Carlos Calderón del Cid, Torsten Hauffe, Juan D. Carrillo, Michael R. May, Rachel C. M. Warnock, Daniele Silvestro
Aim
Species age, the elapsed time since origination, can give insight into how species longevity might influence eco-evolutionary dynamics, which has been hypothesized to influence extinction risk. Traditionally, species' ages have been estimated from fossil records. However, numerous studies have recently used the branch lengths of time-calibrated phylogenies as estimates of the ages of extant species. This approach poses problems because phylogenetic trees only contain direct information about species identity at the tips and not along the branches. Here, we show that incomplete taxon sampling, extinction and different assumptions about speciation modes can significantly alter the relationship between true species age and phylogenetic branch lengths, leading to high error rates. We found that these biases can lead to erroneous interpretations of eco-evolutionary patterns derived from comparing phylogenetic age and other traits, such as extinction risk.
Innovation
For bifurcating speciation, the default assumption in most analyses of species age, we propose a probabilistic approach based on the properties of a birth–death process to improve the estimation of species ages. Our approach can reduce the error by one order of magnitude under cases of high extinction and a high percentage of unsampled extant species.
Main conclusion
Our results call for caution in interpreting the relationship between phylogenetic ages and eco-evolutionary traits, as this can lead to biased and erroneous conclusions. We show that, under the assumption of bifurcating speciation, we can obtain unbiased approximations of species age by combining information from branch lengths with the expectations of a birth–death process.
{"title":"Challenges in estimating species' age from phylogenetic trees","authors":"Carlos Calderón del Cid, Torsten Hauffe, Juan D. Carrillo, Michael R. May, Rachel C. M. Warnock, Daniele Silvestro","doi":"10.1111/geb.13890","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13890","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species age, the elapsed time since origination, can give insight into how species longevity might influence eco-evolutionary dynamics, which has been hypothesized to influence extinction risk. Traditionally, species' ages have been estimated from fossil records. However, numerous studies have recently used the branch lengths of time-calibrated phylogenies as estimates of the ages of extant species. This approach poses problems because phylogenetic trees only contain direct information about species identity at the tips and not along the branches. Here, we show that incomplete taxon sampling, extinction and different assumptions about speciation modes can significantly alter the relationship between true species age and phylogenetic branch lengths, leading to high error rates. We found that these biases can lead to erroneous interpretations of eco-evolutionary patterns derived from comparing phylogenetic age and other traits, such as extinction risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Innovation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For bifurcating speciation, the default assumption in most analyses of species age, we propose a probabilistic approach based on the properties of a birth–death process to improve the estimation of species ages. Our approach can reduce the error by one order of magnitude under cases of high extinction and a high percentage of unsampled extant species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results call for caution in interpreting the relationship between phylogenetic ages and eco-evolutionary traits, as this can lead to biased and erroneous conclusions. We show that, under the assumption of bifurcating speciation, we can obtain unbiased approximations of species age by combining information from branch lengths with the expectations of a birth–death process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingjing Xi, Guolin C. Li, Min Wang, Stavros D. Veresoglou
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Addressing how woody plant species are distributed in space can reveal inconspicuous drivers that structure plant communities. The spatial structure of conspecifics varies not only at local scales across co-existing plant species but also at larger biogeographical scales with climatic parameters and habitat properties. The possibility that biogeographical drivers shape the spatial structure of plants, however, has not received sufficient attention.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Global synthesis.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>1997–2022.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Woody angiosperms and conifers.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We carried out a quantitative synthesis to capture the interplay between local scale and larger scale drivers. We modelled conspecific spatial aggregation as a binary response through logistic models and Ripley's <i>L</i> statistics and the distance at which the point process was least random with mixed effects linear models. Our predictors covered a range of plant traits, climatic predictors and descriptors of the habitat.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We hypothesized that plant traits, when summarized by local scale predictors, exceed in importance biogeographical drivers in determining the spatial structure of conspecifics across woody systems. This was only the case in relation to the frequency with which we observed aggregated distributions. The probability of observing spatial aggregation and the intensity of it was higher for plant species with large leaves but further depended on climatic parameters and mycorrhiza.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Compared to climate variables, plant traits perform poorly in explaining the spatial structure of woody plant species, even though leaf area is a decisive plant trait that is related to whether we observe homogenous spatial aggregation and its intensity. Despite the limited variance explained by our models, we found that the spatial structure of woody plants is subject to consistent biogeographical constraints and that these exceed beyond descriptors of individual species, which we captured here through leaf area.</p>
目的研究木本植物物种在空间中的分布情况可以揭示构建植物群落的不起眼的驱动因素。同种植物的空间结构不仅在共存植物物种的局部尺度上存在差异，而且在更大的生物地理尺度上也会随着气候参数和生境特性的变化而变化。然而，生物地理驱动因素塑造植物空间结构的可能性尚未得到足够重视。方法我们进行了定量综合研究，以捕捉局部尺度和更大尺度驱动因素之间的相互作用。我们通过 Logistic 模型和 Ripley's L 统计法将同种空间聚集模拟为二元响应，并通过混合效应线性模型模拟了点过程的最小随机距离。我们的预测因子包括一系列植物性状、气候预测因子和栖息地描述因子。结果我们假设，如果用局部尺度的预测因子来概括，植物性状在决定整个木本系统中同种植物空间结构方面的重要性超过生物地理驱动因素。但这只与我们观察到聚集分布的频率有关。主要结论与气候变量相比，植物性状在解释木本植物物种的空间结构方面表现较差，尽管叶面积是植物性状的决定性因素，与我们是否观察到同种空间聚集及其强度有关。尽管我们的模型解释的方差有限，但我们发现木本植物的空间结构受到一致的生物地理学限制，而且这些限制超出了单个物种的描述，我们在这里通过叶面积捕捉到了这些限制。
{"title":"Leaf area predicts conspecific spatial aggregation of woody species","authors":"Jingjing Xi, Guolin C. Li, Min Wang, Stavros D. Veresoglou","doi":"10.1111/geb.13887","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13887","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Addressing how woody plant species are distributed in space can reveal inconspicuous drivers that structure plant communities. The spatial structure of conspecifics varies not only at local scales across co-existing plant species but also at larger biogeographical scales with climatic parameters and habitat properties. The possibility that biogeographical drivers shape the spatial structure of plants, however, has not received sufficient attention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global synthesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>1997–2022.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Woody angiosperms and conifers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We carried out a quantitative synthesis to capture the interplay between local scale and larger scale drivers. We modelled conspecific spatial aggregation as a binary response through logistic models and Ripley's <i>L</i> statistics and the distance at which the point process was least random with mixed effects linear models. Our predictors covered a range of plant traits, climatic predictors and descriptors of the habitat.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We hypothesized that plant traits, when summarized by local scale predictors, exceed in importance biogeographical drivers in determining the spatial structure of conspecifics across woody systems. This was only the case in relation to the frequency with which we observed aggregated distributions. The probability of observing spatial aggregation and the intensity of it was higher for plant species with large leaves but further depended on climatic parameters and mycorrhiza.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to climate variables, plant traits perform poorly in explaining the spatial structure of woody plant species, even though leaf area is a decisive plant trait that is related to whether we observe homogenous spatial aggregation and its intensity. Despite the limited variance explained by our models, we found that the spatial structure of woody plants is subject to consistent biogeographical constraints and that these exceed beyond descriptors of individual species, which we captured here through leaf area.</p>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huanjiong Wang, Shaozhi Lin, Junhu Dai, Quansheng Ge
Aim
Controlled experiments are increasingly important for investigating how and to what degree plant phenology responds to global climate change. Current experiments underline that chilling and forcing temperatures are two major environmental cues shaping the budburst date of temperate species, but whether experiments could reflect the observed responses to chilling has rarely been examined.
Location
Europe and North America.
Time periods
1951–2021.
Major taxa studied
Temperate trees and shrubs.
Methods
Using an experimental database of budburst dates for 50 species derived from previous literature and observational data of the same species at 12,579 stations in Europe and 1469 stations in the USA, we compared the response of forcing requirement (FR) of the budburst date to chilling accumulation (CA) between observations and experiments using a common measure of FR and CA.
Results
The median, variance and probability distribution of CA-FR curves differed significantly between experiments and observations in most cases. The distinction in chilling effects between experiments and observations could be attributed to the difference in thermal space, heat stress, genetic variation among provenances, different forcing treatments adopted and plant materials used in the experiments.
Main conclusions
Our results suggest that the uncertainty of phenological models based solely on the experimental data needs to be re-evaluated when predicting future spring phenological responses across broad spatial scales.
{"title":"Controlled experiments fail to capture plant phenological response to chilling temperature","authors":"Huanjiong Wang, Shaozhi Lin, Junhu Dai, Quansheng Ge","doi":"10.1111/geb.13888","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13888","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Controlled experiments are increasingly important for investigating how and to what degree plant phenology responds to global climate change. Current experiments underline that chilling and forcing temperatures are two major environmental cues shaping the budburst date of temperate species, but whether experiments could reflect the observed responses to chilling has rarely been examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Europe and North America.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time periods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>1951–2021.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Temperate trees and shrubs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using an experimental database of budburst dates for 50 species derived from previous literature and observational data of the same species at 12,579 stations in Europe and 1469 stations in the USA, we compared the response of forcing requirement (FR) of the budburst date to chilling accumulation (CA) between observations and experiments using a common measure of FR and CA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The median, variance and probability distribution of CA-FR curves differed significantly between experiments and observations in most cases. The distinction in chilling effects between experiments and observations could be attributed to the difference in thermal space, heat stress, genetic variation among provenances, different forcing treatments adopted and plant materials used in the experiments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that the uncertainty of phenological models based solely on the experimental data needs to be re-evaluated when predicting future spring phenological responses across broad spatial scales.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, James Sinclair, Christian Hof, Jan B. Kalusche, Peter Haase
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Temperature is regarded as an important driver of broad-scale biodiversity patterns. However, less is known of the role of dispersal in shaping broad-scale species and trait distributions, particularly given that species had to disperse out of glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here, we used a unique dataset describing the distributions of freshwater fauna combined with trait information to evaluate biodiversity relationships to distance to glacial refugia and temperature.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Twenty-five biogeographical regions across Europe.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>Data from species occurrence were gathered in 1978.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>A total of 2816 freshwater invertebrate species and 230 freshwater fish species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Using the occurrence of invertebrate and fish species in the biogeographical regions, and publicly available trait information, we analysed patterns in diversity indices (i.e. species richness, trait richness and trait redundancy), trait distribution and species and trait <i>β</i>-diversity, and their relationship to distance to known glacial refugia and regional temperature.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>We show that distributions of European invertebrate and fish species and traits are primarily explained by distance to refugia and its covarying effect with temperature (i.e. refugia tend to be warmer). Specifically, species and trait richness were higher in regions proximate to refugia and lower in distant regions. Additionally, communities in colder and distant regions exhibited reduced niche dimensions and slower life histories, suggesting increased vulnerability to environmental change.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Species more distant from their refugia were characterized by higher dispersal capacities. Accordingly, since the LGM, only a subset of species was able to colonize distant regions, while many species have spatial ranges constrained by their dispersal capacity, increasing their potential for extinction under ongoing climate change. Therefore, additional conservation measures considering species'
{"title":"Dispersal, glacial refugia and temperature shape biogeographical patterns in European freshwater biodiversity","authors":"Daniela Cortés-Guzmán, James Sinclair, Christian Hof, Jan B. Kalusche, Peter Haase","doi":"10.1111/geb.13886","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13886","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Temperature is regarded as an important driver of broad-scale biodiversity patterns. However, less is known of the role of dispersal in shaping broad-scale species and trait distributions, particularly given that species had to disperse out of glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here, we used a unique dataset describing the distributions of freshwater fauna combined with trait information to evaluate biodiversity relationships to distance to glacial refugia and temperature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five biogeographical regions across Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from species occurrence were gathered in 1978.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 2816 freshwater invertebrate species and 230 freshwater fish species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using the occurrence of invertebrate and fish species in the biogeographical regions, and publicly available trait information, we analysed patterns in diversity indices (i.e. species richness, trait richness and trait redundancy), trait distribution and species and trait <i>β</i>-diversity, and their relationship to distance to known glacial refugia and regional temperature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that distributions of European invertebrate and fish species and traits are primarily explained by distance to refugia and its covarying effect with temperature (i.e. refugia tend to be warmer). Specifically, species and trait richness were higher in regions proximate to refugia and lower in distant regions. Additionally, communities in colder and distant regions exhibited reduced niche dimensions and slower life histories, suggesting increased vulnerability to environmental change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species more distant from their refugia were characterized by higher dispersal capacities. Accordingly, since the LGM, only a subset of species was able to colonize distant regions, while many species have spatial ranges constrained by their dispersal capacity, increasing their potential for extinction under ongoing climate change. Therefore, additional conservation measures considering species'","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginie Millien, Chengxiu Zhan, Yanxia Li, Jiang Wang, Yanping Wang
Aim
A nested pattern (nestedness) in species composition is a frequent signature of insular communities. However, it remains unclear whether the drivers of nestedness are consistent across multiple island systems. Here, we investigated the pattern and drivers of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic nestedness in terrestrial mammal assemblages from 10 distinct island systems (archipelagos).
Location
Global.
Time period
Contemporary.
Major taxa studied
Terrestrial mammals.
Methods
We compiled occurrence data and species traits of terrestrial mammals from 228 islands in 10 distinct island assemblages. We assembled a dataset of island biogeographic characteristics for each of these islands, including island area, isolation index and maximum elevation. For all 10 assemblages, we first tested for significant patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic nestedness. We then examined the associations between nestedness, island biogeographic characteristics and species traits.
Results
We detected significant patterns of taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic nestedness in mammal assemblages from all 10 archipelagos. Biogeographic characteristics of islands affecting the rate of extinction in island species, namely, island area and elevation, were significantly associated with the degree of nestedness in these assemblages. Traits associated with the extinction probability of a species, such as litter size, further drove the nested pattern in some assemblages.
Main conclusions
All analyses pointed to selective extinction as a main mechanism shaping the observed nested patterns in island mammal assemblages. From a conservation point of view, different management strategies should be implemented for mammal assemblages in these island systems by identifying the drivers of species extinction rates specific to each island system and species occurring on these islands.
{"title":"A global assessment of nested patterns in insular mammal assemblages","authors":"Virginie Millien, Chengxiu Zhan, Yanxia Li, Jiang Wang, Yanping Wang","doi":"10.1111/geb.13885","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13885","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A nested pattern (nestedness) in species composition is a frequent signature of insular communities. However, it remains unclear whether the drivers of nestedness are consistent across multiple island systems. Here, we investigated the pattern and drivers of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic nestedness in terrestrial mammal assemblages from 10 distinct island systems (archipelagos).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contemporary.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Terrestrial mammals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We compiled occurrence data and species traits of terrestrial mammals from 228 islands in 10 distinct island assemblages. We assembled a dataset of island biogeographic characteristics for each of these islands, including island area, isolation index and maximum elevation. For all 10 assemblages, we first tested for significant patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic nestedness. We then examined the associations between nestedness, island biogeographic characteristics and species traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We detected significant patterns of taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic nestedness in mammal assemblages from all 10 archipelagos. Biogeographic characteristics of islands affecting the rate of extinction in island species, namely, island area and elevation, were significantly associated with the degree of nestedness in these assemblages. Traits associated with the extinction probability of a species, such as litter size, further drove the nested pattern in some assemblages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All analyses pointed to selective extinction as a main mechanism shaping the observed nested patterns in island mammal assemblages. From a conservation point of view, different management strategies should be implemented for mammal assemblages in these island systems by identifying the drivers of species extinction rates specific to each island system and species occurring on these islands.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David H. Klinges, J. Alex Baecher, Jonas J. Lembrechts, Ilya M. D. Maclean, Jonathan Lenoir, Caroline Greiser, Michael Ashcroft, Luke J. Evans, Michael R. Kearney, Juha Aalto, Isabel C. Barrio, Pieter De Frenne, Joannès Guillemot, Kristoffer Hylander, Tommaso Jucker, Martin Kopecký, Miska Luoto, Martin Macek, Ivan Nijs, Josef Urban, Liesbeth van den Brink, Pieter Vangansbeke, Jonathan Von Oppen, Jan Wild, Julia Boike, Rafaella Canessa, Marcelo Nosetto, Alexey Rubtsov, Jhonatan Sallo-Bravo, Brett R. Scheffers
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>The scale of environmental data is often defined by their extent (spatial area, temporal duration) and resolution (grain size, temporal interval). Although describing climate data scale via these terms is appropriate for most meteorological applications, for ecology and biogeography, climate data of the same spatiotemporal resolution and extent may differ in their relevance to an organism. Here, we propose that climate proximity, or how well climate data represent the actual conditions that an organism is exposed to, is more important for ecological realism than the spatiotemporal resolution of the climate data.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Temperature comparison in nine countries across four continents; ecological case studies in Alberta (Canada), Sabah (Malaysia) and North Carolina/Tennessee (USA).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>1960–2018.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Case studies with flies, mosquitoes and salamanders, but concepts relevant to all life on earth.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We compare the accuracy of two macroclimate data sources (ERA5 and WorldClim) and a novel microclimate model (<i>microclimf</i>) in predicting soil temperatures. We then use ERA5, WorldClim and <i>microclimf</i> to drive ecological models in three case studies: temporal (fly phenology), spatial (mosquito thermal suitability) and spatiotemporal (salamander range shifts) ecological responses.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>For predicting soil temperatures, <i>microclimf</i> had 24.9% and 16.4% lower absolute bias than ERA5 and WorldClim respectively. Across the case studies, we find that increasing proximity (from macroclimate to microclimate) yields a 247% improvement in performance of ecological models on average, compared to 18% and 9% improvements from increasing spatial resolution 20-fold, and temporal resolution 30-fold respectively.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>We propose that increasing climate proximity, even if at the sacrifice of finer climate spatiotemporal resolution, may improve ecological predictions. We emphasize biophysically informed approaches, rather than generic formulations, when quantifying ecoclimatic relationships. Redefining the scale of climate through the lens of the organism itself helps reveal mechanisms underlying how cli
{"title":"Proximal microclimate: Moving beyond spatiotemporal resolution improves ecological predictions","authors":"David H. Klinges, J. Alex Baecher, Jonas J. Lembrechts, Ilya M. D. Maclean, Jonathan Lenoir, Caroline Greiser, Michael Ashcroft, Luke J. Evans, Michael R. Kearney, Juha Aalto, Isabel C. Barrio, Pieter De Frenne, Joannès Guillemot, Kristoffer Hylander, Tommaso Jucker, Martin Kopecký, Miska Luoto, Martin Macek, Ivan Nijs, Josef Urban, Liesbeth van den Brink, Pieter Vangansbeke, Jonathan Von Oppen, Jan Wild, Julia Boike, Rafaella Canessa, Marcelo Nosetto, Alexey Rubtsov, Jhonatan Sallo-Bravo, Brett R. Scheffers","doi":"10.1111/geb.13884","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13884","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The scale of environmental data is often defined by their extent (spatial area, temporal duration) and resolution (grain size, temporal interval). Although describing climate data scale via these terms is appropriate for most meteorological applications, for ecology and biogeography, climate data of the same spatiotemporal resolution and extent may differ in their relevance to an organism. Here, we propose that climate proximity, or how well climate data represent the actual conditions that an organism is exposed to, is more important for ecological realism than the spatiotemporal resolution of the climate data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Temperature comparison in nine countries across four continents; ecological case studies in Alberta (Canada), Sabah (Malaysia) and North Carolina/Tennessee (USA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>1960–2018.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Case studies with flies, mosquitoes and salamanders, but concepts relevant to all life on earth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We compare the accuracy of two macroclimate data sources (ERA5 and WorldClim) and a novel microclimate model (<i>microclimf</i>) in predicting soil temperatures. We then use ERA5, WorldClim and <i>microclimf</i> to drive ecological models in three case studies: temporal (fly phenology), spatial (mosquito thermal suitability) and spatiotemporal (salamander range shifts) ecological responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For predicting soil temperatures, <i>microclimf</i> had 24.9% and 16.4% lower absolute bias than ERA5 and WorldClim respectively. Across the case studies, we find that increasing proximity (from macroclimate to microclimate) yields a 247% improvement in performance of ecological models on average, compared to 18% and 9% improvements from increasing spatial resolution 20-fold, and temporal resolution 30-fold respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We propose that increasing climate proximity, even if at the sacrifice of finer climate spatiotemporal resolution, may improve ecological predictions. We emphasize biophysically informed approaches, rather than generic formulations, when quantifying ecoclimatic relationships. Redefining the scale of climate through the lens of the organism itself helps reveal mechanisms underlying how cli","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liraz Bistritz, Ronen Kadmon, Curtis H. Flather, Michael Kalyuzhny
Aim
Temporal variability in population growth rates is a fundamental property of natural populations with implications for almost any facet in ecology and evolution. Using the framework of nonlinear averaging, we test the hypothesis that the magnitude of short-term variability in population growth rates is influenced by the long-term means of climatic conditions.
Location
The contiguous United States.
Time period
1970–2019.
Major taxa studied
Birds.
Methods
Our study encompassed 3941 populations of resident birds in 1335 localities across the contiguous United States. For each population, we quantified the standard deviation of annual growth rates over the relevant period and the corresponding long-term mean values of annual temperature and precipitation. We further considered the effects of covariates known to influence temporal variability in population growth, namely the standard deviations of climatic variables, the lifespan and the preferred habitat (forest vs. non-forest) of each species. The effects of climate and species traits on the variability in population growth rates were analysed using linear mixed-effects models.
Results
The magnitude of variability in population growth rate decreased with increasing the long-term mean of annual precipitation and had a U-shaped dependence on mean annual temperature. Variability in climatic conditions increased population growth variability, but this effect was weaker than the effect of the corresponding long-term means. A long lifespan reduced the impact of climatic variability on the variability in population growth rates.
Main conclusions
Our finding that the magnitude of variability in population growth rates is influenced by the long-term characteristics of climatic conditions and species traits extends our perspective on the relationship between climate and population dynamics and should be taken into account in future assessments of spatial and temporal population responses to climate change.
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Lucía Acevedo-Limón, Beatriz Rumeu, Claudio A. Bracho-Estévanez, Juan P. González-Varo
Motivation
Plant establishment is the result of sequential demographic processes, namely post-dispersal seed survival, seed germination, seedling survival and sapling survival. These processes can be quantified as transition probabilities between life stages through field experiments, and their product provides an overall establishment probability. This information is essential to understand demography within populations and plant colonization potential under global change scenarios. The Mediterranean Region constitutes a biodiversity hotspot characterised by severe summer droughts, which suppose a critical demographic bottleneck for perennial plant establishment. Despite many studies have quantified transition probabilities of woody species in this region, information is scattered through the literature and has not yet been compiled. To fill this gap, we collated data from a systematic literature review and completed them with new unpublished data to create the EstablishMed dataset.
Main types of variables contained
EstablishMed is a compilation of 4728 records of transition probabilities that quantify demographic processes operating during plant establishment. All records belong to native species and were obtained in situ under field conditions. Each record includes information about the specific spatiotemporal context of the study (i.e., year, site, population, habitat and microhabitat) and the experimental procedures employed (e.g., degree of protection against natural enemies). In addition, we included taxonomic and trait information of the study species (i.e., seed mass, dispersal syndrome and life form), and the bioclimate of the study sites.
Spatial location and grain
The dataset covers the whole Mediterranean Region. The finest spatial resolution corresponds to microhabitat types within populations.
Time period and grain
Data were extracted from 271 studies originated between 1991 and 2024.
Major taxa and level of measurement
134 woody species from 80 genera and 39 families.
Software format
EstablishMed is available in .csv format in Dryad repository.
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Ferry Slik, Bruno X. Pinho, Daniel M. Griffith, Edward Webb, Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi, Adriano C. Quaresma, Aida Cuni Sanchez, Aisha Sultana, Alexandre F. Souza, Andreas Ensslin, Andreas Hemp, Andrew Lowe, Andrew R. Marshall, Kamalakumari Anitha, Anne Mette Lykke, Armadyanto, Asyraf Mansor, Atsri K. Honam, Axel D. Poulsen, Ben Sparrow, Benjamin J. W. Buckley, Bernat Ripoll Capilla, Bianca Weiss Albuquerque, Christine B. Schmitt, Dharmalingam Mohandass, Diogo S. B. Rocha, Douglas Sheil, Eduardo A. Pérez-García, Eduardo Catharino, Eduardo van den Berg, Ervan Rutishauser, Fabian Brambach, Felipe Zamborlini Saiter, Feyera Senbeta, Florian Wittmann, Francesco Rovero, Francisco Mora Ardila, Frans Bongers, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Gemma Rutten, Gerard Imani, Gerardo A. Aymard Corredor, Giselda Durigan, Gopal Shukla, Guadalupe Williams-Linera, Heike Culmsee, Hendrik Segah, Iñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Jamuna S. Singh, James Grogan, Jan Reitsma, Jean-François Bastin, Jeremy Lindsell, Jerome Millet, Joao Roberto dos Santos, Jochen Schoengart, John H. Vandermeer, John Herbohn, Jon Lovett, Jorge A. Meave, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Juan Carlos Montero, Kalle Ruokolainen, Khairil Bin Mahmud, Layon O. Demarchi, Lourens Poorter, Luis Bernacci, Manichanh Satdichanh, Marcio Seiji Suganuma, Maria T. F. Piedade, Mariarty A. Niun, Mark E. Harrison, Mark Schulze, Markus Fischer, Michael Kessler, Miguel Castillo, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Moses B. Libalah, Muhammad Ali Imron, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Naret Seuaturien, Natalia Targhetta, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Orlando Rangel, Pantaleo Munishi, Patricia Balvanera, Peter Ashton, Pia Parolin, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Priya Davidar, Rahayu Sukri, Rahmad Zakaria, Rama Chandra Prasad, Ravi K. Chaturvedi, Robert Steinmetz, Rodrigo Muñoz, Rozainah Mohamad Zakaria, Saara J. DeWalt, Hoang Van Sam, Samir Rolim, Sharif Ahmed Mukul, Siti Maimunah, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Terry Sunderland, Thomas Gillespie, Tinde van Andel, Tran Van Do, Wanlop Chutipong, Runguo Zang, Xiaobo Yang, Xinghui Lu, Yves Laumonier, Zhila Hemati
Aim
We test the hypothesis that wind dispersal is more common among emergent tree species given that being tall increases the likelihood of effective seed dispersal.
Location
Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific.
Time period
1970–2020.
Major taxa studied
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Methods
We used a dataset consisting of tree inventories from 2821 plots across three biogeographic regions (Americas, Africa and Asia-Pacific), including dry and wet forests, to determine the maximum height and dispersal strategy of 5314 tree species. A web search was used to determine whether species were wind-dispersed. We compared differences in tree species maximum height between biogeographic regions and examined the relationship between species maximum height and wind dispersal using logistic regression. We also tested whether emergent tree species, that is species with at least one individual taller than the 95% height percentile in one or more plots, were disproportionally wind-dispersed in dry and wet forests within each biogeographic region.
Results
Our dataset provides maximum height values for 5314 tree species, of which more than half (2914) had no record of this trait in existing global databases. We found that, on average, tree species in the Americas have lower maximum heights compared to those in Africa and the Asia Pacific. The probability of wind dispersal increased significantly with tree species maximum height and was significantly higher among emergent than non-emergent tree species in both dry and wet forests in all three biogeographic regions.
Main conclusion
Wind dispersal is more prevalent in tall, emergent tree species than in non-emergent species and may thus be an important factor in the evolution of tree species maximum height. By providing the most comprehensive dataset so far of tree species maximum height and wind dispersal strategies, this study paves the way for advancing our understanding of the eco-evolutionary drivers of tree size.
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Singh, James Grogan, Jan Reitsma, Jean-François Bastin, Jeremy Lindsell, Jerome Millet, Joao Roberto dos Santos, Jochen Schoengart, John H. Vandermeer, John Herbohn, Jon Lovett, Jorge A. Meave, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Juan Carlos Montero, Kalle Ruokolainen, Khairil Bin Mahmud, Layon O. Demarchi, Lourens Poorter, Luis Bernacci, Manichanh Satdichanh, Marcio Seiji Suganuma, Maria T. F. Piedade, Mariarty A. Niun, Mark E. Harrison, Mark Schulze, Markus Fischer, Michael Kessler, Miguel Castillo, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Moses B. Libalah, Muhammad Ali Imron, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Naret Seuaturien, Natalia Targhetta, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Orlando Rangel, Pantaleo Munishi, Patricia Balvanera, Peter Ashton, Pia Parolin, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Priya Davidar, Rahayu Sukri, Rahmad Zakaria, Rama Chandra Prasad, Ravi K. Chaturvedi, Robert Steinmetz, Rodrigo Muñoz, Rozainah Mohamad Zakaria, Saara J. DeWalt, Hoang Van Sam, Samir Rolim, Sharif Ahmed Mukul, Siti Maimunah, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Terry Sunderland, Thomas Gillespie, Tinde van Andel, Tran Van Do, Wanlop Chutipong, Runguo Zang, Xiaobo Yang, Xinghui Lu, Yves Laumonier, Zhila Hemati","doi":"10.1111/geb.13878","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13878","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We test the hypothesis that wind dispersal is more common among emergent tree species given that being tall increases the likelihood of effective seed dispersal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>1970–2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a dataset consisting of tree inventories from 2821 plots across three biogeographic regions (Americas, Africa and Asia-Pacific), including dry and wet forests, to determine the maximum height and dispersal strategy of 5314 tree species. A web search was used to determine whether species were wind-dispersed. We compared differences in tree species maximum height between biogeographic regions and examined the relationship between species maximum height and wind dispersal using logistic regression. We also tested whether emergent tree species, that is species with at least one individual taller than the 95% height percentile in one or more plots, were disproportionally wind-dispersed in dry and wet forests within each biogeographic region.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our dataset provides maximum height values for 5314 tree species, of which more than half (2914) had no record of this trait in existing global databases. We found that, on average, tree species in the Americas have lower maximum heights compared to those in Africa and the Asia Pacific. The probability of wind dispersal increased significantly with tree species maximum height and was significantly higher among emergent than non-emergent tree species in both dry and wet forests in all three biogeographic regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wind dispersal is more prevalent in tall, emergent tree species than in non-emergent species and may thus be an important factor in the evolution of tree species maximum height. By providing the most comprehensive dataset so far of tree species maximum height and wind dispersal strategies, this study paves the way for advancing our understanding of the eco-evolutionary drivers of tree size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141329488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Revealing the role of regional species pool size in community assembly rules is essential for extending the species-pool framework to large-scale community ecology, and thus for more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity formation. However, little has been done to couple the regional species-pool effect into local ecological processes in soil fungal communities, which play essential roles in ecosystems worldwide. Here, we performed large-scale soil surveys of fungal communities to examine the linkage between regional species pool size and Dispersal–Selection Relationships (DSRs), and their relations to community structure.
Location
China.
Time period
July–August 2019.
Major taxa studied
Fungal communities.
Methods
By conducting the nationwide soil survey of ~1200 samples from various ecosystems across China, including agricultural, forest, grassland, and wetland soils, we examined the linkage between regional species pool size and DSRs, and their relationship to fungal community structure.
Results
We found that selection was negatively related to dispersal, which was consistent with the general view that the strength of selection is weakened by dispersal homogenization, and that this relationship was stronger in regions with larger species pools. Moreover, an increase in community dispersion was correlated with stronger effect size of DSRs, implying greater heterogeneity among fungal communities under larger species pools.
Main conclusions
Our study clearly illustrates the association of regional species pool size with local assembly rules and community formation of soil fungi across terrestrial ecosystems.
{"title":"Linking regional species pool size to dispersal–selection relationships in soil fungal communities across terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"Beibei Chen, Haibo Pan, Xiaofeng Song, Yajun Yao, Jiejun Qi, Xiaoli Bai, Ziheng Peng, Yu Liu, Shi Chen, Hang Gao, Chunling Liang, Jiai Liu, Jiamin Gao, Gehong Wei, Shuo Jiao","doi":"10.1111/geb.13876","DOIUrl":"10.1111/geb.13876","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Revealing the role of regional species pool size in community assembly rules is essential for extending the species-pool framework to large-scale community ecology, and thus for more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity formation. However, little has been done to couple the regional species-pool effect into local ecological processes in soil fungal communities, which play essential roles in ecosystems worldwide. Here, we performed large-scale soil surveys of fungal communities to examine the linkage between regional species pool size and <b>D</b>ispersal–<b>S</b>election <b>R</b>elationships (DSRs), and their relations to community structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>July–August 2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Major taxa studied</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fungal communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By conducting the nationwide soil survey of ~1200 samples from various ecosystems across China, including agricultural, forest, grassland, and wetland soils, we examined the linkage between regional species pool size and DSRs, and their relationship to fungal community structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that selection was negatively related to dispersal, which was consistent with the general view that the strength of selection is weakened by dispersal homogenization, and that this relationship was stronger in regions with larger species pools. Moreover, an increase in community dispersion was correlated with stronger effect size of DSRs, implying greater heterogeneity among fungal communities under larger species pools.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study clearly illustrates the association of regional species pool size with local assembly rules and community formation of soil fungi across terrestrial ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"33 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141329478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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