Young Mo Koo, S. M. Ahsan, Da Bin Kwon, Hyuk Jung, Jeong Doo Choi, Myung Soo Lee, Kiu-Hyung Cho, Byung-Chun In, Hyong Woo Choi
In this study, we analyzed cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents in different tissues of four cannabis cultivars, Cheongsam, Cherry Blossom, Hot Blonde, and Queen Dream, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Standard calibration curves for CBD and THC were generated by analyzing standard CBD and THC solutions via GC-MS, respectively. GC-MS analyses of different tissues of the Cheongsam cultivar revealed different levels of CBD and THC depending on the tissues tested. Female flowers accumulated the highest CBD and THC levels at 0.052±0.02 and 0.02±0.005%, respectively, in the Cheongsam cultivar. Similarly, female flowers of the Cherry Blossom, Hot Blonde, and Queen Dream cultivars accumulated the highest amounts of CBD (2.45% to 3.54%) and THC (0.15% to 0.18%) compared to other tissues, such as the leaves and stems. These results suggest that female flowers of cannabis plants show higher potency levels for CBD and THC production compared to other tissues.
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Contents in Different Tissues of Four Cannabis Cultivars using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Young Mo Koo, S. M. Ahsan, Da Bin Kwon, Hyuk Jung, Jeong Doo Choi, Myung Soo Lee, Kiu-Hyung Cho, Byung-Chun In, Hyong Woo Choi","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230031","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analyzed cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents in different tissues of four cannabis cultivars, Cheongsam, Cherry Blossom, Hot Blonde, and Queen Dream, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Standard calibration curves for CBD and THC were generated by analyzing standard CBD and THC solutions via GC-MS, respectively. GC-MS analyses of different tissues of the Cheongsam cultivar revealed different levels of CBD and THC depending on the tissues tested. Female flowers accumulated the highest CBD and THC levels at 0.052±0.02 and 0.02±0.005%, respectively, in the Cheongsam cultivar. Similarly, female flowers of the Cherry Blossom, Hot Blonde, and Queen Dream cultivars accumulated the highest amounts of CBD (2.45% to 3.54%) and THC (0.15% to 0.18%) compared to other tissues, such as the leaves and stems. These results suggest that female flowers of cannabis plants show higher potency levels for CBD and THC production compared to other tissues.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyungmin Rho, James Gray, Li Paetzold, Qingwu Xue, Charles Rush
The increased depletion of groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer raises questions about the environmental and economic sustainability of conventional field crop production in the Texas High Plains in the United States. We aimed to assess the crop water-use efficiency (WUE) of surface drip irrigation (SDI) systems for high-value vegetable production in this region. Two irrigation treatments – SDI without plastic mulch (CTRL) and SDI with plastic mulch (MCH) – were assigned as the main plots, which were split into sweet corn, chili pepper, and tomato sub-plots. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the WUE outcome of each plot were evaluated. Early growth of crops was promoted with MCH, but by harvest time there was no difference between MCH and CTRL in terms of growth and biomass for corn and tomatoes. MCH reduced the amount of water required for irrigation by about 7.4% but did not reduce ETc. MCH increased the WUE of peppers, but not of corn or tomatoes. The marketable yields of corn and peppers reached the state average, but tomatoes were severely damaged by tomato spotted wilt virus, and only those with MCH produced marketable yields equal to the state average. This study demonstrated the feasibility of high-value vegetable production in the Texas High Plains using SDI, and pepper, with MCH, showed the greatest potential.
{"title":"Evaluation of Surface Drip Irrigation Systems Focusing on Water-use Efficiency in High-value Vegetable Production in the Semi-arid, Windy Region of the Texas High Plains","authors":"Hyungmin Rho, James Gray, Li Paetzold, Qingwu Xue, Charles Rush","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230013","url":null,"abstract":"The increased depletion of groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer raises questions about the environmental and economic sustainability of conventional field crop production in the Texas High Plains in the United States. We aimed to assess the crop water-use efficiency (WUE) of surface drip irrigation (SDI) systems for high-value vegetable production in this region. Two irrigation treatments – SDI without plastic mulch (CTRL) and SDI with plastic mulch (MCH) – were assigned as the main plots, which were split into sweet corn, chili pepper, and tomato sub-plots. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the WUE outcome of each plot were evaluated. Early growth of crops was promoted with MCH, but by harvest time there was no difference between MCH and CTRL in terms of growth and biomass for corn and tomatoes. MCH reduced the amount of water required for irrigation by about 7.4% but did not reduce ETc. MCH increased the WUE of peppers, but not of corn or tomatoes. The marketable yields of corn and peppers reached the state average, but tomatoes were severely damaged by tomato spotted wilt virus, and only those with MCH produced marketable yields equal to the state average. This study demonstrated the feasibility of high-value vegetable production in the Texas High Plains using SDI, and pepper, with MCH, showed the greatest potential.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interspecific hybridization, referring to the transfer of various traits into another species, is an important method to expand diversity in flowering plants. It is very difficult to form seeds and obtain seedlings due to various factors. Post-fertilization barriers can be overcome by embryo rescue strategies in general. The purpose of this study is to establish a protocol to improv the success of the interspecific hybridization of hydrangeas by identifying seed abortion and optimal ovule stages in the presence of post-fertilization barriers. Hydrangea arborescens and H. paniculata were crossed, and ovaries and seeds were observed every week from three weeks after pollination (WAP). Ovules were cultured in vitro from 5 WAP. As a result, it appeared that the ovaries had matured normally. Embryos in the ovary started to form between 4 and 5 WAP and developed between 5 and 7 WAP. Forty five out of 2,905 cultured ovules germinated, indicating a very low germination rate of 1.6%. Early embryos from 5 to 7 WAP, the early stages of embryo formation and development, had a low germination rate and a long germination period (average of 23.3 days). The germination rate was relatively high and the period for germination (average 11.6 days) was relatively short in cultured ovules from 8 WAP. A sharp increase in the germination period (33 days) and ovule collapse were observed at 14 WAP. In conclusion, post-fertilization barriers appeared to occur between 13 and 14 WAP, and the optimal period for the culturing of ovules was between 8 and 12 WAP for interspecific hybridization (H. arborescens x H. paniculata).
{"title":"Investigation of the Post-fertilization Barrier and Appropriate Culture Time During the Interspecific Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens ‘Pink Annabelle’ and H. paniculata ‘Polar Bear’","authors":"SeongHwa Bak, Tae-Ho Han","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230020","url":null,"abstract":"Interspecific hybridization, referring to the transfer of various traits into another species, is an important method to expand diversity in flowering plants. It is very difficult to form seeds and obtain seedlings due to various factors. Post-fertilization barriers can be overcome by embryo rescue strategies in general. The purpose of this study is to establish a protocol to improv the success of the interspecific hybridization of hydrangeas by identifying seed abortion and optimal ovule stages in the presence of post-fertilization barriers. Hydrangea arborescens and H. paniculata were crossed, and ovaries and seeds were observed every week from three weeks after pollination (WAP). Ovules were cultured in vitro from 5 WAP. As a result, it appeared that the ovaries had matured normally. Embryos in the ovary started to form between 4 and 5 WAP and developed between 5 and 7 WAP. Forty five out of 2,905 cultured ovules germinated, indicating a very low germination rate of 1.6%. Early embryos from 5 to 7 WAP, the early stages of embryo formation and development, had a low germination rate and a long germination period (average of 23.3 days). The germination rate was relatively high and the period for germination (average 11.6 days) was relatively short in cultured ovules from 8 WAP. A sharp increase in the germination period (33 days) and ovule collapse were observed at 14 WAP. In conclusion, post-fertilization barriers appeared to occur between 13 and 14 WAP, and the optimal period for the culturing of ovules was between 8 and 12 WAP for interspecific hybridization (H. arborescens x H. paniculata).","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nay Myo Win, Yang-Yik Song, Jong-Chul Nam, Young Sik Cho, Sang-Jin Yang, Jingi Yoo, In-Kyu Kang, Juhyeon Park
‘Hongro’ apple flowers were thinned with chemical (lime sulfur), low mechanical (200 rpm rotor speed, 4 km·h-1 tractor speed), high mechanical (300 rpm, 6 km·h-1), low mechanical (200 rpm, 4 km·h-1) + chemical, and high mechanical (300 rpm, 6 km·h-1) + chemical thinning treatments. Manual (hand) thinning served as a control. Most terminal and lateral flowers per cluster were removed by high mechanical thinning and the combination of this method with chemical thinning, compared to low mechanical thinning combined with chemical thinning. Additionally, the fruit set rate for both terminal and lateral flowers was mostly reduced when using the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination. However, a higher rotor speed during mechanical thinning increased the leaf damage rate compared to a lower rotor speed. Moreover, the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination improved flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and the soluble solid content in fruit at harvest compared to the control plants with low mechanical thinning combined with chemical thinning. The a* value (measured in fruit peel by CIE L* a* b* method) was highest when high mechanical thinning was used and lowest when chemical thinning was used. However, the fruit weight and size and the starch index were unaffected by all thinning treatments. Overall, the effects of mechanical thinning varied according to the rotor and tractor speed, and a high rotor speed (300 rpm) had a greater impact than a lower rotor speed (200 rpm). The highest thinning efficiency was achieved when using the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination, which improved the fruit quality of ‘Hongro’ apples.
{"title":"Effects of Mechanical Flower Thinning on the Fruit Set and Fruit Quality Attributes of ‘Hongro’ Apples","authors":"Nay Myo Win, Yang-Yik Song, Jong-Chul Nam, Young Sik Cho, Sang-Jin Yang, Jingi Yoo, In-Kyu Kang, Juhyeon Park","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230014","url":null,"abstract":"‘Hongro’ apple flowers were thinned with chemical (lime sulfur), low mechanical (200 rpm rotor speed, 4 km·h-1 tractor speed), high mechanical (300 rpm, 6 km·h-1), low mechanical (200 rpm, 4 km·h-1) + chemical, and high mechanical (300 rpm, 6 km·h-1) + chemical thinning treatments. Manual (hand) thinning served as a control. Most terminal and lateral flowers per cluster were removed by high mechanical thinning and the combination of this method with chemical thinning, compared to low mechanical thinning combined with chemical thinning. Additionally, the fruit set rate for both terminal and lateral flowers was mostly reduced when using the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination. However, a higher rotor speed during mechanical thinning increased the leaf damage rate compared to a lower rotor speed. Moreover, the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination improved flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and the soluble solid content in fruit at harvest compared to the control plants with low mechanical thinning combined with chemical thinning. The a* value (measured in fruit peel by CIE L* a* b* method) was highest when high mechanical thinning was used and lowest when chemical thinning was used. However, the fruit weight and size and the starch index were unaffected by all thinning treatments. Overall, the effects of mechanical thinning varied according to the rotor and tractor speed, and a high rotor speed (300 rpm) had a greater impact than a lower rotor speed (200 rpm). The highest thinning efficiency was achieved when using the high mechanical + chemical thinning combination, which improved the fruit quality of ‘Hongro’ apples.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minkyung Kim, Kyeong Ho Kim, Jin Hee An, Kyung-Hwan Yeo, Jong Hyang Bae, Yong-Beom Lee, Ki-Young Choi
This study was conducted to analyze the effects of summer greenhouse environmental factors on the productivity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to determine the influential factors. Two sweet pepper export farms in Gangwon-do (FIn in Inje and FCh in Cheorwon) were surveyed during 2021. The flowering of sweet pepper started in March. FIn undertook two-stemmed cultivation for 35 weeks and FCh utilized three-stemmed cultivation for 31 weeks. The amount of accumulated solar radiation gradually increased from the first flowering period, peaking in July, after which it decreased to about 60% due to frequent rainfall in August. The temperature was high in July, with the day temperature exceeding 30°C and the night temperature being over 21°C. The night temperature increased to as high as 26°C from July 4 to August 13. An analysis of the growth characteristics showed that FIn has a shorter flower length, a thinner stem diameter, and a shorter internode compared to FCh. The relative internode ratio of FIn was 138% for group 1, which is significantly higher than that of FCh. However, the ratio became lower than that of FCh from group 2 and significantly shorter for group 4, reaching 80%. The second half productions of FIn and FCh were 36.1 and 39.9% of the total production rates, respectively. Both farms showed sharply low fruit-set rates in group 5 along with very low harvest rates in groups 4 and 5. It was noted that the low fruit-set rate and harvest rates for groups 4 and 5 led to low yields in the second half of the year. Multiple regression analysis results showed that daytime temperatures and solar radiation levels were positively linked to production levels, while night-time temperatures and growing degree days (GDD) (24h-mean temperature minus 10) were negatively linked. Greater influences were observed in the following order: night-time temperature, solar radiation, GDD, and daytime temperature. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to keep the 24h-mean temperature in the optimal range by keeping night-time temperatures lower while minimizing the decrease in solar radiation in July when the temperature is high in order to secure production in the second half of the year for summer-cultivated sweet pepper.
{"title":"Effects of Greenhouse Environmental Factors on the Productivity of Summer-cultivated Sweet Pepper and Influential Factors","authors":"Minkyung Kim, Kyeong Ho Kim, Jin Hee An, Kyung-Hwan Yeo, Jong Hyang Bae, Yong-Beom Lee, Ki-Young Choi","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230019","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to analyze the effects of summer greenhouse environmental factors on the productivity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to determine the influential factors. Two sweet pepper export farms in Gangwon-do (FIn in Inje and FCh in Cheorwon) were surveyed during 2021. The flowering of sweet pepper started in March. FIn undertook two-stemmed cultivation for 35 weeks and FCh utilized three-stemmed cultivation for 31 weeks. The amount of accumulated solar radiation gradually increased from the first flowering period, peaking in July, after which it decreased to about 60% due to frequent rainfall in August. The temperature was high in July, with the day temperature exceeding 30°C and the night temperature being over 21°C. The night temperature increased to as high as 26°C from July 4 to August 13. An analysis of the growth characteristics showed that FIn has a shorter flower length, a thinner stem diameter, and a shorter internode compared to FCh. The relative internode ratio of FIn was 138% for group 1, which is significantly higher than that of FCh. However, the ratio became lower than that of FCh from group 2 and significantly shorter for group 4, reaching 80%. The second half productions of FIn and FCh were 36.1 and 39.9% of the total production rates, respectively. Both farms showed sharply low fruit-set rates in group 5 along with very low harvest rates in groups 4 and 5. It was noted that the low fruit-set rate and harvest rates for groups 4 and 5 led to low yields in the second half of the year. Multiple regression analysis results showed that daytime temperatures and solar radiation levels were positively linked to production levels, while night-time temperatures and growing degree days (GDD) (24h-mean temperature minus 10) were negatively linked. Greater influences were observed in the following order: night-time temperature, solar radiation, GDD, and daytime temperature. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to keep the 24h-mean temperature in the optimal range by keeping night-time temperatures lower while minimizing the decrease in solar radiation in July when the temperature is high in order to secure production in the second half of the year for summer-cultivated sweet pepper.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shredded pineapple, a type of rare high-quality fresh pineapple, is convenient to eat and has high economic value worldwide. In this study, the crown buds and sucker buds of shredded pineapple were used to study the effects of different explants and the ratios of different hormones (i.e., 6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BA; naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA; and indolebutyric acid, IBA) on the induction, proliferation, differentiation, and rooting of pineapple, and the effects of seedling refining on the survival rate of transplants, to establish a regeneration system for shredded pineapple. The results showed that the most suitable explant was crown buds, the optimal medium for adventitious bud induction was MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+3.0 mg/L NAA, the optimal proliferation medium was MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA, the optimal adventitious bud growth was the MS medium, and the optimal rooting medium was MS+2.0 mg/L IBA. The peak survival rate of regenerated plants was observed after seven days of seedling refining. This study successfully established and optimized a tissue culture and rapid propagation regeneration system for shredded pineapple, which provides technical support for the low-cost rapid production and genetic transformation of pineapples.
{"title":"Establishment and Optimization of an in vitro Regeneration System in Shredded Pineapple","authors":"Jing Zhang, Xueli Fu, Yao Su, Tao Xie","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230021","url":null,"abstract":"Shredded pineapple, a type of rare high-quality fresh pineapple, is convenient to eat and has high economic value worldwide. In this study, the crown buds and sucker buds of shredded pineapple were used to study the effects of different explants and the ratios of different hormones (i.e., 6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BA; naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA; and indolebutyric acid, IBA) on the induction, proliferation, differentiation, and rooting of pineapple, and the effects of seedling refining on the survival rate of transplants, to establish a regeneration system for shredded pineapple. The results showed that the most suitable explant was crown buds, the optimal medium for adventitious bud induction was MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+3.0 mg/L NAA, the optimal proliferation medium was MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA, the optimal adventitious bud growth was the MS medium, and the optimal rooting medium was MS+2.0 mg/L IBA. The peak survival rate of regenerated plants was observed after seven days of seedling refining. This study successfully established and optimized a tissue culture and rapid propagation regeneration system for shredded pineapple, which provides technical support for the low-cost rapid production and genetic transformation of pineapples.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135564018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyeong Ho Kim, Md Rayhan Ahmed Shawon, Yeo Joong Yoon, Ki Young Choi
Substrates are important for plant growth as they maintain the water quality in an aquaponic system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four inorganic substrates of sponge (SS), orchid stone (SO), hydroball (SH), and volcanic rock (SV) on an aquaponic system for planterior (use of plants in interior design) purposes. A recycling deep flow system was used. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Peperu’ seedlings and goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) were kept together for 50 days in a small tank divided into two sections. Every day, 0.25 g of fish feed was supplied into each tank. The electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the water were checked regularly. The nutrient concentration of the aquaponics water and the plant growth parameters were measured. The results showed that the increasing pattern of the EC strength over time was identical under the different treatments. The pH of the water fluctuated with different ranges for each treatment. Furthermore, the NH4+ concentration in aquaponic water increased sharply from 15 to 20 days in all treatments, later becoming more stable. The NO3‒ and Mg2+ ion concentrations also sharply increased after 15 to 20 days of treatment; later, NO3‒ was found to have increased in the SH, SS, and SO treatments. However, at 35 days after treatment, Mg2+ and Ca2+ showed a similar stable concentration trend in all treatments. An inverse relationship was observed between the Ca2+ and HPO42‒ concentrations in all treatments. Plant heights, widths, and stem diameters of K. blossfeldiana were not significantly different among the treatments. The number of leaves, the leaf length, and the leaf width of the plants were also not statistically different among the treatments. At 50 days after the commencement of treatment, the SPAD value of plants was higher in the SH treatment than in the others. Furthermore, the numbers of branches, nodes, and flowers of plant were not significantly different among the treatments. These results indicate that the inorganic sponge, orchid stone, hydroball, and volcanic rock substrates influenced the EC, pH, and ion concentrations in aquaponics water. In addition, the period of the first 20 days is crucial to ensure stable ion concentrations in water. However, these substrates did not significantly affect the growth of K. blossfeldiana.
{"title":"Effect of Inorganic Substrates on the Water Quality and Growth of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana in an Aquaponic System","authors":"Kyeong Ho Kim, Md Rayhan Ahmed Shawon, Yeo Joong Yoon, Ki Young Choi","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230018","url":null,"abstract":"Substrates are important for plant growth as they maintain the water quality in an aquaponic system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four inorganic substrates of sponge (SS), orchid stone (SO), hydroball (SH), and volcanic rock (SV) on an aquaponic system for planterior (use of plants in interior design) purposes. A recycling deep flow system was used. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Peperu’ seedlings and goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) were kept together for 50 days in a small tank divided into two sections. Every day, 0.25 g of fish feed was supplied into each tank. The electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the water were checked regularly. The nutrient concentration of the aquaponics water and the plant growth parameters were measured. The results showed that the increasing pattern of the EC strength over time was identical under the different treatments. The pH of the water fluctuated with different ranges for each treatment. Furthermore, the NH4+ concentration in aquaponic water increased sharply from 15 to 20 days in all treatments, later becoming more stable. The NO3‒ and Mg2+ ion concentrations also sharply increased after 15 to 20 days of treatment; later, NO3‒ was found to have increased in the SH, SS, and SO treatments. However, at 35 days after treatment, Mg2+ and Ca2+ showed a similar stable concentration trend in all treatments. An inverse relationship was observed between the Ca2+ and HPO42‒ concentrations in all treatments. Plant heights, widths, and stem diameters of K. blossfeldiana were not significantly different among the treatments. The number of leaves, the leaf length, and the leaf width of the plants were also not statistically different among the treatments. At 50 days after the commencement of treatment, the SPAD value of plants was higher in the SH treatment than in the others. Furthermore, the numbers of branches, nodes, and flowers of plant were not significantly different among the treatments. These results indicate that the inorganic sponge, orchid stone, hydroball, and volcanic rock substrates influenced the EC, pH, and ion concentrations in aquaponics water. In addition, the period of the first 20 days is crucial to ensure stable ion concentrations in water. However, these substrates did not significantly affect the growth of K. blossfeldiana.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was initiated to investigate the effects of seeding rates on top and root growth characteristics in Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) under the USGA (United States Golf Association) soil system and to provide practical information on proper KB seeding rates. Treatments were comprised of the following five seeding rates: VLS (6 g·m-2), LS (9 g·m-2), MS (12 g·m-2), HS (15 g·m-2) and VHS (18 g·m-2). Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Visual turfgrass color, turf quality and root growth were measured from May to December in 2009. Thesse growth characteristics varied with seeding rate and increased with month after seeding (MAS). Evaluation in the establishment phase indicated that the best color was associated with VHS until 3 MAS, but with HS after that. The turf quality rating score was greatest with VHS until 5 MAS, but with HS after that. Data on root growth, however, showed opposite responses as compared with those of top growth characteristics. During the study, the lower the seeding rate, the longer the root length. Therefore, the best root growth performances were associated with LS and VLS, while HS and VHS, in which the seeding rate was over 15 g·m-2, showed poor performances. In the first-year establishment phase, optimum seeding rates in KB are between 15 and 18 g·m-2 in regards to turfgrass color and quality. However, in terms of root growth, they are in the range of 6 to 9 g·m-2. Further data analysis in a mature-phase will be a practical necessity for the best turfgrass quality and sustainable performance on high-quality sports turf design, construction and management.
{"title":"Effects of Seeding Rates on Top Growth and Root Development in Establishing Kentucky Bluegrass under the USGA Soil System","authors":"Kyoung-Nam Kim","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230015","url":null,"abstract":"This research was initiated to investigate the effects of seeding rates on top and root growth characteristics in Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) under the USGA (United States Golf Association) soil system and to provide practical information on proper KB seeding rates. Treatments were comprised of the following five seeding rates: VLS (6 g·m-2), LS (9 g·m-2), MS (12 g·m-2), HS (15 g·m-2) and VHS (18 g·m-2). Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Visual turfgrass color, turf quality and root growth were measured from May to December in 2009. Thesse growth characteristics varied with seeding rate and increased with month after seeding (MAS). Evaluation in the establishment phase indicated that the best color was associated with VHS until 3 MAS, but with HS after that. The turf quality rating score was greatest with VHS until 5 MAS, but with HS after that. Data on root growth, however, showed opposite responses as compared with those of top growth characteristics. During the study, the lower the seeding rate, the longer the root length. Therefore, the best root growth performances were associated with LS and VLS, while HS and VHS, in which the seeding rate was over 15 g·m-2, showed poor performances. In the first-year establishment phase, optimum seeding rates in KB are between 15 and 18 g·m-2 in regards to turfgrass color and quality. However, in terms of root growth, they are in the range of 6 to 9 g·m-2. Further data analysis in a mature-phase will be a practical necessity for the best turfgrass quality and sustainable performance on high-quality sports turf design, construction and management.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reclaimed land used as arable land can improve low food self-sufficiency or export competitiveness through large-scale controlled-environment agriculture. However, high salinity in reclaimed land can cause diseases and decrease yields during crop cultivation. This study was conducted to understand the growth characteristics of bell pepper and tomato hydroponically cultivated in rockwool and coir media reflecting changes in electrical conductivity (EC) and NaCl concentrations in the raw water of reclaimed lands. For bell pepper, Machai varieties (C. annuum L. cv. Machai) were used. For tomatoes, TY TRUST varieties (S. lycopersicum L. cv. TY TRUST) were used. NaCl was supplemented into the nutrient solution once a week to construct a treatment group based on EC. For bell pepper and tomato, NaCl was supplied at the following levels: none (CON), EC 4.0 (T1), EC 4.5 (T2), EC 5.0 (T3), and EC 5.5 dS·m-1 (T4). The plant height, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, and fruit yield of bell pepper and tomato were investigated as indicators of growth characteristics of crops. For bell peppers, the growth index decreased with an increase in the stage as the NaCl concentration was increased, regardless of the type of media used. The use of coir media could secure bell pepper production yields without a significant effect of the NaCl concentration at the levels used in this study. However, for tomatoes, the leaf area was significantly decreased when NaCl concentrations were applied compared to that of the control group. Also, most other growth indicators were significantly decreased at NaCl concentrations above T2. The effects of the NaCl concentration were reduced when tomatoes were cultivated in coir media instead of rockwool media. Therefore, for hydroponically cultivated bell peppers and tomatoes, if raw water containing NaCl is supplied, it may be possible to maintain the crop yield if coir media are used.
复垦土地作为耕地，可以通过大规模的控制环境农业改善粮食自给率低或出口竞争力。然而，在作物种植过程中，复垦土地的高盐度会引起疾病并降低产量。本试验旨在了解在岩棉和椰胶培养基中水培甜椒和番茄的生长特性，反映复垦地原水电导率(EC)和NaCl浓度的变化。对于甜椒，麻茶品种(C. annuum L. cv。都被使用了。番茄方面，tytrust品种(S. lycopersicum L. cv;使用了TY TRUST)。在营养液中添加NaCl，每周1次，以EC为基础组成处理组。甜椒和番茄的NaCl处理水平为:无(CON)、EC 4.0 (T1)、EC 4.5 (T2)、EC 5.0 (T3)和EC 5.5 dS·m-1 (T4)。以甜椒和番茄的株高、叶面积、叶鲜重、叶干重、茎鲜重、茎干重和果实产量作为作物生长特性的指标进行了研究。甜椒的生长指数随NaCl浓度的增加而降低，与培养基类型无关。在本研究中，NaCl浓度对甜椒产量的影响不显著，使用椰胶培养基可以保证甜椒产量。然而，与对照组相比，施用NaCl处理后番茄的叶面积显著减少。NaCl浓度高于T2时，其他大部分生长指标均显著降低。用椰胶培养基代替岩棉培养基培养番茄，降低了NaCl浓度的影响。因此，对于水培栽培的甜椒和西红柿，如果提供含有NaCl的原水，如果使用椰油培养基，可能会保持作物产量。
{"title":"Growth Characteristics of Bell Pepper and Tomato Hydroponically Cultivated in Growth Media Containing Different NaCl Concentrations in Raw Water on Reclaimed Lands","authors":"Dae Ho Jung, Joon Woo Lee","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230016","url":null,"abstract":"Reclaimed land used as arable land can improve low food self-sufficiency or export competitiveness through large-scale controlled-environment agriculture. However, high salinity in reclaimed land can cause diseases and decrease yields during crop cultivation. This study was conducted to understand the growth characteristics of bell pepper and tomato hydroponically cultivated in rockwool and coir media reflecting changes in electrical conductivity (EC) and NaCl concentrations in the raw water of reclaimed lands. For bell pepper, Machai varieties (C. annuum L. cv. Machai) were used. For tomatoes, TY TRUST varieties (S. lycopersicum L. cv. TY TRUST) were used. NaCl was supplemented into the nutrient solution once a week to construct a treatment group based on EC. For bell pepper and tomato, NaCl was supplied at the following levels: none (CON), EC 4.0 (T1), EC 4.5 (T2), EC 5.0 (T3), and EC 5.5 dS·m-1 (T4). The plant height, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, and fruit yield of bell pepper and tomato were investigated as indicators of growth characteristics of crops. For bell peppers, the growth index decreased with an increase in the stage as the NaCl concentration was increased, regardless of the type of media used. The use of coir media could secure bell pepper production yields without a significant effect of the NaCl concentration at the levels used in this study. However, for tomatoes, the leaf area was significantly decreased when NaCl concentrations were applied compared to that of the control group. Also, most other growth indicators were significantly decreased at NaCl concentrations above T2. The effects of the NaCl concentration were reduced when tomatoes were cultivated in coir media instead of rockwool media. Therefore, for hydroponically cultivated bell peppers and tomatoes, if raw water containing NaCl is supplied, it may be possible to maintain the crop yield if coir media are used.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Bog Lee, Dae Ho Jung, Seok Beom Kang, Seong Sig Hong, Pyoung Ho Yi, Seung Tak Jeong, Jin Myeon Park
Climate change has a considerable impact on human life and ecosystems, as well as on agricultural ecosystems. The two main factors of future climate change, CO2 concentration, and temperature should be tracked, and changes in crop yield and quality due to these environmental factors should be identified. The objective of this study was to analyze the growth, fruit quality, and leaf characteristics of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’) grown under different elevated CO2 and temperature conditions for extended periods. Four different CO2 concentrations and temperature treatments for the cultivation of apple trees were applied as follows: ambient CO2 concentration and temperature (CON), elevated CO2 concentration and ambient temperature (ECAT), ambient CO2 concentration and elevated temperature (ACET), and elevated CO2 concentration and elevated temperature (ECET). Tree shoot length and fruit fresh weight were measured over nine consecutive years. The soluble solids content, titratable acidity, firmness, Hunter ‘a’ value, and ethylene and CO2 emissions of harvested fruits from 9-year-old trees were measured. Elevated CO2 concentrations promoted shoot growth and average fruit fresh weight but reduced fruit yield at the early stage of development, with more than eight years of recovery. Elevated temperature decreased shoot growth, average fruit fresh weight, and fruit yield, as it caused a decrease in the leaf photosynthetic rate. However, under all climate change conditions, it was predicted that the fruit quality would decrease, thus, the marketability of apples would decrease. In the future, as climate change continues, this study can identify the type of cultivation and management practices needed to maintain the fruit quality of apples.
{"title":"Changes in Growth, Fruit Quality, and Leaf Characteristics of Apple Tree (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’) Grown under Elevated CO2 and Temperature Conditions","authors":"In Bog Lee, Dae Ho Jung, Seok Beom Kang, Seong Sig Hong, Pyoung Ho Yi, Seung Tak Jeong, Jin Myeon Park","doi":"10.7235/hort.20230012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.20230012","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has a considerable impact on human life and ecosystems, as well as on agricultural ecosystems. The two main factors of future climate change, CO2 concentration, and temperature should be tracked, and changes in crop yield and quality due to these environmental factors should be identified. The objective of this study was to analyze the growth, fruit quality, and leaf characteristics of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’) grown under different elevated CO2 and temperature conditions for extended periods. Four different CO2 concentrations and temperature treatments for the cultivation of apple trees were applied as follows: ambient CO2 concentration and temperature (CON), elevated CO2 concentration and ambient temperature (ECAT), ambient CO2 concentration and elevated temperature (ACET), and elevated CO2 concentration and elevated temperature (ECET). Tree shoot length and fruit fresh weight were measured over nine consecutive years. The soluble solids content, titratable acidity, firmness, Hunter ‘a’ value, and ethylene and CO2 emissions of harvested fruits from 9-year-old trees were measured. Elevated CO2 concentrations promoted shoot growth and average fruit fresh weight but reduced fruit yield at the early stage of development, with more than eight years of recovery. Elevated temperature decreased shoot growth, average fruit fresh weight, and fruit yield, as it caused a decrease in the leaf photosynthetic rate. However, under all climate change conditions, it was predicted that the fruit quality would decrease, thus, the marketability of apples would decrease. In the future, as climate change continues, this study can identify the type of cultivation and management practices needed to maintain the fruit quality of apples.","PeriodicalId":17858,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135802558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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