exclusively employ aragonite and 20% exhibit mixed (i.e. calcite and aragonite) mineralogies. Temperature is the predominant measured environmental factor influencing bryozoan skeletal mineralogy, accounting for 20% of its variability across species, when phylogenetic relatedness is unaccounted for. Bryozoans in lower latitudes, characterized by higher seawater temperatures, have higher aragonite concentrations. By accounting for phylogenetic structure using a subset of 87 species for which we have topological information, 40% of the observed mineralogical variability could be attributed to present-day temperature. In contrast, depth and salinity played minor roles, explaining less than 1% of the mineralogical variation each.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study emphasizes the influence of evolutionary history on the mineralogical variability of calcifying organisms, even when it can be shown that a single environmental factor (temperature) explains a substantial amount of this variability. When confronted with changing temperature,","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13874","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Howes, Manuela González-Suárez, Cristina Banks-Leite, Flavia C. Bellotto-Trigo, Matthew G. Betts
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Global patterns in species distributions such as the latitudinal biodiversity gradient are of great interest to ecologists and have been thoroughly studied. Whether such a gradient holds true for the proportion of species associated with key ecotypes such as forests is however unknown. Identifying a gradient and ascertaining the factors causing it could further our understanding of community sensitivity to deforestation and uncover drivers of habitat specialization. The null hypothesis is that proportions of forest species remain globally consistent, though we hypothesize that proportions will change with differences in ecotype amount, spatial structure, and environmental stability. Here we study whether the proportion of forest species follows a latitudinal gradient, and test hypotheses for why this may occur.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Worldwide.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time period</h3> <p>Present.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major taxa studied</h3> <p>Terrestrial vertebrates.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We combined range maps and habitat use data for all terrestrial vertebrates to calculate the proportion of forest species in an area. We then used data on the global distribution of current, recent historical, and long-term historical forest cover, as well as maps of global disturbances and plant diversity to test our hypotheses using generalized linear models.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We identified a latitudinal gradient in the proportion of forest species whereby the highest proportions occurred at the equator and decreased polewards. We additionally found that the proportion of forest species increased with current forest cover, historical deforestation, plant structural complexity, and habitat stability. Despite the inclusion of these variables, the strong latitudinal gradient remained, suggesting additional causes of the gradient.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main conclusions</h3> <p>Our findings suggest that the global distribution of the proportion of forest species is a result of recent ecological, as well as long-term evolutionary factors. Interestingly, high proportions of forest species were found in areas that experienced historical de
{"title":"A global latitudinal gradient in the proportion of terrestrial vertebrate forest species","authors":"Benjamin Howes, Manuela González-Suárez, Cristina Banks-Leite, Flavia C. Bellotto-Trigo, Matthew G. Betts","doi":"10.1111/geb.13854","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13854","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global patterns in species distributions such as the latitudinal biodiversity gradient are of great interest to ecologists and have been thoroughly studied. Whether such a gradient holds true for the proportion of species associated with key ecotypes such as forests is however unknown. Identifying a gradient and ascertaining the factors causing it could further our understanding of community sensitivity to deforestation and uncover drivers of habitat specialization. The null hypothesis is that proportions of forest species remain globally consistent, though we hypothesize that proportions will change with differences in ecotype amount, spatial structure, and environmental stability. Here we study whether the proportion of forest species follows a latitudinal gradient, and test hypotheses for why this may occur.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Worldwide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Present.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Terrestrial vertebrates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We combined range maps and habitat use data for all terrestrial vertebrates to calculate the proportion of forest species in an area. We then used data on the global distribution of current, recent historical, and long-term historical forest cover, as well as maps of global disturbances and plant diversity to test our hypotheses using generalized linear models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified a latitudinal gradient in the proportion of forest species whereby the highest proportions occurred at the equator and decreased polewards. We additionally found that the proportion of forest species increased with current forest cover, historical deforestation, plant structural complexity, and habitat stability. Despite the inclusion of these variables, the strong latitudinal gradient remained, suggesting additional causes of the gradient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that the global distribution of the proportion of forest species is a result of recent ecological, as well as long-term evolutionary factors. Interestingly, high proportions of forest species were found in areas that experienced historical de","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140954547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Térence Legrand, Eliza Fragkopoulou, Lauren Vapillon, Lidiane Gouvêa, Ester A. Serrão, Jorge Assis
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Genetic diversity of marine forests results from complex interactions of eco-evolutionary processes. Among them, oceanographic connectivity driven by dispersal through water transport is hypothesized to play a pivotal role, yet its relative contribution has not been addressed at the global scale. Here, we test how present-day oceanographic connectivity is correlated with the distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests across the ocean.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Global.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time period</h3> <p>Contemporary.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major taxa studied</h3> <p>Marine forests of brown macroalgae (order: Fucales, Ishigeales, Laminariales and Tilopteridales).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Through literature review, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of genetic differentiation, encompassing 699 populations of 30 species. A biophysical model coupled with network analyses estimated multigenerational oceanographic connectivity and centrality across the marine forest global distribution. This approach integrated propagule dispersive capacity and long-distance dispersal events. Linear mixed models tested the relative contribution of site-specific processes, connectivity and centrality in explaining genetic differentiation.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We show that spatiality-dependent eco-evolutionary processes, as described by our models, are prominent drivers of genetic differentiation in marine forests (significant models in 91.43% of the cases with an average <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.50 ± 0.07). Specifically, we reveal that 18.7% of genetic differentiation variance is explicitly induced by predicted contemporary connectivity and centrality. Moreover, we demonstrate that long-distance dispersal is key in connecting populations of species distributed across large water masses and continents.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main conclusions</h3> <p>Our findings highlight the role of present-day oceanographic connectivity in shaping the extant distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests on a global scale, with significant implications for biogeography and evolution. This understanding can pave the way for future research aimed at guiding conservation efforts, including the designation of well-connected marine protected areas, which is particularly relevant for sessile ecos
{"title":"Unravelling the role of oceanographic connectivity in the distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests at the global scale","authors":"Térence Legrand, Eliza Fragkopoulou, Lauren Vapillon, Lidiane Gouvêa, Ester A. Serrão, Jorge Assis","doi":"10.1111/geb.13857","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13857","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genetic diversity of marine forests results from complex interactions of eco-evolutionary processes. Among them, oceanographic connectivity driven by dispersal through water transport is hypothesized to play a pivotal role, yet its relative contribution has not been addressed at the global scale. Here, we test how present-day oceanographic connectivity is correlated with the distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests across the ocean.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contemporary.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Marine forests of brown macroalgae (order: Fucales, Ishigeales, Laminariales and Tilopteridales).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through literature review, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of genetic differentiation, encompassing 699 populations of 30 species. A biophysical model coupled with network analyses estimated multigenerational oceanographic connectivity and centrality across the marine forest global distribution. This approach integrated propagule dispersive capacity and long-distance dispersal events. Linear mixed models tested the relative contribution of site-specific processes, connectivity and centrality in explaining genetic differentiation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that spatiality-dependent eco-evolutionary processes, as described by our models, are prominent drivers of genetic differentiation in marine forests (significant models in 91.43% of the cases with an average <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.50 ± 0.07). Specifically, we reveal that 18.7% of genetic differentiation variance is explicitly induced by predicted contemporary connectivity and centrality. Moreover, we demonstrate that long-distance dispersal is key in connecting populations of species distributed across large water masses and continents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight the role of present-day oceanographic connectivity in shaping the extant distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests on a global scale, with significant implications for biogeography and evolution. This understanding can pave the way for future research aimed at guiding conservation efforts, including the designation of well-connected marine protected areas, which is particularly relevant for sessile ecos","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140954579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yehezkel Buba, Moshe Kiflawi, Melodie A. McGeoch, Jonathan Belmaker
Aim
Reducing the rate of alien species introductions is a major conservation aim. However, accurately quantifying the rate at which species are introduced into new regions remains a challenge due to the confounding effect of observation efforts on discovery records. Despite the recognition of this issue, most analyses are still based on raw discovery records, leading to biased inferences. In this study, we evaluate different models for estimating introduction rates, including new models that use auxiliary data on observation effort, and identify their strengths and weaknesses.
Innovation
We compare four models: (1) a naïve model which assumes perfect detection; (2) a model proposed by Solow and Costello (the S&C model); (3) constant detection model: a modified version of the S&C model with constant detection probabilities and (4) a novel sampling proxy model: a model that uses external data on observation effort. We simulate discovery records of varying lengths, introduction rates and temporal patterns of detection probabilities to explore scenarios under which these models accurately estimate underlying introduction rates. (5) We also include code to perform a model based on Belmaker using independent data on the number of native species.
Main conclusion
We found that the length of the discovery records and the annual number of recorded species play a crucial role in the performance of all models. Under simulated scenarios of high detection, the naïve model is usually the best-performing model, but it falls short when detection is low. Moreover, we find that in simulations which most likely mimic most real-world cases (i.e. non-monotonic probability of detection), incorporating external data on observation effort using the sampling proxy model, substantially improve estimates. This highlights the importance of considering observation effort when estimating introduction rates of alien species. To facilitate the use of these models, we provide a decision workflow and a dedicated R package (‘alien’).
{"title":"Evaluating models for estimating introduction rates of alien species from discovery records","authors":"Yehezkel Buba, Moshe Kiflawi, Melodie A. McGeoch, Jonathan Belmaker","doi":"10.1111/geb.13859","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13859","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reducing the rate of alien species introductions is a major conservation aim. However, accurately quantifying the rate at which species are introduced into new regions remains a challenge due to the confounding effect of observation efforts on discovery records. Despite the recognition of this issue, most analyses are still based on raw discovery records, leading to biased inferences. In this study, we evaluate different models for estimating introduction rates, including new models that use auxiliary data on observation effort, and identify their strengths and weaknesses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Innovation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We compare four models: (1) a <i>naïve model</i> which assumes perfect detection; (2) a model proposed by Solow and Costello (the <i>S&C model</i>); (3) <i>constant detection model</i>: a modified version of the S&C model with constant detection probabilities and (4) <i>a novel sampling proxy model</i>: a model that uses external data on observation effort. We simulate discovery records of varying lengths, introduction rates and temporal patterns of detection probabilities to explore scenarios under which these models accurately estimate underlying introduction rates. (5) We also include code to perform a model based on Belmaker using independent data on the number of native species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that the length of the discovery records and the annual number of recorded species play a crucial role in the performance of all models. Under simulated scenarios of high detection, the naïve model is usually the best-performing model, but it falls short when detection is low. Moreover, we find that in simulations which most likely mimic most real-world cases (i.e. non-monotonic probability of detection), incorporating external data on observation effort using the sampling proxy model, substantially improve estimates. This highlights the importance of considering observation effort when estimating introduction rates of alien species. To facilitate the use of these models, we provide a decision workflow and a dedicated R package (‘alien’).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140954371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herval Vieira Pinto-Junior, Gustavo Heringer, Écio Souza Diniz, Larissa Areal de Carvalho Müller, Pedro Manuel Villa, João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto, Andreza Viana Neri
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Quaternary climatic shifts can explain the current distribution of ancient ecosystems as well as the current distributions of gradients that hold species richness and diversity of several lineages in old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs) as inselbergs. Thus, the combination of phylogenetic approaches and temporal landscape connectivity allows disentangling the mechanisms involved in the origin of the disjunct distribution of plant species and the evolutionary heritage of Neotropical inselbergs.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>Pliocene until the current period.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa</h3> <p>Angiosperms.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We used a compiled data set of 42 inselbergs across the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes in eastern Brazil to describe their structure and phylogenetic diversity and map the landscape resistance distances and the effects of resistance on their phylogenetic beta diversity. We also aimed to identify the effectiveness of protected areas and gaps in the conservation of plant species in Brazilian inselbergs.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We found evidence of dispersal limitation in the inselberg species pool and a latitudinal gradient in plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity across the Neotropical inselberg landscape, with greater isolation between the northeastern and southeastern core areas. Our findings indicate that inselbergs can lead to a high turnover of phylogenetic diversity, thus imposing distinctiveness on the evolutionary lineages of the inselberg flora.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Our results suggest that the current distribution of inselberg's flora in isolated ecosystems may result from a more connected distribution of this flora in the past, as postulated by the Pleistocene habitat fluctuations. However, the patterns of diversity have probably been influenced by events much older than Quaternary climate shifts, due to inselbergs climate stability areas (refugia) since ancient periods. Conservation of mountain vegetation is a crucial strategy for maintaining biodiversity and distinct phylogenetic lineages in the current rapid global climate and land use change scenario.</p> </section> </d
{"title":"Biogeographic isolation and climate shape the evolutionary heritage of Neotropical inselbergs","authors":"Herval Vieira Pinto-Junior, Gustavo Heringer, Écio Souza Diniz, Larissa Areal de Carvalho Müller, Pedro Manuel Villa, João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto, Andreza Viana Neri","doi":"10.1111/geb.13860","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13860","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quaternary climatic shifts can explain the current distribution of ancient ecosystems as well as the current distributions of gradients that hold species richness and diversity of several lineages in old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs) as inselbergs. Thus, the combination of phylogenetic approaches and temporal landscape connectivity allows disentangling the mechanisms involved in the origin of the disjunct distribution of plant species and the evolutionary heritage of Neotropical inselbergs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pliocene until the current period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Angiosperms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a compiled data set of 42 inselbergs across the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes in eastern Brazil to describe their structure and phylogenetic diversity and map the landscape resistance distances and the effects of resistance on their phylogenetic beta diversity. We also aimed to identify the effectiveness of protected areas and gaps in the conservation of plant species in Brazilian inselbergs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found evidence of dispersal limitation in the inselberg species pool and a latitudinal gradient in plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity across the Neotropical inselberg landscape, with greater isolation between the northeastern and southeastern core areas. Our findings indicate that inselbergs can lead to a high turnover of phylogenetic diversity, thus imposing distinctiveness on the evolutionary lineages of the inselberg flora.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that the current distribution of inselberg's flora in isolated ecosystems may result from a more connected distribution of this flora in the past, as postulated by the Pleistocene habitat fluctuations. However, the patterns of diversity have probably been influenced by events much older than Quaternary climate shifts, due to inselbergs climate stability areas (refugia) since ancient periods. Conservation of mountain vegetation is a crucial strategy for maintaining biodiversity and distinct phylogenetic lineages in the current rapid global climate and land use change scenario.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </d","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140953592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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