Developing new responsive materials whose physico-chemical properties can be controlled and tailored by external stimuli is fundamental for many modern technologies. In this framework, 3D-printable photochromic materials and systems for all-optical data processing might enable remote addressing, by optical control of their response with high spatiotemporal accuracy, thus supporting the development of new computing and sensing platforms with multidimensional fashion. Here, we introduce 3D-printable photochromic materials based on either a spiropyran molecular system or a diarylethene derivative shaped by digital light processing. Dynamically controlling transmitted light by the intensity and sequence of incoming signals, these materials exhibit robust photoswitching cycles, long-term optically-textured information storage, and are used in 3D printed devices capable of all-optical arithmetic and logic processing. These compounds and devices open a route to new 3D all-organic all-optical computing platforms, and to new schemes and architectures for advanced microscopy, sensing, and physical intelligence.
{"title":"All-optical processors by 3D printable photochromic materials.","authors":"Francesca D'Elia,Lorenzo Lavista,Sibilla Orsini,Andrea Camposeo,Dario Pisignano","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01974-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01974-z","url":null,"abstract":"Developing new responsive materials whose physico-chemical properties can be controlled and tailored by external stimuli is fundamental for many modern technologies. In this framework, 3D-printable photochromic materials and systems for all-optical data processing might enable remote addressing, by optical control of their response with high spatiotemporal accuracy, thus supporting the development of new computing and sensing platforms with multidimensional fashion. Here, we introduce 3D-printable photochromic materials based on either a spiropyran molecular system or a diarylethene derivative shaped by digital light processing. Dynamically controlling transmitted light by the intensity and sequence of incoming signals, these materials exhibit robust photoswitching cycles, long-term optically-textured information storage, and are used in 3D printed devices capable of all-optical arithmetic and logic processing. These compounds and devices open a route to new 3D all-organic all-optical computing platforms, and to new schemes and architectures for advanced microscopy, sensing, and physical intelligence.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"47 1","pages":"375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145339279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoenergy harvesting is promising to power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors, freeing the limitations of wired power sources or batteries, enabling bio-integrated devices. However, existing photoenergy harvesting systems are restricted to solid or liquid configurations-limiting biocompatibility and space utilization-which makes obtaining flexible, biocompatible, light-harvesting devices a significant challenge. In this paper, inspired by natural ion gradient diffusion in organisms, offering an ion-hydrogel drops-based photoenergy harvesting base on ammonium molybdate. Through the photochemical process of ammonium molybdate, the electric potential of the device is regulated by the altered ion gradient and the redox pairs ( [ Mo 7 O 24 ] 6 - / [ Mo 14 O 46 ] 10 - ), to generate energy. When exposed to excitation light, a photo driven ammonium molybdate-hydrogel photoenergy harvester (PAPH) can generate an open-circuit potential of ~250 mV, and it can still obtain a considerable output power for milliseconds to thousands of seconds after the termination of the initial illumination. The reversible hydrogel droplets network allows for the recovery and fabrication of arbitrary structures of the PAPH. We further demonstrate the scalable PAPH networks can on-demand regulation of cell epithelial growth factor secretion and receptor expression, stimulate the cell proliferation, thereby facilitating biological tissue wound repair. This ionic hydrogel opens a new avenue for flexible, photoenergy harvesting, biocompatible devices.
光能收集有望为物联网（IoT）传感器供电，从而摆脱有线电源或电池的限制，实现生物集成设备。然而，现有的光能收集系统仅限于固体或液体结构，这限制了生物相容性和空间利用率，这使得获得灵活的、生物相容性的光收集设备成为一个重大挑战。本文受生物体内天然离子梯度扩散的启发，提出了一种基于钼酸铵离子水凝胶液滴的光能收集方法。通过钼酸铵的光化学过程，通过改变的离子梯度和氧化还原对（[Mo 7 O 24] 6 - / [Mo 14 O 46] 10 -）调节器件的电势，产生能量。在激发光下，光驱动的钼酸铵-水凝胶光能收集器（PAPH）可以产生~250 mV的开路电位，并且在初始照明终止后的几毫秒到数千秒内仍然可以获得可观的输出功率。可逆水凝胶液滴网络允许恢复和制造任意结构的PAPH。我们进一步证明，可扩展的PAPH网络可以按需调节细胞上皮生长因子分泌和受体表达，刺激细胞增殖，从而促进生物组织伤口修复。这种离子水凝胶为柔性、光能收集、生物相容装置开辟了一条新途径。
{"title":"Photoenergy harvesting by ammonium molybdate soft hydrogel drops.","authors":"Zelin Lu,Xinxin Hang,Zinan Zhao,Long Cheng,Yu Zeng,Bixuan Li,Menghan Tian,Baolei Liu,Xuchen Shan,Hongyan Zhu,Zhiying Wang,Menghao Ma,Jinliang Wang,Yongji Gong,Xiaolan Zhong,Yang Wang,Lingqian Chang,Fan Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02016-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02016-4","url":null,"abstract":"Photoenergy harvesting is promising to power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors, freeing the limitations of wired power sources or batteries, enabling bio-integrated devices. However, existing photoenergy harvesting systems are restricted to solid or liquid configurations-limiting biocompatibility and space utilization-which makes obtaining flexible, biocompatible, light-harvesting devices a significant challenge. In this paper, inspired by natural ion gradient diffusion in organisms, offering an ion-hydrogel drops-based photoenergy harvesting base on ammonium molybdate. Through the photochemical process of ammonium molybdate, the electric potential of the device is regulated by the altered ion gradient and the redox pairs ( [ Mo 7 O 24 ] 6 - / [ Mo 14 O 46 ] 10 - ), to generate energy. When exposed to excitation light, a photo driven ammonium molybdate-hydrogel photoenergy harvester (PAPH) can generate an open-circuit potential of ~250 mV, and it can still obtain a considerable output power for milliseconds to thousands of seconds after the termination of the initial illumination. The reversible hydrogel droplets network allows for the recovery and fabrication of arbitrary structures of the PAPH. We further demonstrate the scalable PAPH networks can on-demand regulation of cell epithelial growth factor secretion and receptor expression, stimulate the cell proliferation, thereby facilitating biological tissue wound repair. This ionic hydrogel opens a new avenue for flexible, photoenergy harvesting, biocompatible devices.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"2 1","pages":"372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microdisplay panels are critical components for metaverse technology. Aiming to achieve high-resolution and full-color microdisplay, we report the photolithographic fabrication of color-converted Micro-quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED) panel by combining blue Micro-QLED electroluminescence (EL) device and red-green quantum dot color converter (QDCC). Pre-patterned templates were firstly photolithographically fabricated and then applied as substrate to fabricate patterned blue Micro-QLED device, achieving an ultra-high pixel resolution up to 6350 pixels per inch (pixel size ranging from 20 μm × 20 μm to 2 μm × 2 μm). Notably, the patterned blue devices achieve a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.8% and a maximum brightness of 39,472 cd m-2. The patterned red devices achieve a peak EQE of 18% and a maximum brightness of 103,022 cd m-2. By integrating a dual-color red and green QDCC arrays on the top of the blue Micro-QLED, a prototype full-color Micro-QLED panel was fabricated, achieving a resolution up to 1184 pixels per inch with a peak EQE 4.8%, and a maximum brightness of 10 065 cd m-2. The photolithographic fabrication of color-converted Micro-QLED provides an easy-operated method for achieving cost-effective microdisplay panels.
微显示面板是元宇宙技术的关键部件。为了实现高分辨率和全彩微显示，我们报道了将蓝色微量子点电致发光（EL）器件和红绿量子点颜色转换器（QDCC）结合在一起的彩色转换微量子点发光二极管（QLED）面板的光刻制作。首先采用光刻技术制作预图像化模板，然后作为衬底制作图像化蓝色Micro-QLED器件，实现了高达6350像素/英寸的超高像素分辨率（像素尺寸从20 μm × 20 μm到2 μm × 2 μm）。值得注意的是，有图案的蓝色器件实现了7.8%的峰值外量子效率（EQE）和39,472 cd m-2的最大亮度。有图案的红色器件的峰值EQE为18%，最大亮度为103,022 cd m-2。通过将红色和绿色双色QDCC阵列集成在蓝色Micro-QLED的顶部，制作了一个原型全彩色Micro-QLED面板，实现了高达1184像素/英寸的分辨率，峰值EQE为4.8%，最大亮度为10065 cd m-2。光刻技术制造颜色转换的Micro-QLED提供了一种易于操作的方法来实现具有成本效益的微显示面板。
{"title":"Photolithographic fabrication of high-resolution Micro-QLEDs towards color-conversion microdisplay.","authors":"Yuyu Jing,Mingyu Yao,Min Yang,Menglin Li,He Ding,Gaoling Yang,Rongjian Zhang,Dengbao Han,Huan Liu,Haizheng Zhong","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02000-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02000-y","url":null,"abstract":"Microdisplay panels are critical components for metaverse technology. Aiming to achieve high-resolution and full-color microdisplay, we report the photolithographic fabrication of color-converted Micro-quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED) panel by combining blue Micro-QLED electroluminescence (EL) device and red-green quantum dot color converter (QDCC). Pre-patterned templates were firstly photolithographically fabricated and then applied as substrate to fabricate patterned blue Micro-QLED device, achieving an ultra-high pixel resolution up to 6350 pixels per inch (pixel size ranging from 20 μm × 20 μm to 2 μm × 2 μm). Notably, the patterned blue devices achieve a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.8% and a maximum brightness of 39,472 cd m-2. The patterned red devices achieve a peak EQE of 18% and a maximum brightness of 103,022 cd m-2. By integrating a dual-color red and green QDCC arrays on the top of the blue Micro-QLED, a prototype full-color Micro-QLED panel was fabricated, achieving a resolution up to 1184 pixels per inch with a peak EQE 4.8%, and a maximum brightness of 10 065 cd m-2. The photolithographic fabrication of color-converted Micro-QLED provides an easy-operated method for achieving cost-effective microdisplay panels.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"114 8 1","pages":"370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01998-5
Jiho Noh,Tomás Santiago-Cruz,Chloe F Doiron,Hyunseung Jung,Jaeyeon Yu,Sadhvikas J Addamane,Maria V Chekhova,Igal Brener
Two-photon interference, a quantum phenomenon arising from the principle of indistinguishability, is a powerful tool for quantum state engineering and plays a fundamental role in various quantum technologies. These technologies demand robust and efficient sources of quantum light, as well as scalable, integrable, and multifunctional platforms. In this regard, quantum optical metasurfaces (QOMs) are emerging as promising platforms for the generation and engineering of quantum light, in particular pairs of entangled photons (biphotons) via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Due to the relaxation of the phase-matching condition, SPDC in QOMs allows different channels of biphoton generation, such as those supported by overlapping resonances, to occur simultaneously. In previously reported QOMs, however, SPDC was too weak to observe such effects. Here, we develop QOMs based on [110]-oriented GaAs that provide an order-of-magnitude enhancement in SPDC rate, after accounting for the spectral bandwidth, compared to any other QOMs studied to date. This boosted efficiency allows the QOMs to support the simultaneous generation of SPDC from several spectrally overlapping optical modes. Using a linear polarizer, we intentionally erase the distinguishability between the biphotons from a high-Q quasi-bound-state-in-the-continuum resonance and a low-Q Mie resonance, which results in the first-time observation of two-photon interference, shown in the form of a Fano contour, in the spectrum of biphotons. This quantum interference can enrich the generation of entangled photons in metasurfaces. Their advanced multifunctionality, improved nonlinear response, ease of fabrication, and compact footprint of [110]-GaAs QOMs position them as promising platforms to fulfill the requirements of photonic quantum technologies.
{"title":"Fano interference of photon pairs from a metasurface.","authors":"Jiho Noh,Tomás Santiago-Cruz,Chloe F Doiron,Hyunseung Jung,Jaeyeon Yu,Sadhvikas J Addamane,Maria V Chekhova,Igal Brener","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01998-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01998-5","url":null,"abstract":"Two-photon interference, a quantum phenomenon arising from the principle of indistinguishability, is a powerful tool for quantum state engineering and plays a fundamental role in various quantum technologies. These technologies demand robust and efficient sources of quantum light, as well as scalable, integrable, and multifunctional platforms. In this regard, quantum optical metasurfaces (QOMs) are emerging as promising platforms for the generation and engineering of quantum light, in particular pairs of entangled photons (biphotons) via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Due to the relaxation of the phase-matching condition, SPDC in QOMs allows different channels of biphoton generation, such as those supported by overlapping resonances, to occur simultaneously. In previously reported QOMs, however, SPDC was too weak to observe such effects. Here, we develop QOMs based on [110]-oriented GaAs that provide an order-of-magnitude enhancement in SPDC rate, after accounting for the spectral bandwidth, compared to any other QOMs studied to date. This boosted efficiency allows the QOMs to support the simultaneous generation of SPDC from several spectrally overlapping optical modes. Using a linear polarizer, we intentionally erase the distinguishability between the biphotons from a high-Q quasi-bound-state-in-the-continuum resonance and a low-Q Mie resonance, which results in the first-time observation of two-photon interference, shown in the form of a Fano contour, in the spectrum of biphotons. This quantum interference can enrich the generation of entangled photons in metasurfaces. Their advanced multifunctionality, improved nonlinear response, ease of fabrication, and compact footprint of [110]-GaAs QOMs position them as promising platforms to fulfill the requirements of photonic quantum technologies.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"39 1","pages":"371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrated quantum photonics (IQP) allows for on-chip generation, manipulation and detection of quantum states of light, fostering advancements in quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum information technologies. Single-photon detector is a key device in IQP that allows for efficient readout of quantum information through the detection of single-photon statistics and measurement of photonic quantum states. The efficacy of quantum information retrieval hinges on the ability to simultaneously detect every single photon with high efficiency, a relationship that grows exponentially with the number of photons (n). Even a slight decrease in single photon detection efficiency can lead to a significant reduction in probability as n grows larger. Here, we introduce a superconductor-semiconductor heterogeneous integration technology that allows for the integration of transversal superconducting nanowires single-photon detectors that eliminate corner loss on various optical waveguides with exceptional efficiency and versatility. Two cascaded nanowires have been integrated on one silicon waveguide, which not only boosts the detection efficiency to 99.73% at a wavelength of 1550 nm but also provides an on-chip calibration setup, allowing such high efficiency to be measured despite the large loss from fiber-to-waveguide coupling and uncertainties from absolute power calibrations. These advancements represent a substantial improvement compared to previous records, approaching the theoretical limit achievable on silicon waveguide, and demonstrate the versatility of heterogeneous integration technology. This breakthrough in ultra-high detection efficiency establishes a new baseline for assessing quantum measurement capabilities on scalable IQP platforms.
{"title":"Surpassing 99% detection efficiency by cascading two superconducting nanowires on one waveguide with self-calibration.","authors":"Zhen-Guo Li,Jun Mao,Yi-Jin Zhou,Jia-Wei Guo,Shi Chen,Hao Hao,Yang-Hui Huang,Sai-Ying Ru,Nai-Tao Liu,Zhen Liu,Jie Deng,Fan Yang,Xue-Cou Tu,La-Bao Zhang,Xiao-Qing Jia,Jian Chen,Lin Kang,Jianwei Wang,Qing-Yuan Zhao,Qihuang Gong,Pei-Heng Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02031-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02031-5","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated quantum photonics (IQP) allows for on-chip generation, manipulation and detection of quantum states of light, fostering advancements in quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum information technologies. Single-photon detector is a key device in IQP that allows for efficient readout of quantum information through the detection of single-photon statistics and measurement of photonic quantum states. The efficacy of quantum information retrieval hinges on the ability to simultaneously detect every single photon with high efficiency, a relationship that grows exponentially with the number of photons (n). Even a slight decrease in single photon detection efficiency can lead to a significant reduction in probability as n grows larger. Here, we introduce a superconductor-semiconductor heterogeneous integration technology that allows for the integration of transversal superconducting nanowires single-photon detectors that eliminate corner loss on various optical waveguides with exceptional efficiency and versatility. Two cascaded nanowires have been integrated on one silicon waveguide, which not only boosts the detection efficiency to 99.73% at a wavelength of 1550 nm but also provides an on-chip calibration setup, allowing such high efficiency to be measured despite the large loss from fiber-to-waveguide coupling and uncertainties from absolute power calibrations. These advancements represent a substantial improvement compared to previous records, approaching the theoretical limit achievable on silicon waveguide, and demonstrate the versatility of heterogeneous integration technology. This breakthrough in ultra-high detection efficiency establishes a new baseline for assessing quantum measurement capabilities on scalable IQP platforms.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"69 1","pages":"369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02053-z
Maciej Trusiak
Holo-tomographic flow cytometry for label-free phenotyping of suspended acute myeloid leukemia blasts is demonstrated. A concave segmentation algorithm is applied to 3D refractive index tomograms to quantify NPM1-mutation-associated cup-like nuclear morphologies, with virtual reality visualization offering engaging immersion. The method enables population-level detection of statistically significant shifts in 3D cell morphology, originally correlating phenotype with genotype.
{"title":"Rolling into the genome: linking mutations to cellular structure through label-free holographic cytometry.","authors":"Maciej Trusiak","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02053-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02053-z","url":null,"abstract":"Holo-tomographic flow cytometry for label-free phenotyping of suspended acute myeloid leukemia blasts is demonstrated. A concave segmentation algorithm is applied to 3D refractive index tomograms to quantify NPM1-mutation-associated cup-like nuclear morphologies, with virtual reality visualization offering engaging immersion. The method enables population-level detection of statistically significant shifts in 3D cell morphology, originally correlating phenotype with genotype.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"27 1","pages":"368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145288333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02021-7
Zonghao Liu,Bohan Yang,Yifei Zhang,Junfei Shen,Xin Yuan,Mu Ku Chen,Fei Liu,Zihan Geng
Single-pixel imaging (SPI) faces significant challenges in reconstructing high-quality images under complex real-world degradation conditions. This paper presents an innovative degradation model for the physical processes in SPI, providing the first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of various SPI noise sources encountered in real-world applications. Especially, pattern-dependent global noise propagation and object jitter modelling methods for SPI are proposed. Subsequently, a deep-blind neural network is developed to remove the necessity of obtaining parameters of all the degradation factors in real-world image compensation. Our method can operate without degradation parameters and significantly improve the resolution and fidelity of SPI image reconstruction. The deep-blind network training is guided by the proposed comprehensive SPI degradation model that describes real-world SPI impairments, enabling the network to generalize across a wide range of degradation combinations. The experiment validates its advanced performance in real-world SPI imaging at ultra-low sampling rates. The proposed method holds great potential for applications in remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and privacy-preserving surveillance.
{"title":"Comprehensive compensation of real-world degradations for robust single-pixel imaging.","authors":"Zonghao Liu,Bohan Yang,Yifei Zhang,Junfei Shen,Xin Yuan,Mu Ku Chen,Fei Liu,Zihan Geng","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02021-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02021-7","url":null,"abstract":"Single-pixel imaging (SPI) faces significant challenges in reconstructing high-quality images under complex real-world degradation conditions. This paper presents an innovative degradation model for the physical processes in SPI, providing the first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of various SPI noise sources encountered in real-world applications. Especially, pattern-dependent global noise propagation and object jitter modelling methods for SPI are proposed. Subsequently, a deep-blind neural network is developed to remove the necessity of obtaining parameters of all the degradation factors in real-world image compensation. Our method can operate without degradation parameters and significantly improve the resolution and fidelity of SPI image reconstruction. The deep-blind network training is guided by the proposed comprehensive SPI degradation model that describes real-world SPI impairments, enabling the network to generalize across a wide range of degradation combinations. The experiment validates its advanced performance in real-world SPI imaging at ultra-low sampling rates. The proposed method holds great potential for applications in remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and privacy-preserving surveillance.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":"365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01900-3
Yongjae Jo,Hyemi Park,Seho Lee,Hyeyoung Yoon,Taehoon Lee,Gyusoo Bak,Hanjun Cho,Jong-Chan Park,Inki Kim
Image scanning microscopy (ISM) is a promising imaging technique that offers sub-diffraction-limited resolution and optical sectioning. Theoretically, ISM can improve the optical resolution by a factor of two through pixel reassignment and deconvolution. Multifocal array illumination and scanning have been widely adopted to implement ISM because of their simplicity. Conventionally, digital micromirror devices (DMDs)1 and microlens arrays (MLAs)2,3 have been used to generate dense and uniform multifocal arrays for ISM, which are critical for achieving fast imaging and high-quality ISM reconstruction. However, these approaches have limitations in terms of cost, numerical aperture (NA), pitch, and uniformity, making it challenging to create dense and high-quality multifocal arrays at high NA. To overcome these limitations, we introduced a novel multifocal metalens design strategy called the hybrid multiplexing method, which combines two conventional multiplexing approaches: phase addition and random multiplexing. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed method generates more uniform and denser multifocal arrays than conventional methods, even at small pitches. As a proof of concept, we fabricated a multifocal metalens generating 40 × 40 array of foci with a 3 μm pitch and NA of 0.7 operating at a wavelength of 488 nm and then constructed the multifocal metalens-based ISM (MMISM). We demonstrated that MMISM successfully resolved sub-diffraction-limited features in imaging of microbead samples and forebrain organoid sections. The results showed that MMISM imaging achieved twice the diffraction-limited resolution and revealed clearer structural features of neurons compared to wide-field images. We anticipate that our novel design strategy can be widely applied to produce multifunctional optical elements and replace conventional optical elements in specialized applications.
{"title":"Image scanning microscopy based on multifocal metalens for sub-diffraction-limited imaging of brain organoids.","authors":"Yongjae Jo,Hyemi Park,Seho Lee,Hyeyoung Yoon,Taehoon Lee,Gyusoo Bak,Hanjun Cho,Jong-Chan Park,Inki Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01900-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01900-3","url":null,"abstract":"Image scanning microscopy (ISM) is a promising imaging technique that offers sub-diffraction-limited resolution and optical sectioning. Theoretically, ISM can improve the optical resolution by a factor of two through pixel reassignment and deconvolution. Multifocal array illumination and scanning have been widely adopted to implement ISM because of their simplicity. Conventionally, digital micromirror devices (DMDs)1 and microlens arrays (MLAs)2,3 have been used to generate dense and uniform multifocal arrays for ISM, which are critical for achieving fast imaging and high-quality ISM reconstruction. However, these approaches have limitations in terms of cost, numerical aperture (NA), pitch, and uniformity, making it challenging to create dense and high-quality multifocal arrays at high NA. To overcome these limitations, we introduced a novel multifocal metalens design strategy called the hybrid multiplexing method, which combines two conventional multiplexing approaches: phase addition and random multiplexing. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed method generates more uniform and denser multifocal arrays than conventional methods, even at small pitches. As a proof of concept, we fabricated a multifocal metalens generating 40 × 40 array of foci with a 3 μm pitch and NA of 0.7 operating at a wavelength of 488 nm and then constructed the multifocal metalens-based ISM (MMISM). We demonstrated that MMISM successfully resolved sub-diffraction-limited features in imaging of microbead samples and forebrain organoid sections. The results showed that MMISM imaging achieved twice the diffraction-limited resolution and revealed clearer structural features of neurons compared to wide-field images. We anticipate that our novel design strategy can be widely applied to produce multifunctional optical elements and replace conventional optical elements in specialized applications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-02041-3
Yimin Yang,Jialiang Xu
A new type of hybrid cuprous halide (TPP3Cu2Br2) is reported for luminescence lifetime thermometry, featuring both extraordinary water stability and ultrahigh temperature sensitivity. This material overcomes the long-standing trade-off between sensitivity and water resistance in metal halide-based thermometers, opening up new avenues for temperature sensing in humid or aqueous environments.
{"title":"Hybrid cuprous halides enable high-sensitivity luminescence lifetime thermometry with exceptional water resistance.","authors":"Yimin Yang,Jialiang Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02041-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02041-3","url":null,"abstract":"A new type of hybrid cuprous halide (TPP3Cu2Br2) is reported for luminescence lifetime thermometry, featuring both extraordinary water stability and ultrahigh temperature sensitivity. This material overcomes the long-standing trade-off between sensitivity and water resistance in metal halide-based thermometers, opening up new avenues for temperature sensing in humid or aqueous environments.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"40 1","pages":"364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01939-2
Antoni Rogalski,Jin Wang,Fang Wang,Zhiping He,Weida Hu,Piotr Martyniuk
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) have been considered as projecting family of optoelectronic materials broadly investigated for more than 40 years due to capability to tune properties by adjusting chemical structure and simple processing. The OSCs performance has been substantially increased, due to the fast development in design and synthesis. The spectral response of OSCs was extended from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) wavelength region. There are papers reporting detectivity (D*) higher than the physical limits set by signal fluctuations and background radiation. This paper attempts to explain the organic photodetectors' peculiarities when confronted with typical devices dominating the commercial market. To achieve this goal, the paper first briefly describes OSC deposition techniques, diametrically opposed to those used for standard semiconductors. This was followed by a more detailed discussion of basic physical properties, contributing to the photodetectors' performance including absorption coefficient, conduction mechanism, charge generation and charge transport. These effects are very different from those found in inorganic semiconductors (ISCs). The second part of the paper describes the main modes of OSC based photodetectors [photoconductors, photodiodes and field effect transistor photodetectors (FET)] with emphasis on their special features that distinguish them from standard photodetectors. Final part of the paper shows current state-of-the-art of various types/structures of photodetectors and routes for further improvement. The upper detection limit for OSC photodiodes has been shown to be comparable to that for ISC photodiodes with nearly three orders of magnitude variation. The D* overestimates (especially organic based FET phototransistors) were explained.
{"title":"Peculiarities of room temperature organic photodetectors.","authors":"Antoni Rogalski,Jin Wang,Fang Wang,Zhiping He,Weida Hu,Piotr Martyniuk","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01939-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01939-2","url":null,"abstract":"Organic semiconductors (OSCs) have been considered as projecting family of optoelectronic materials broadly investigated for more than 40 years due to capability to tune properties by adjusting chemical structure and simple processing. The OSCs performance has been substantially increased, due to the fast development in design and synthesis. The spectral response of OSCs was extended from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) wavelength region. There are papers reporting detectivity (D*) higher than the physical limits set by signal fluctuations and background radiation. This paper attempts to explain the organic photodetectors' peculiarities when confronted with typical devices dominating the commercial market. To achieve this goal, the paper first briefly describes OSC deposition techniques, diametrically opposed to those used for standard semiconductors. This was followed by a more detailed discussion of basic physical properties, contributing to the photodetectors' performance including absorption coefficient, conduction mechanism, charge generation and charge transport. These effects are very different from those found in inorganic semiconductors (ISCs). The second part of the paper describes the main modes of OSC based photodetectors [photoconductors, photodiodes and field effect transistor photodetectors (FET)] with emphasis on their special features that distinguish them from standard photodetectors. Final part of the paper shows current state-of-the-art of various types/structures of photodetectors and routes for further improvement. The upper detection limit for OSC photodiodes has been shown to be comparable to that for ISC photodiodes with nearly three orders of magnitude variation. The D* overestimates (especially organic based FET phototransistors) were explained.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":"359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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