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Bessel beam optical coherence microscopy enables multiscale assessment of cerebrovascular network morphology and function 贝塞尔光束光学相干显微镜可对脑血管网络的形态和功能进行多尺度评估
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01649-1
Lukas Glandorf, Bastian Wittmann, Jeanne Droux, Chaim Glück, Bruno Weber, Susanne Wegener, Mohamad El Amki, Rainer Leitgeb, Bjoern Menze, Daniel Razansky

Understanding the morphology and function of large-scale cerebrovascular networks is crucial for studying brain health and disease. However, reconciling the demands for imaging on a broad scale with the precision of high-resolution volumetric microscopy has been a persistent challenge. In this study, we introduce Bessel beam optical coherence microscopy with an extended focus to capture the full cortical vascular hierarchy in mice over 1000 × 1000 × 360 μm3 field-of-view at capillary level resolution. The post-processing pipeline leverages a supervised deep learning approach for precise 3D segmentation of high-resolution angiograms, hence permitting reliable examination of microvascular structures at multiple spatial scales. Coupled with high-sensitivity Doppler optical coherence tomography, our method enables the computation of both axial and transverse blood velocity components as well as vessel-specific blood flow direction, facilitating a detailed assessment of morpho-functional characteristics across all vessel dimensions. Through graph-based analysis, we deliver insights into vascular connectivity, all the way from individual capillaries to broader network interactions, a task traditionally challenging for in vivo studies. The new imaging and analysis framework extends the frontiers of research into cerebrovascular function and neurovascular pathologies.

了解大规模脑血管网络的形态和功能对于研究大脑健康和疾病至关重要。然而,如何协调大尺度成像需求与高分辨率容积显微镜的精确性一直是个难题。在这项研究中,我们引入了具有扩展焦点的贝塞尔光束光学相干显微镜,以毛细管级分辨率捕捉小鼠1000 × 1000 × 360 μm3视场的完整皮层血管层次。后处理管道利用监督深度学习方法对高分辨率血管图进行精确的三维分割,从而在多个空间尺度上对微血管结构进行可靠的检查。结合高灵敏度多普勒光学相干断层扫描,我们的方法能够计算轴向和横向血流速度成分以及特定血管的血流方向,从而有助于详细评估所有血管维度的形态功能特征。通过基于图的分析,我们可以深入了解血管的连通性,从单个毛细血管到更广泛的网络互动,这是一项传统上对体内研究具有挑战性的任务。新的成像和分析框架拓展了脑血管功能和神经血管病理学的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative phase imaging endoscopy with a metalens 使用金属丝进行定量相位成像内窥镜检查
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01587-y
Aamod Shanker, Johannes E. Fröch, Saswata Mukherjee, Maksym Zhelyeznyakov, Steven L. Brunton, Eric J. Seibel, Arka Majumdar

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) recovers the exact wavefront of light from intensity measurements. Topographical and optical density maps of translucent microscopic bodies can be extracted from these quantified phase shifts. We demonstrate quantitative phase imaging at the tip of a coherent fiber bundle using chromatic aberrations inherent in a silicon nitride hyperboloid metalens. Our method leverages spectral multiplexing to recover phase from multiple defocus planes in a single capture using a color camera. Our 0.5 mm aperture metalens shows robust quantitative phase imaging capability with a ({28}^{circ}) field of view and 0.({2}{pi}) phase resolution ( ~ 0.({1}{lambda}) in air) for experiments with an endoscopic fiber bundle. Since the spectral functionality is encoded directly in the imaging lens, the metalens acts both as a focusing element and a spectral filter. The use of a simple computational backend will enable real-time operation. Key limitations in the adoption of phase imaging methods for endoscopy such as multiple acquisition, interferometric alignment or mechanical scanning are completely mitigated in the reported metalens based QPI.

定量相位成像(QPI)可从强度测量中恢复精确的光波面。从这些量化相移中可以提取半透明微观体的地形图和光密度图。我们利用氮化硅超球面金属膜固有的色差,演示了相干光纤束顶端的定量相位成像。我们的方法利用光谱多路复用技术,在使用彩色相机进行单次捕捉时从多个离焦平面恢复相位。我们的 0.5 毫米孔径金属膜具有强大的定量相位成像能力,视场和 0.({2}{pi}) 相位分辨率(在空气中为 ~ 0.({1}{lambda}) ),可用于内窥镜光纤束实验。由于光谱功能直接编码在成像透镜中,因此金属膜既是聚焦元件,又是光谱滤波器。使用简单的计算后端可实现实时操作。报告中提到的基于金属膜的 QPI 完全缓解了内窥镜相位成像方法的主要限制,如多重采集、干涉对准或机械扫描。
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引用次数: 0
Ultra-fast light-field microscopy with event detection 带事件检测功能的超快光场显微镜
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01603-1
Liheng Bian, Xuyang Chang, Hanwen Xu, Jun Zhang

The event detection technique has been introduced to light-field microscopy, boosting its imaging speed in orders of magnitude with simultaneous axial resolution enhancement in scattering medium.

光场显微镜引入了事件检测技术,使其成像速度提高了几个数量级,同时提高了散射介质的轴向分辨率。
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引用次数: 0
Quantum sensing with optically accessible spin defects in van der Waals layered materials 利用范德华层材料中光可及自旋缺陷实现量子传感
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01630-y
Hong-Hua Fang, Xiao-Jie Wang, Xavier Marie, Hong-Bo Sun

Quantum sensing has emerged as a powerful technique to detect and measure physical and chemical parameters with exceptional precision. One of the methods is to use optically active spin defects within solid-state materials. These defects act as sensors and have made significant progress in recent years, particularly in the realm of two-dimensional (2D) spin defects. In this article, we focus on the latest trends in quantum sensing that use spin defects in van der Waals (vdW) materials. We discuss the benefits of combining optically addressable spin defects with 2D vdW materials while highlighting the challenges and opportunities to use these defects. To make quantum sensing practical and applicable, the article identifies some areas worth further exploration. These include identifying spin defects with properties suitable for quantum sensing, generating quantum defects on demand with control of their spatial localization, understanding the impact of layer thickness and interface on quantum sensing, and integrating spin defects with photonic structures for new functionalities and higher emission rates. The article explores the potential applications of quantum sensing in several fields, such as superconductivity, ferromagnetism, 2D nanoelectronics, and biology. For instance, combining nanoscale microfluidic technology with nanopore and quantum sensing may lead to a new platform for DNA sequencing. As materials technology continues to evolve, and with the advancement of defect engineering techniques, 2D spin defects are expected to play a vital role in quantum sensing.

量子传感已经成为一种强大的技术,可以非常精确地探测和测量物理和化学参数。其中一种方法是利用固态材料中的光学活性自旋缺陷。近年来,这些缺陷作为传感器取得了重大进展,尤其是在二维(2D)自旋缺陷领域。在本文中,我们将重点讨论利用范德华(vdW)材料中的自旋缺陷进行量子传感的最新趋势。我们讨论了将光学可寻址自旋缺陷与二维范德华材料相结合的好处,同时强调了使用这些缺陷所面临的挑战和机遇。为了使量子传感切实可行,文章指出了一些值得进一步探索的领域。这些领域包括识别具有适合量子传感特性的自旋缺陷、按需生成量子缺陷并控制其空间定位、了解层厚度和界面对量子传感的影响,以及将自旋缺陷与光子结构集成以实现新功能和更高的发射率。文章探讨了量子传感在超导、铁磁、二维纳米电子学和生物学等多个领域的潜在应用。例如,将纳米级微流体技术与纳米孔和量子传感技术相结合,可能会开发出一种新的 DNA 测序平台。随着材料技术的不断发展,以及缺陷工程技术的进步,二维自旋缺陷有望在量子传感领域发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Polaritons light up future displays 极化子点亮未来显示器
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01647-3
Andreas Mischok

Exciton-polaritons have long been a focus point of fundamental research towards polariton lasing, chemistry, and quantum optics. Recent developments now show their extraordinary potential for efficient and bright displays with ultimate color purity.

长期以来,激子-极化子一直是极化子激光、化学和量子光学基础研究的重点。最近的发展表明,它们在实现高效明亮、色彩纯正的显示器方面具有非凡的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Color-conversion displays: current status and future outlook 色彩转换显示器:现状与未来展望
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01618-8
Guijun Li, Man-Chun Tseng, Yu Chen, Fion Sze-Yan Yeung, Hangyu He, Yuechu Cheng, Junhu Cai, Enguo Chen, Hoi-Sing Kwok

The growing focus on enhancing color quality in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has spurred significant advancements in color-conversion materials. Furthermore, color conversion is also important for the development and commercialization of Micro-LEDs. This article provides a comprehensive review of different types of color conversion methods as well as different types of color conversion materials. We summarize the current status of patterning process, and discuss key strategies to enhance display performance. Finally, we speculate on the future prospects and roles that color conversion will play in ultra-high-definition micro- and projection displays.

人们越来越重视提高液晶显示器(LCD)和有机发光二极管(OLED)的色彩质量,这促使色彩转换材料取得了重大进展。此外,色彩转换对于 Micro-LED 的开发和商业化也很重要。本文全面回顾了不同类型的色彩转换方法以及不同类型的色彩转换材料。我们总结了图案化工艺的现状,并讨论了提高显示性能的关键策略。最后,我们推测了色彩转换在超高清微型和投影显示中的未来前景和作用。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic synthetic-scanning photoacoustic tracking monitors hepatic and renal clearance pathway of exogeneous probes in vivo 动态合成扫描光声跟踪监测体内外源探针的肝脏和肾脏清除途径
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01644-6
Jing Lv, Hengrong Lan, Aoji Qin, Tong Sun, Dan Shao, Fei Gao, Junjie Yao, Kamran Avanaki, Liming Nie

Advancements in precision medicine necessitate understanding drug clearance pathways, especially in organs like the liver and kidneys. Traditional techniques such as PET/CT pose radiation hazards, whereas optical imaging poses challenges in maintaining both depth penetration and high resolution. Moreover, very few longitudinal studies have been performed for drug candidates for different symptoms. Leveraging non-ionizing photoacoustic tomography for deep tissue imaging, we developed a spatiotemporally resolved clearance pathway tracking (SRCPT) method, providing unprecedented insights into drug clearance dynamics within vital organs. SRCPT addresses challenges like laser fluence attenuation, enabling dynamic visualization of drug clearance pathways and essential parameter extraction. We employed a novel frequency component selection based synthetic aperture focusing technique (FCS-SAFT) with respiratory-artifacts-free weighting factors to enhance three-dimensional imaging resolutions. Inspired by this, we investigated the clearance pathway of a clinical drug, mitoxantrone, revealing reduced liver clearance when hepatic function is impaired. Furthermore, immunoglobulin G clearance analysis revealed significant differences among mice with varying renal injury degrees. The accuracy of our method was validated using a double-labeled probe [68Ga]DFO-IRDye800CW, showing a strong positive correlation between SRCPT and PET. We believe that this powerful SRCPT promises precise mapping of drug clearance pathways and enhances diagnosis and treatment of liver and kidney-related diseases.

精准医疗的发展要求了解药物清除途径,尤其是肝脏和肾脏等器官的清除途径。正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET/CT)等传统技术存在辐射危害,而光学成像在保持深度穿透和高分辨率方面也面临挑战。此外,针对不同症状的候选药物很少进行纵向研究。利用用于深部组织成像的非电离光声断层成像技术,我们开发了一种时空分辨清除路径跟踪(SRCPT)方法,为重要器官内的药物清除动态提供了前所未有的洞察力。SRCPT 解决了激光通量衰减等难题,实现了药物清除路径的动态可视化和基本参数提取。我们采用了一种新颖的基于频率成分选择的合成孔径聚焦技术(FCS-SAFT)和无呼吸伪影加权因子,以提高三维成像分辨率。受此启发,我们研究了临床药物米托蒽醌的清除途径,发现当肝功能受损时,肝脏的清除率会降低。此外,免疫球蛋白 G 清除率分析表明,不同肾损伤程度的小鼠之间存在显著差异。我们使用双标记探针[68Ga]DFO-IRDye800CW验证了我们方法的准确性,结果显示 SRCPT 和 PET 之间存在很强的正相关性。我们相信,这种功能强大的 SRCPT 可精确绘制药物清除途径图,提高肝肾相关疾病的诊断和治疗水平。
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引用次数: 0
Shape optimization for high efficiency metasurfaces: theory and implementation 高效超表面的形状优化:理论与实施
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01629-5
Paulo Dainese, Louis Marra, Davide Cassara, Ary Portes, Jaewon Oh, Jun Yang, Alfonso Palmieri, Janderson Rocha Rodrigues, Ahmed H. Dorrah, Federico Capasso

Complex non-local behavior makes designing high efficiency and multifunctional metasurfaces a significant challenge. While using libraries of meta-atoms provide a simple and fast implementation methodology, pillar to pillar interaction often imposes performance limitations. On the other extreme, inverse design based on topology optimization leverages non-local coupling to achieve high efficiency, but leads to complex and difficult to fabricate structures. In this paper, we demonstrate numerically and experimentally a shape optimization method that enables high efficiency metasurfaces while providing direct control of the structure complexity through a Fourier decomposition of the surface gradient. The proposed method provides a path towards manufacturability of inverse-designed high efficiency metasurfaces.

复杂的非局部行为使设计高效多功能元表面成为一项重大挑战。虽然使用元原子库提供了一种简单快速的实现方法,但支柱与支柱之间的相互作用往往会带来性能限制。另一个极端是,基于拓扑优化的反向设计可利用非局部耦合实现高效率,但会导致结构复杂且难以制造。在本文中,我们通过数值和实验证明了一种形状优化方法,它能实现高效率的元表面,同时通过表面梯度的傅立叶分解直接控制结构的复杂性。所提出的方法为实现反向设计的高效率元表面的可制造性提供了一条途径。
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引用次数: 0
Long-range enhancement for fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy using Ag nanoislands protected with column-structured silica overlayer 使用柱状结构二氧化硅覆盖层保护的银纳米岛实现荧光和拉曼光谱的长程增强
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01655-3
Takeo Minamikawa, Reiko Sakaguchi, Yoshinori Harada, Hiroki Tanioka, Sota Inoue, Hideharu Hase, Yasuo Mori, Tetsuro Takamatsu, Yu Yamasaki, Yukihiro Morimoto, Masahiro Kawasaki, Mitsuo Kawasaki

We demonstrate long-range enhancement of fluorescence and Raman scattering using a dense random array of Ag nanoislands (AgNIs) coated with column-structured silica (CSS) overlayer of over 100 nm thickness, namely, remote plasmonic-like enhancement (RPE). The CSS layer provides physical and chemical protection, reducing the impact between analyte molecules and metal nanostructures. RPE plates are fabricated with high productivity using sputtering and chemical immersion in gold(I)/halide solution. The RPE plate significantly enhances Raman scattering and fluorescence, even without proximity between analyte molecules and metal nanostructures. The maximum enhancement factors are 107-fold for Raman scattering and 102-fold for fluorescence. RPE is successfully applied to enhance fluorescence biosensing of intracellular signalling dynamics in HeLa cells and Raman histological imaging of oesophagus tissues. Our findings present an interesting deviation from the conventional near-field enhancement theory, as they cannot be readily explained within its framework. However, based on the phenomenological aspects we have demonstrated, the observed enhancement is likely associated with the remote resonant coupling between the localised surface plasmon of AgNIs and the molecular transition dipole of the analyte, facilitated through the CSS structure. Although further investigation is warranted to fully understand the underlying mechanisms, the RPE plate offers practical advantages, such as high productivity and biocompatibility, making it a valuable tool for biosensing and biomolecular analysis in chemistry, biology, and medicine. We anticipate that RPE will advance as a versatile analytical tool for enhanced biosensing using Raman and fluorescence analysis in various biological contexts.

我们展示了利用厚度超过 100 纳米的柱状结构二氧化硅 (CSS) 覆盖层的密集随机阵列银纳米岛 (AgNIs) 对荧光和拉曼散射的长程增强,即远程类等离子体增强 (RPE)。CSS 层提供物理和化学保护,减少分析分子与金属纳米结构之间的影响。RPE 板是利用溅射和化学浸入金(I)/卤化物溶液的方法制造的,生产率很高。即使分析物分子与金属纳米结构之间没有接近,RPE 板也能显著增强拉曼散射和荧光。拉曼散射的最大增强系数为 107 倍,荧光的最大增强系数为 102 倍。RPE 成功应用于增强 HeLa 细胞内信号动态的荧光生物传感和食道组织的拉曼组织学成像。我们的研究结果与传统的近场增强理论存在有趣的偏差,因为它们无法在传统的近场增强理论框架内轻松解释。不过,根据我们所展示的现象学方面,观察到的增强可能与 AgNIs 的局部表面等离子体和分析物的分子过渡偶极子之间的远程共振耦合有关,并通过 CSS 结构得到促进。尽管还需要进一步研究才能充分了解其基本机制,但 RPE 板具有高生产率和生物相容性等实用优势,使其成为化学、生物和医学领域生物传感和生物分子分析的重要工具。我们预计,RPE 将成为一种多功能分析工具,在各种生物环境中利用拉曼和荧光分析增强生物传感。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic control and manipulation of near-fields using direct feedback 利用直接反馈对近场进行动态控制和操纵
Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01610-2
Jacob Kher-Aldeen, Kobi Cohen, Stav Lotan, Kobi Frischwasser, Bergin Gjonaj, Shai Tsesses, Guy Bartal

Shaping and controlling electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale is vital for advancing efficient and compact devices used in optical communications, sensing and metrology, as well as for the exploration of fundamental properties of light-matter interaction and optical nonlinearity. Real-time feedback for active control over light can provide a significant advantage in these endeavors, compensating for ever-changing experimental conditions and inherent or accumulated device flaws. Scanning nearfield microscopy, being slow in essence, cannot provide such a real-time feedback that was thus far possible only by scattering-based microscopy. Here, we present active control over nanophotonic near-fields with direct feedback facilitated by real-time near-field imaging. We use far-field wavefront shaping to control nanophotonic patterns in surface waves, demonstrating translation and splitting of near-field focal spots at nanometer-scale precision, active toggling of different near-field angular momenta and correction of patterns damaged by structural defects using feedback enabled by the real-time operation. The ability to simultaneously shape and observe nanophotonic fields can significantly impact various applications such as nanoscale optical manipulation, optical addressing of integrated quantum emitters and near-field adaptive optics.

在纳米尺度上塑造和控制电磁场,对于推动光通信、传感和计量领域使用的高效紧凑型设备,以及探索光物质相互作用和光学非线性的基本特性至关重要。对光进行主动控制的实时反馈可为这些工作提供显著优势,弥补不断变化的实验条件和固有或累积的设备缺陷。扫描近场显微镜本质上速度较慢,无法提供这种实时反馈,而迄今为止只有基于散射的显微镜才能做到这一点。在这里,我们提出了纳米光子近场主动控制,并通过实时近场成像提供直接反馈。我们利用远场波前整形来控制表面波中的纳米光子图案,展示了纳米级精度的近场焦斑平移和分割、不同近场角矩的主动切换,以及利用实时操作实现的反馈来校正受结构缺陷破坏的图案。同时塑造和观察纳米光子场的能力会对各种应用产生重大影响,如纳米级光学操纵、集成量子发射器的光学寻址和近场自适应光学。
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引用次数: 0
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