Fruit appearance is the most important factor of fruit quality in peach (Prunus persica). In order to determine the promotional effects of increased light in the canopy on peach fruit coloration, reflective film was applied under trees in the field 7 days before the harvest of ‘Taiko’ peach. We then investigated pigmentation of the peel, fruit traits like total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and hardness; the expression of genes related to fruit coloration and ripening in a peach fruits; and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inside the tree canopy treated with reflective film mulching. The color of fruit skins treated with reflective film mulching was improved significantly according to their Hunter value compared to untreated fruit. There was no significant change in total soluble solids, acid content, and hardness in fruits treated with reflective film mulching compared to control. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes (F3H and CHS) were up-regulated; however, the expression of ethylene synthesis-related genes (ACO and ERS1) and ripening-related genes (PL and PME) was not enhanced by reflective film mulching. These results suggest that reflective film mulching improved light irradiance in the tree canopy, which promoted fruit skin coloration via the the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the peel of peach. Additional key words: coloration, gene expression, peach, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), quantitative real-time PCR, reflective film
{"title":"Reflective Film Mulching Before Harvest Promotes Coloration and Expression of Ripening-Related Genes in Peach Fruits","authors":"Dan-Bi Lee, Gook-Jin Lee, Y. You, S. Ahn, H. Yun","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210029","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit appearance is the most important factor of fruit quality in peach (Prunus persica). In order to determine the promotional effects of increased light in the canopy on peach fruit coloration, reflective film was applied under trees in the field 7 days before the harvest of ‘Taiko’ peach. We then investigated pigmentation of the peel, fruit traits like total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and hardness; the expression of genes related to fruit coloration and ripening in a peach fruits; and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inside the tree canopy treated with reflective film mulching. The color of fruit skins treated with reflective film mulching was improved significantly according to their Hunter value compared to untreated fruit. There was no significant change in total soluble solids, acid content, and hardness in fruits treated with reflective film mulching compared to control. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes (F3H and CHS) were up-regulated; however, the expression of ethylene synthesis-related genes (ACO and ERS1) and ripening-related genes (PL and PME) was not enhanced by reflective film mulching. These results suggest that reflective film mulching improved light irradiance in the tree canopy, which promoted fruit skin coloration via the the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the peel of peach. Additional key words: coloration, gene expression, peach, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), quantitative real-time PCR, reflective film","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45479140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a high level of genetic variation in fruit color, which is an important fruit quality trait considered by breeders and consumers. The fruit stripe color pattern is determined by the green stripe (gs) locus and is observed only in the peel tissue in tomato. Using two different F2 populations (351 and 97 individuals), we mapped gs to the long arm of chromosome 7 and found that it cosegregated with TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE 1 (TAGL1). Association analysis using a TAGL1-specific derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (dCAPS) marker distinguished 118 non-green-striped and 11 green-striped tomato cultivars. The chlorophyll content of green-striped peels (GSPs) was higher than that of light-green peels (LGPs), and the carotenoid content of red peels (RPs) was higher than that of yellow-striped peels (YSPs). Although we did not find sequence variation in the promoter and coding regions of TAGL1 between non-striped and striped tomatoes, TAGL1 expression in the YSPs was lower than that in the RPs. Therefore, the differential expression of TAGL1 may contribute to fruit stripe patterning. Marker-assisted selection using the TAGL1specific marker identified here will facilitate breeding of fruit stripe patterning in tomato. Additional key words: carotenoid, chlorophyll, DNA marker, fruit color, TAGL1
{"title":"Genetic Mapping of green-stripe in Tomato","authors":"Woon Cho, Eunjung Kang, Je Min Lee","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210036","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a high level of genetic variation in fruit color, which is an important fruit quality trait considered by breeders and consumers. The fruit stripe color pattern is determined by the green stripe (gs) locus and is observed only in the peel tissue in tomato. Using two different F2 populations (351 and 97 individuals), we mapped gs to the long arm of chromosome 7 and found that it cosegregated with TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE 1 (TAGL1). Association analysis using a TAGL1-specific derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (dCAPS) marker distinguished 118 non-green-striped and 11 green-striped tomato cultivars. The chlorophyll content of green-striped peels (GSPs) was higher than that of light-green peels (LGPs), and the carotenoid content of red peels (RPs) was higher than that of yellow-striped peels (YSPs). Although we did not find sequence variation in the promoter and coding regions of TAGL1 between non-striped and striped tomatoes, TAGL1 expression in the YSPs was lower than that in the RPs. Therefore, the differential expression of TAGL1 may contribute to fruit stripe patterning. Marker-assisted selection using the TAGL1specific marker identified here will facilitate breeding of fruit stripe patterning in tomato. Additional key words: carotenoid, chlorophyll, DNA marker, fruit color, TAGL1","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46849975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to develop an ethylene inhibition method using aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to improve postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of plums (Prunus subg. Prunus ‘Formosa’). Plums were sprayed preharvest with 150 mg·L -1 AVG and postharvest with 1 μL·L -1 1-MCP for 24 h. The results revealed that the combined treatment with AVG and 1-MCP (AVG+1-MCP) effectively suppressed skin color change, flesh firmness reduction, decay, and weight loss of plum fruit during postharvest storage. The acidity ratio was also significantly maintained during storage in AVG+1-MCP treated groups. The transcript levels of ethylene biosynthesis genes (PsACS3, PsACS4, and PsACO1) showed the same pattern as the amount of ethylene produced in plums. AVG+1-MCP treatment significantly inhibited transcript levels of PsACS3, PsACS4, and PsACO1 and the reduction in expression of signaling genes (PsETR1, PsERS1, and PsCTR1), resulting in a longer shelf life compared to the untreated control plums. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and binding effectively suppressed senescence and ripening of plum fruit that show a climacteric rise of ethylene synthesis and respiration. Additional key words: ethylene inhibitor, gene expression, Prunus subg. Prunus, ripening, shelf life
{"title":"Inhibition of Ethylene Binding and Biosynthesis Maintains Fruit Quality of ‘Formosa’ Plums during Postharvest Storage","authors":"Yong-Tae Kim, S. Ha, I. Chun, B. In","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210033","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to develop an ethylene inhibition method using aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to improve postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of plums (Prunus subg. Prunus ‘Formosa’). Plums were sprayed preharvest with 150 mg·L -1 AVG and postharvest with 1 μL·L -1 1-MCP for 24 h. The results revealed that the combined treatment with AVG and 1-MCP (AVG+1-MCP) effectively suppressed skin color change, flesh firmness reduction, decay, and weight loss of plum fruit during postharvest storage. The acidity ratio was also significantly maintained during storage in AVG+1-MCP treated groups. The transcript levels of ethylene biosynthesis genes (PsACS3, PsACS4, and PsACO1) showed the same pattern as the amount of ethylene produced in plums. AVG+1-MCP treatment significantly inhibited transcript levels of PsACS3, PsACS4, and PsACO1 and the reduction in expression of signaling genes (PsETR1, PsERS1, and PsCTR1), resulting in a longer shelf life compared to the untreated control plums. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and binding effectively suppressed senescence and ripening of plum fruit that show a climacteric rise of ethylene synthesis and respiration. Additional key words: ethylene inhibitor, gene expression, Prunus subg. Prunus, ripening, shelf life","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46883109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hylocereus polyrhizus, commonly known as red-fleshed dragon fruit, is an exotic fruit crop whose commercial fruit production depends to a great extent on fruit weight, often with the grower’s intervention for optimal fruit production. The purpose of this study was to characterize the floral structure, the morphology of pollen and stigma, and the reproductive process involving pollen-stigma interaction and pollen tube growth in red-fleshed dragon fruit plant grown in an open field using light, scanning electron, and fluorescence microscopy. Flowers of H. polyrhizus typified the floral traits of Cactaceae, in which large and white-coloured flowers with nocturnal anthesis are accompanied by strong floral emission. The extension of floral anthesis also indicated mixed pollination syndromes of nocturnal and diurnal pollinators. Self-incompatibility of the plant is evidenced by spatial segregation of the sexual organs with approach herkogamy and dry-type stigma. Numerous stigma lobes positioned above the anthers create a large area that enhances a large amount of pollen deposition. The highly ornamented, echinate sculpture of the pollen plays crucial roles in the attachment and adhesion of pollen grains on the stigma, and the presence of pellicles on papillae surfaces are specialized adaptations for pollen tube growth in dry-type stigma. The pollen germinated two hours after pollination with pollen tube elongation underneath the papillae tissues. Infertile pollen grains or incompatible pollination can be observed at 1 day after pollination (DAP), as indicated by the collapsed or dehydrated pollen grains, whereas compatible pollen grains travelling downward through the style transmitting tissues were observed at 2 DAP. After pollination, most of the pollen tube took approximately 4 days to reach the ovary cavity and fertilized the ovules leading to eventual fruit set. Additional key words: dry stigma, exine, papillae, pollen-stigma interaction, self-incompatibility
{"title":"Floral Morphology and Pollination Process of Red-fleshed Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Grown in an Open Field","authors":"J. Ding","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210025","url":null,"abstract":"Hylocereus polyrhizus, commonly known as red-fleshed dragon fruit, is an exotic fruit crop whose commercial fruit production depends to a great extent on fruit weight, often with the grower’s intervention for optimal fruit production. The purpose of this study was to characterize the floral structure, the morphology of pollen and stigma, and the reproductive process involving pollen-stigma interaction and pollen tube growth in red-fleshed dragon fruit plant grown in an open field using light, scanning electron, and fluorescence microscopy. Flowers of H. polyrhizus typified the floral traits of Cactaceae, in which large and white-coloured flowers with nocturnal anthesis are accompanied by strong floral emission. The extension of floral anthesis also indicated mixed pollination syndromes of nocturnal and diurnal pollinators. Self-incompatibility of the plant is evidenced by spatial segregation of the sexual organs with approach herkogamy and dry-type stigma. Numerous stigma lobes positioned above the anthers create a large area that enhances a large amount of pollen deposition. The highly ornamented, echinate sculpture of the pollen plays crucial roles in the attachment and adhesion of pollen grains on the stigma, and the presence of pellicles on papillae surfaces are specialized adaptations for pollen tube growth in dry-type stigma. The pollen germinated two hours after pollination with pollen tube elongation underneath the papillae tissues. Infertile pollen grains or incompatible pollination can be observed at 1 day after pollination (DAP), as indicated by the collapsed or dehydrated pollen grains, whereas compatible pollen grains travelling downward through the style transmitting tissues were observed at 2 DAP. After pollination, most of the pollen tube took approximately 4 days to reach the ovary cavity and fertilized the ovules leading to eventual fruit set. Additional key words: dry stigma, exine, papillae, pollen-stigma interaction, self-incompatibility","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48643365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the positive effects of air anions on the growth of leafy vegetables cultivated in closed plant production systems have been widely reported, but there is limited research on the influence of air anions on plants in greenhouses. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether the application of air anions can stimulate various physiological processes, including the growth, photosynthesis, and mineral uptake of spinach grown in different seasons (spring and fall) in greenhouses. Spinach was treated daily with three concentrations of air anions (low [LA], 3.4 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ; moderate [MA], 5.2 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ; and high air anion [HA], 8.3 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ). After 27 days of HA treatment during spring, the fresh weights of treated shoots and roots were at least 26% higher than of control shoots and roots. In fall, the shoot and root fresh and dry weights and the leaf area were significantly higher by at least 50% under all air anion treatments than those under the control treatment. The analyses of the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance supported the growth results of spinach. Although air anions did not affect the mineral uptake by plants in the spring, the accumulation of all minerals was increased by at least 130% in the fall; Fe ions particularly increased by up to 198% compared with those in the control. The results of this study were consistent with the results of a previous study on a closed production system and demonstrated the possibility of promoting plant growth and increasing production by air anion treatment in a greenhouse. Additional key words: crop productivity, electric field, photosynthesis, seasonal effect, stomatal opening, transpiration
{"title":"Air Anions Promote the Growth and Mineral Accumulation of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Cultivated in Greenhouses","authors":"Joung-Il An, Sora Lee, M. Oh","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210030","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the positive effects of air anions on the growth of leafy vegetables cultivated in closed plant production systems have been widely reported, but there is limited research on the influence of air anions on plants in greenhouses. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether the application of air anions can stimulate various physiological processes, including the growth, photosynthesis, and mineral uptake of spinach grown in different seasons (spring and fall) in greenhouses. Spinach was treated daily with three concentrations of air anions (low [LA], 3.4 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ; moderate [MA], 5.2 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ; and high air anion [HA], 8.3 × 10 5 ion/cm 3 ). After 27 days of HA treatment during spring, the fresh weights of treated shoots and roots were at least 26% higher than of control shoots and roots. In fall, the shoot and root fresh and dry weights and the leaf area were significantly higher by at least 50% under all air anion treatments than those under the control treatment. The analyses of the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance supported the growth results of spinach. Although air anions did not affect the mineral uptake by plants in the spring, the accumulation of all minerals was increased by at least 130% in the fall; Fe ions particularly increased by up to 198% compared with those in the control. The results of this study were consistent with the results of a previous study on a closed production system and demonstrated the possibility of promoting plant growth and increasing production by air anion treatment in a greenhouse. Additional key words: crop productivity, electric field, photosynthesis, seasonal effect, stomatal opening, transpiration","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44692551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic even in small quantities and decrease crop yields. They are easily absorbed by plant roots, and thus enter the food chain, risking human health. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a widely consumed root vegetable in Korea. Therefore, it is important to screen for a radish cultivar that exhibits low Cd and Pb accumulation and elucidate the Cd and Pb tolerance mechanism. In this study, we determined the effect of Cd and Pb stress on germination and growth in four radish cultivars, ‘Gaulgeojang’ (AG), ‘Iseogaul’ (IG), ‘Chongryong’(CR), and ‘Supertogwang’ (ST). Furthermore, Cd and Pb concentrations, production of nonprotein thiols (NPTs), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were investigated in four cultivars of radish seedlings under Cd and Pb treatments. The cultivars showed tolerance to Cd and Pb stress during germination and seedling growth in the following order: CR > ST > IG > AG. CR, a tolerant cultivar, accumulated less Cd in roots and less Pb in both roots and shoots than the other cultivars. In contrast, AG, a sensitive cultivar, exhibited greater Cd and Pb accumulation in roots than the other cultivars. Cd and Pb treatments significantly increased the NPTs in all four cultivars; the highest level was found in CR. Cd and Pb treatments also increased H2O2 levels in all cultivars; the highest and lowest levels were observed in AG and CR, respectively. These results indicate that the greater Cd and Pb tolerance of CR may be attributable to its higher potential to limit Cd and Pb accumulation and to form complexes of metal-binding ligands with Cd and Pb. The results of this study provide information for the selection of the safest of the four common radish cultivars for growth in Cdand Pb-contaminated soils. Additional key words: contaminated soil, heavy metal accumulation, hydrogen peroxide, nonprotein thiols, sensitive cultivar, tolerant cultivar
即使是少量的镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)也是有毒的，并会降低作物产量。它们很容易被植物根部吸收，从而进入食物链，危害人体健康。萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)是韩国广泛食用的根茎蔬菜。因此，筛选低Cd、低Pb积累的萝卜品种并阐明其耐Cd、耐Pb机制具有重要意义。本研究测定了Cd和Pb胁迫对4个萝卜品种‘高居江’(AG)、‘Iseogaul’(IG)、‘chonggryong’(CR)和‘Supertogwang’(ST)萌发和生长的影响。研究了Cd和Pb处理对4个品种萝卜幼苗Cd和Pb浓度、非蛋白硫醇(NPTs)产量和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量的影响。在萌发和幼苗生长过程中，各品种对Cd和Pb胁迫的耐受性依次为CR > ST > IG > AG。抗性品种CR的根镉积累量和根、梢铅积累量均低于其他品种。AG是敏感品种，其根中Cd和Pb的积累量高于其他品种。Cd和Pb处理显著提高了4个品种的NPTs;CR含量最高，Cd和Pb处理均能提高各品种的H2O2含量;AG和CR的含量分别最高和最低。这些结果表明，CR对Cd和Pb的耐受性更强可能是由于其具有更高的限制Cd和Pb积累和与Cd和Pb形成金属结合配体配合物的潜力。本研究结果为四种常见萝卜品种在镉和铅污染土壤中最安全的选择提供了信息。附加关键词:污染土壤，重金属积累，过氧化氢，非蛋白硫醇，敏感品种，耐受性品种
{"title":"Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Four Cultivars of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) during the Seedling Period","authors":"Y. Ku, Sung-ju Ahn, Yeon-Ok Kim","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210028","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic even in small quantities and decrease crop yields. They are easily absorbed by plant roots, and thus enter the food chain, risking human health. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a widely consumed root vegetable in Korea. Therefore, it is important to screen for a radish cultivar that exhibits low Cd and Pb accumulation and elucidate the Cd and Pb tolerance mechanism. In this study, we determined the effect of Cd and Pb stress on germination and growth in four radish cultivars, ‘Gaulgeojang’ (AG), ‘Iseogaul’ (IG), ‘Chongryong’(CR), and ‘Supertogwang’ (ST). Furthermore, Cd and Pb concentrations, production of nonprotein thiols (NPTs), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were investigated in four cultivars of radish seedlings under Cd and Pb treatments. The cultivars showed tolerance to Cd and Pb stress during germination and seedling growth in the following order: CR > ST > IG > AG. CR, a tolerant cultivar, accumulated less Cd in roots and less Pb in both roots and shoots than the other cultivars. In contrast, AG, a sensitive cultivar, exhibited greater Cd and Pb accumulation in roots than the other cultivars. Cd and Pb treatments significantly increased the NPTs in all four cultivars; the highest level was found in CR. Cd and Pb treatments also increased H2O2 levels in all cultivars; the highest and lowest levels were observed in AG and CR, respectively. These results indicate that the greater Cd and Pb tolerance of CR may be attributable to its higher potential to limit Cd and Pb accumulation and to form complexes of metal-binding ligands with Cd and Pb. The results of this study provide information for the selection of the safest of the four common radish cultivars for growth in Cdand Pb-contaminated soils. Additional key words: contaminated soil, heavy metal accumulation, hydrogen peroxide, nonprotein thiols, sensitive cultivar, tolerant cultivar","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41449697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joo-An Ok, Seung Heui Kim, K. Ma, Daeil Kim, H. Jeong, Hyunsuk Shin
Sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) exhibits insufficient freezing tolerance (FT) in comparison with other temperate fruit trees. Information about FT of sweet persimmon is scarce. In this study, FT was analyzed in three sweet persimmons cultivars, ‘Fuyu’, ‘Taishuu’, and ‘Romang’, using an electrolyte leakage method for two successive years (Year 1, November 2017 to April 2018; Year 2, November 2018 to April 2019). Current-year shoot samples from 8-year-old sweet persimmon trees of each cultivar were collected to analyze FT in an experimental orchard (Pear Research Station, Naju, Korea). Average daily air temperatures increasingly declined from November 2017, reaching the minimum in mid-January 2018. They then steadily increased until April 2018 (Year 1). Patterns of average daily air temperatures of Year 2 were similar to those of Year 1 except that they reached the minimum at the end of December 2018. FT of the three cultivars constantly increased during cold acclimation (from November to January), whereas FT decreased during deacclimation (from February to April) for both years. Shoot samples (from Year 2) of the most freezing-tolerant ‘Romang’ and the most freezing-susceptible ‘Taishuu’ were used for soluble sugar analysis with HPLC. In both ‘Taishuu’ and ‘Romang’, total soluble sugar content was the highest in December 2018 and started to decrease from January 2019 until April 2019. Fructose and glucose contents showed the same pattern as total soluble sugar. Meanwhile, sucrose and maltose of ‘Taishuu’ and ‘Romang’ were detected minimally throughout the whole experimental period. These results indicated that fluctuations of total soluble sugar, fructose, and glucose contents paralleled FT of the three cultivars (p < 0.001). Additional key words: carbohydrate, cold acclimation, deacclimation, freezing injury, low temperature
甜柿（Diospyros kaki Thunb.）与其他温带果树相比，表现出耐冻性不足。关于甜柿子FT的信息很少。在本研究中，使用连续两年（第一年，2017年11月至2018年4月；第二年，2018年11月到2019年4月）的电解质渗漏方法，对三个甜柿子品种，“扶余”、“太硕”和“罗芒”的FT进行了分析。在实验果园（梨研究站，Naju，Korea）中，从每个品种的8年生甜柿子树上采集当年的枝条样本，以分析FT。自2017年11月以来，日均气温不断下降，2018年1月中旬达到最低水平。然后，它们稳步增长，直到2018年4月（第一年）。第二年的日均气温模式与第一年相似，只是在2018年12月底达到最低。三个品种的FT在冷驯化期间（从11月到1月）不断增加，而在去气候期间（从2月到4月），FT在这两年都有所下降。用高效液相色谱法对耐冻性最强的“罗芒”和最易冻的“太硕”的茎部样品（第2年）进行可溶性糖分析。在“太硕”和“罗芒”中，总可溶性糖含量在2018年12月最高，从2019年1月到2019年4月开始下降。果糖和葡萄糖含量显示出与总可溶性糖相同的模式。同时，在整个实验期间，“太硕”和“罗芒”的蔗糖和麦芽糖含量最低。这些结果表明，三个品种的总可溶性糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量的波动与FT相似（p＜0.001）
{"title":"Seasonal Fluctuation of Freezing Tolerance and Soluble Sugar Content in Three Sweet Persimmon Cultivars","authors":"Joo-An Ok, Seung Heui Kim, K. Ma, Daeil Kim, H. Jeong, Hyunsuk Shin","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210027","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) exhibits insufficient freezing tolerance (FT) in comparison with other temperate fruit trees. Information about FT of sweet persimmon is scarce. In this study, FT was analyzed in three sweet persimmons cultivars, ‘Fuyu’, ‘Taishuu’, and ‘Romang’, using an electrolyte leakage method for two successive years (Year 1, November 2017 to April 2018; Year 2, November 2018 to April 2019). Current-year shoot samples from 8-year-old sweet persimmon trees of each cultivar were collected to analyze FT in an experimental orchard (Pear Research Station, Naju, Korea). Average daily air temperatures increasingly declined from November 2017, reaching the minimum in mid-January 2018. They then steadily increased until April 2018 (Year 1). Patterns of average daily air temperatures of Year 2 were similar to those of Year 1 except that they reached the minimum at the end of December 2018. FT of the three cultivars constantly increased during cold acclimation (from November to January), whereas FT decreased during deacclimation (from February to April) for both years. Shoot samples (from Year 2) of the most freezing-tolerant ‘Romang’ and the most freezing-susceptible ‘Taishuu’ were used for soluble sugar analysis with HPLC. In both ‘Taishuu’ and ‘Romang’, total soluble sugar content was the highest in December 2018 and started to decrease from January 2019 until April 2019. Fructose and glucose contents showed the same pattern as total soluble sugar. Meanwhile, sucrose and maltose of ‘Taishuu’ and ‘Romang’ were detected minimally throughout the whole experimental period. These results indicated that fluctuations of total soluble sugar, fructose, and glucose contents paralleled FT of the three cultivars (p < 0.001). Additional key words: carbohydrate, cold acclimation, deacclimation, freezing injury, low temperature","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42051338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Jeong, H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, G. Kim, Chae-In Na, S. Hwang
In the Republic of Korea, the root pruning splice-grafting method is commonly used on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to produce grafted plants. The growing medium is an important factor for rooting a transplant. In this study, we investigated the shoot growth and root development of cucumber seedlings in different growing media. ‘Shindong’ cucumber seedlings as scions were grafted onto ‘Shingiwon’ bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) seedlings as rootstocks using the root-pruning one-cotyledon splice-grafting method. The grafted seedlings were transplanted into five different media: commercial growing medium (CGM), rockwool (RW), LC grow foam (LC), RC grow foam (RC), and terra-plug (TP). We also investigated the effect of fertigation on plant growth in the different media. Root morphology was significantly influenced by all five media. The total root length, root volume, and root surface area were greatest in the CGM. However, inorganic media (RW, LC, and RC) resulted in low root growth. Fertigation increased root growth, especially in the CGM. Root growth affected the shoot growth of cucumber seedlings. The shoot growth of cucumber seedlings was greatest in the CGM and TP medium, which also had good root development. In conclusion, CGM with fertigation was advantageous for cucumber root development and growth, and TP showed promise for use as a growing medium in the seedling stage. Additional key words: bottle gourd, root development, root surface, root volume, terra-plug
{"title":"Assessment of Growing Media and Fertigation for Production of Root Pruning Splice-Grafted Cucumber Seedlings","authors":"H. Jeong, H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, G. Kim, Chae-In Na, S. Hwang","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210026","url":null,"abstract":"In the Republic of Korea, the root pruning splice-grafting method is commonly used on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to produce grafted plants. The growing medium is an important factor for rooting a transplant. In this study, we investigated the shoot growth and root development of cucumber seedlings in different growing media. ‘Shindong’ cucumber seedlings as scions were grafted onto ‘Shingiwon’ bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) seedlings as rootstocks using the root-pruning one-cotyledon splice-grafting method. The grafted seedlings were transplanted into five different media: commercial growing medium (CGM), rockwool (RW), LC grow foam (LC), RC grow foam (RC), and terra-plug (TP). We also investigated the effect of fertigation on plant growth in the different media. Root morphology was significantly influenced by all five media. The total root length, root volume, and root surface area were greatest in the CGM. However, inorganic media (RW, LC, and RC) resulted in low root growth. Fertigation increased root growth, especially in the CGM. Root growth affected the shoot growth of cucumber seedlings. The shoot growth of cucumber seedlings was greatest in the CGM and TP medium, which also had good root development. In conclusion, CGM with fertigation was advantageous for cucumber root development and growth, and TP showed promise for use as a growing medium in the seedling stage. Additional key words: bottle gourd, root development, root surface, root volume, terra-plug","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43161291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In apple (Malus domestica), red coloration is an attractive trait for consumers. The color of fruit skin is determined by the distribution of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the skin tissue. ‘Fuji’ apples have red stripes over a yellow-green background, and ‘Mishima’, a ‘Fuji’ bud sport variety, has superior coloration compared to its parent. To investigate the genetic mechanism underlying the enhanced pigmentation in ‘Mishima’ fruit skin, we characterized the expression of pigment biosynthesis genes in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Mishima’ apples during fruit development. CIELAB data showed lower L* (relative lightness) and higher a*/b* ratio (relative redness) values in ‘Mishima’ apples, suggesting increased red pigmentation, which correlated with the levels of pigment biosynthesis gene expression. In ‘Mishima’, two carotenoid biosynthesis genes (MdZISO and MdLCY-ε) were upregulated at many stages of fruit development. Furthermore, enhanced red pigmentation was resulted from higher expression levels of three anthocyanin regulatory (MdMYB10, MdWD40, and MdGST) and three structural (MdCHS, MdCHI, and MdF3’H) genes, suggesting their positive interaction. These data further our understanding of the molecular basis of the enhanced skin color of ‘Fuji’ apple varieties. Additional key words: anthocyanin, bud sport, carotenoid, Malus domestica, skin coloration
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Pigment Biosynthesis Gene Expression Related to Enhanced Skin Color in ‘Mishima’ Apples during Fruit Development","authors":"Hye-Jeong Cho, A. Han, Cheol Choi","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210034","url":null,"abstract":"In apple (Malus domestica), red coloration is an attractive trait for consumers. The color of fruit skin is determined by the distribution of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the skin tissue. ‘Fuji’ apples have red stripes over a yellow-green background, and ‘Mishima’, a ‘Fuji’ bud sport variety, has superior coloration compared to its parent. To investigate the genetic mechanism underlying the enhanced pigmentation in ‘Mishima’ fruit skin, we characterized the expression of pigment biosynthesis genes in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Mishima’ apples during fruit development. CIELAB data showed lower L* (relative lightness) and higher a*/b* ratio (relative redness) values in ‘Mishima’ apples, suggesting increased red pigmentation, which correlated with the levels of pigment biosynthesis gene expression. In ‘Mishima’, two carotenoid biosynthesis genes (MdZISO and MdLCY-ε) were upregulated at many stages of fruit development. Furthermore, enhanced red pigmentation was resulted from higher expression levels of three anthocyanin regulatory (MdMYB10, MdWD40, and MdGST) and three structural (MdCHS, MdCHI, and MdF3’H) genes, suggesting their positive interaction. These data further our understanding of the molecular basis of the enhanced skin color of ‘Fuji’ apple varieties. Additional key words: anthocyanin, bud sport, carotenoid, Malus domestica, skin coloration","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49606936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Di Zhang, Xiaotong Chen, Jiang-tao Sheng, Zhang Yafei, Xiao-hui Shen, L. Ren
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have remarkable chemical, physical, electrical, and structural properties and favorable biocompatibility. This study used carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cut flowers as a model to evaluate the protective effects of 3 kinds of CNMs (single-walled carbon nanotubes [SWCNT], graphene quantum dots [GQD], and fullerenes [C60]) on the antioxidant activity and senescence of plant cells. We found that 1 mg·L -1 C60 and 25 mg·L -1 GQD extended the vase life (VL) of carnation by approximately 10%. SWCNT cannot be absorbed and transported by plant vascular tissue, and higher concentrations of SWCNT can block vascular tissue, leading to decreased VL. Physiological tests have shown that theThe malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) levels significantly decreased after the GQD and C60 treatments, and the main factors that cause cell damage changed from H2O2 to OH·. The in vitro Fenton reaction and 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay indicated that both C60 and GQD may inhibit OH· generation by approximately 10% to 15%, and GQD had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, a suitable concentration of C60 and GQD can influence reactive oxygen species metabolism and downstream biological events, including the cell redox state, the antioxidant system, and membrane lipid peroxidation, effectively delaying senescence and abscission of plant tissue. Additional key words: antioxidant system, fullerene, graphene quantum dots, reactive oxygen species, vase life
{"title":"The Effect of Carbon Nanomaterials on Senescence of Cut Flowers in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)","authors":"Di Zhang, Xiaotong Chen, Jiang-tao Sheng, Zhang Yafei, Xiao-hui Shen, L. Ren","doi":"10.7235/HORT.20210032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20210032","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have remarkable chemical, physical, electrical, and structural properties and favorable biocompatibility. This study used carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cut flowers as a model to evaluate the protective effects of 3 kinds of CNMs (single-walled carbon nanotubes [SWCNT], graphene quantum dots [GQD], and fullerenes [C60]) on the antioxidant activity and senescence of plant cells. We found that 1 mg·L -1 C60 and 25 mg·L -1 GQD extended the vase life (VL) of carnation by approximately 10%. SWCNT cannot be absorbed and transported by plant vascular tissue, and higher concentrations of SWCNT can block vascular tissue, leading to decreased VL. Physiological tests have shown that theThe malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) levels significantly decreased after the GQD and C60 treatments, and the main factors that cause cell damage changed from H2O2 to OH·. The in vitro Fenton reaction and 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay indicated that both C60 and GQD may inhibit OH· generation by approximately 10% to 15%, and GQD had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, a suitable concentration of C60 and GQD can influence reactive oxygen species metabolism and downstream biological events, including the cell redox state, the antioxidant system, and membrane lipid peroxidation, effectively delaying senescence and abscission of plant tissue. Additional key words: antioxidant system, fullerene, graphene quantum dots, reactive oxygen species, vase life","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47303513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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