Piper betleis a Piperaceae family scented perennial creeper. The leaves are high in phenol, a compound with anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive compound in Piper betle leaves extract using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Over 100 compounds were found in the GC-MS results, with 19 of them having a probability of greater than 30. The compound phentermine shows the highest peak at a retention time of 9.346 minutes, followed by Hexadecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Eugenol, Dodecanoic acid. Hexadecanoic acid shows the highest area% about 26.665%, indicating the highest composition of hexadecanoic acid in the betel leaf extract. The result revealed that the compound in betel leaf extract possesses medicinal properties.
{"title":"Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Piper Betle Leaf Extract by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)","authors":"Sathiamoorthy V, G. P., B. M.","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000650","url":null,"abstract":"Piper betleis a Piperaceae family scented perennial creeper. The leaves are high in phenol, a compound with anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive compound in Piper betle leaves extract using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Over 100 compounds were found in the GC-MS results, with 19 of them having a probability of greater than 30. The compound phentermine shows the highest peak at a retention time of 9.346 minutes, followed by Hexadecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Eugenol, Dodecanoic acid. Hexadecanoic acid shows the highest area% about 26.665%, indicating the highest composition of hexadecanoic acid in the betel leaf extract. The result revealed that the compound in betel leaf extract possesses medicinal properties.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90287250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ten Trichoderma isolates named as Trichoderma isolate1 to Trichoderma isolate 10, were isolated from different soil samples collected from virgin, Jhum, cultivated, and fallow land of Medziphema block of Nagaland state by serial dilution agar plate method on Trichoderma selective medium (TSM). All the Trichoderma isolates were tested against Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii by dual culture method. All the isolates were highly effective against both the pathogens with 83-93 percent and 72-89 per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii, respectively. Among the tested Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma isolate1 was observed most effective; therefore, it was mass multiplied in Potato Dextrose Broth and formulated in talc powder. The colony forming units were counted thrice to determine the number of viable conidia in product; the first counting was done on the same day of formulation, the second counting was done one month, and the last was done six months after formulation. It was observed that the colony forming units decreased from 13 × 106 c.f.u. to 5.66 × 106 c.f.u. after six months of storage from the initial formulation which indicates that even after six months of storage, the Trichoderma isolate 1 formulated by using talc powder still contained good number of viable conidia. Thus, from the overall results obtained from the present work, it can be concluded that Trichoderma spp. as a ubiquitous fungus and an effective biological control agent can be one of the paramount components of integrated disease management.
{"title":"Study on Isolation, Effectiveness and Formulation of Native Trichoderma spp. from Jhum, Virgin and Cultivated Land of Nagaland","authors":"Chavan Digvijay Rajaram, S. Banik","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000703","url":null,"abstract":"Ten Trichoderma isolates named as Trichoderma isolate1 to Trichoderma isolate 10, were isolated from different soil samples collected from virgin, Jhum, cultivated, and fallow land of Medziphema block of Nagaland state by serial dilution agar plate method on Trichoderma selective medium (TSM). All the Trichoderma isolates were tested against Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii by dual culture method. All the isolates were highly effective against both the pathogens with 83-93 percent and 72-89 per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii, respectively. Among the tested Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma isolate1 was observed most effective; therefore, it was mass multiplied in Potato Dextrose Broth and formulated in talc powder. The colony forming units were counted thrice to determine the number of viable conidia in product; the first counting was done on the same day of formulation, the second counting was done one month, and the last was done six months after formulation. It was observed that the colony forming units decreased from 13 × 106 c.f.u. to 5.66 × 106 c.f.u. after six months of storage from the initial formulation which indicates that even after six months of storage, the Trichoderma isolate 1 formulated by using talc powder still contained good number of viable conidia. Thus, from the overall results obtained from the present work, it can be concluded that Trichoderma spp. as a ubiquitous fungus and an effective biological control agent can be one of the paramount components of integrated disease management.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89260653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempted to create a comprehensive measure of Financial Inclusion (FI) with specific focus on SHGs among 33 major states in India from the period of 2016 to 2020. Principal Component Analysis was employed to track the status of inclusion in Indian financial sector. The link between FI and development indicators like agricultural and industrial growth, access to basic education was explored through Ordered Probit Random effect model using panel data. Results indicated that majority of Eastern and North Eastern states have poor FI, in addition Financial Inclusion Index (FII) showed a positive relation with agricultural growth
{"title":"Financial Inclusion through Self Help Groups – An Economic Catalyst to transform Rural India","authors":"Kalaiarasi D, R. A","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000713","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempted to create a comprehensive measure of Financial Inclusion (FI) with specific focus on SHGs among 33 major states in India from the period of 2016 to 2020. Principal Component Analysis was employed to track the status of inclusion in Indian financial sector. The link between FI and development indicators like agricultural and industrial growth, access to basic education was explored through Ordered Probit Random effect model using panel data. Results indicated that majority of Eastern and North Eastern states have poor FI, in addition Financial Inclusion Index (FII) showed a positive relation with agricultural growth","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75090282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Content analysis can be used with various data sources, including textual data, visual stimuli (e.g., photographs/videos), and audio data. An English daily newspaper (Business Line) was purposively selected for content analysis study. From June 2020 to May 2021, the daily newspapers were surveyed to study the subject matter coverage and monthly frequency. The study shows that the news published was highly about government policies/plans/reforms, weather & climate, commodities sales & trends, and exports and imports. From the selected year, it was found that highly frequent coverage of the agricultural news was observed during October, followed by June and May months. Readability analysis was done by randomly selecting five percent of the articles from the total news items identified. From the analysis, it can be viewed that the level of difficulty in reading the articles ranged from standard to very difficult. The average score was found as 46.9, which is “Difficult” to read. It is concluded that the newspaper had good coverage of agriculture articles and it has been suggested to reduce the difficulty level of the contents of the articles.
{"title":"Content Analysis of Agriculture News Published in English Daily (Business Line)","authors":"A. M, K. C., S. M","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000591","url":null,"abstract":"Content analysis can be used with various data sources, including textual data, visual stimuli (e.g., photographs/videos), and audio data. An English daily newspaper (Business Line) was purposively selected for content analysis study. From June 2020 to May 2021, the daily newspapers were surveyed to study the subject matter coverage and monthly frequency. The study shows that the news published was highly about government policies/plans/reforms, weather & climate, commodities sales & trends, and exports and imports. From the selected year, it was found that highly frequent coverage of the agricultural news was observed during October, followed by June and May months. Readability analysis was done by randomly selecting five percent of the articles from the total news items identified. From the analysis, it can be viewed that the level of difficulty in reading the articles ranged from standard to very difficult. The average score was found as 46.9, which is “Difficult” to read. It is concluded that the newspaper had good coverage of agriculture articles and it has been suggested to reduce the difficulty level of the contents of the articles.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75435751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was under taken to assess the drought stress tolerance in four mulberry genotypes and three varieties. Four months old mulberry plants were subjected to three water regimes viz., 100% PC, 50% PC, 25% PC for 30 days. Chlorophyll Stability Index, intrinsic Water Use Efficiency and osmolyte accumulation (proline content) were estimated before imposing drought stress and 30 days after drought stress. WUEi and proline accumulation was increased, while CSI, carbohydrate and protein contents were found to be decreased as severity of drought stress progressed. Mulberry genotype, MI-0425 was found to be drought tolerant with higher WUEi (4.13 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) and proline accumulation (8.54 μg g-1). This line also showed lesser protein degradation at severe drought stress. The genotype MI-0613 recorded lower WUEi (3.18 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) and proline content (5.87 μg g-1) under severe drought stress. It also recorded severe reduction in yield (45.96%) under stress. Hence, MI-0613 was identified as a drought susceptible genotype. Variety V1 recorded higher CSI (77.68%) and carbohydrate (29.03 mg/g) and yield (95.48 g/plant) under both in moderate and intense water stress treatments. Hence, V1 was found to mitigate drought stress by maintaining higher CSI and carbohydrate content.
{"title":"Estimation of Water Use Efficiency and Osmolyte accumulation to Evaluate Drought Stress Tolerance in Mulberry","authors":"D. R, V. D","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000662","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was under taken to assess the drought stress tolerance in four mulberry genotypes and three varieties. Four months old mulberry plants were subjected to three water regimes viz., 100% PC, 50% PC, 25% PC for 30 days. Chlorophyll Stability Index, intrinsic Water Use Efficiency and osmolyte accumulation (proline content) were estimated before imposing drought stress and 30 days after drought stress. WUEi and proline accumulation was increased, while CSI, carbohydrate and protein contents were found to be decreased as severity of drought stress progressed. Mulberry genotype, MI-0425 was found to be drought tolerant with higher WUEi (4.13 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) and proline accumulation (8.54 μg g-1). This line also showed lesser protein degradation at severe drought stress. The genotype MI-0613 recorded lower WUEi (3.18 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) and proline content (5.87 μg g-1) under severe drought stress. It also recorded severe reduction in yield (45.96%) under stress. Hence, MI-0613 was identified as a drought susceptible genotype. Variety V1 recorded higher CSI (77.68%) and carbohydrate (29.03 mg/g) and yield (95.48 g/plant) under both in moderate and intense water stress treatments. Hence, V1 was found to mitigate drought stress by maintaining higher CSI and carbohydrate content.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81895607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maize is one of the most important cereal crops and is called ‘the queen of cereals’ because of its high yielding potential than other cereals. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the serious invasive pests found to cause higher yield loss and extensive damage on maize. Considering the ecological and environmental consequences, biological control of insect pests is gaining importance as an alternative to insecticides. However, the success of any biological control programme depends on the appropriate parasitoid: host ratio and the biological stage of the pest susceptible to parasitoid. To fortify the above facts, the present study was aimed to determine the parasitic potential of B. brevicornis on S. frugiperda through free and no choice tests. This study indicated highest parasitization at the parasitoid: host ratio of 5:1 with 68.60 and 64.95 per cent parasitization on the VI instar followed by V instar (57.75 and 56.95 %), IV instar (48.80 and 46.60 %) and III instar (32.40 and 30.67 %) respectively under free and no choice conditions, respectively. Among the parasitoid host ratios tested 5: 1 was found to be the best indicating that the parasitic potential of B. brevicornis was directly proportional to the parasitoid densities. Biological parameters of B. brevicornis studied on different S. frugiperda instars recorded highest number of eggs (32.00), grub (30.75), cocoon (29.75) and adults (28.00) on sixth instar larva of S. frugiperda followed by fifth instar larva of S. frugiperda. The results revealed that the larval size was directly proportional to the progeny development of B. brevicornis. The egg, grub and cocoon period of B. brevicornis on S. frugiperda ranged from 24.20 to 26.20 h, 72.26 to 73.20 h, 96.20 to 98.20 h, respectively. The total life cycle was completed in 192.66 to 195.80 h in all instars and was found to be on par with all the instars studied. The longevity of adults emerged from different instars were found to be on par with each other and it ranged from 362.0 to 362.8 h.
{"title":"Parasitic Potential of Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"Lekha priyanka S, Jeyarani S, S. N, M. S.","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000676","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is one of the most important cereal crops and is called ‘the queen of cereals’ because of its high yielding potential than other cereals. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the serious invasive pests found to cause higher yield loss and extensive damage on maize. Considering the ecological and environmental consequences, biological control of insect pests is gaining importance as an alternative to insecticides. However, the success of any biological control programme depends on the appropriate parasitoid: host ratio and the biological stage of the pest susceptible to parasitoid. To fortify the above facts, the present study was aimed to determine the parasitic potential of B. brevicornis on S. frugiperda through free and no choice tests. This study indicated highest parasitization at the parasitoid: host ratio of 5:1 with 68.60 and 64.95 per cent parasitization on the VI instar followed by V instar (57.75 and 56.95 %), IV instar (48.80 and 46.60 %) and III instar (32.40 and 30.67 %) respectively under free and no choice conditions, respectively. Among the parasitoid host ratios tested 5: 1 was found to be the best indicating that the parasitic potential of B. brevicornis was directly proportional to the parasitoid densities. Biological parameters of B. brevicornis studied on different S. frugiperda instars recorded highest number of eggs (32.00), grub (30.75), cocoon (29.75) and adults (28.00) on sixth instar larva of S. frugiperda followed by fifth instar larva of S. frugiperda. The results revealed that the larval size was directly proportional to the progeny development of B. brevicornis. The egg, grub and cocoon period of B. brevicornis on S. frugiperda ranged from 24.20 to 26.20 h, 72.26 to 73.20 h, 96.20 to 98.20 h, respectively. The total life cycle was completed in 192.66 to 195.80 h in all instars and was found to be on par with all the instars studied. The longevity of adults emerged from different instars were found to be on par with each other and it ranged from 362.0 to 362.8 h.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81980558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In India, one of the most important cash crops is Arecanut (Areca catechu), which is referred to as a traditional medicine in Indian Ayurveda texts. India ranks first in area and production of arecanut, accounting for 54.07 per cent of its world production. In Tamil Nadu arecanut is cultivated in 6,884 ha of area with 35% area is under Salem district with a sample size of 120 arecanut farmers was selected by proportionate random sampling technique. Kaiser Meyer Olkin Measures the sampling adequacy, for the present study, the value was 0.717, which signifies the sample is adequate and middling as used by most scientists. Bartlett’s test of sphericity is 676.687, while the significance is 0.000,which implies the variables are adequate for the study. Five factors were extracted from the sixteen components with Eigen values and factor loadings witha total variance of 64.95 per cent. The functional factor had high variance of 18.32% with seven-factor loadings, cognizance factors with 15.30% variance with six-factor loadings followed by empirical factor with 15.12% variance for three-factor loadings, household factor having variance of 8.48% with two-factor loadings and decisive factor having variance of 7.71% with three-factor loadings. This study suggests promoting improved methods of cultivation at the farm level to increase household income and for expansion of arecanut areas.
{"title":"Assessment of Influential Factors for Farmers towards Arecanut (Areca catechu) Cultivation in Tamil Nadu","authors":"M. V., V. R, P. K., B. A","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000643","url":null,"abstract":"In India, one of the most important cash crops is Arecanut (Areca catechu), which is referred to as a traditional medicine in Indian Ayurveda texts. India ranks first in area and production of arecanut, accounting for 54.07 per cent of its world production. In Tamil Nadu arecanut is cultivated in 6,884 ha of area with 35% area is under Salem district with a sample size of 120 arecanut farmers was selected by proportionate random sampling technique. Kaiser Meyer Olkin Measures the sampling adequacy, for the present study, the value was 0.717, which signifies the sample is adequate and middling as used by most scientists. Bartlett’s test of sphericity is 676.687, while the significance is 0.000,which implies the variables are adequate for the study. Five factors were extracted from the sixteen components with Eigen values and factor loadings witha total variance of 64.95 per cent. The functional factor had high variance of 18.32% with seven-factor loadings, cognizance factors with 15.30% variance with six-factor loadings followed by empirical factor with 15.12% variance for three-factor loadings, household factor having variance of 8.48% with two-factor loadings and decisive factor having variance of 7.71% with three-factor loadings. This study suggests promoting improved methods of cultivation at the farm level to increase household income and for expansion of arecanut areas.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84375782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern technology of microwave synthesis was utilized for hydrochar production from groundnut shell biomass. Hydrochar was produced at three different temperatures (180, 200, and 220°C) with 20 minutes of holding time and analyzed for the physicochemical characteristics. The yield of hydrochar and hydrocrude were in the range of 45 to 61 % and 51 to 56 % respectively. The maximum value of the higher heating value of 19.11 MJ/kg was obtained for hydrochar produced at 220°C, which is similar to the higher heating value of lignite (19 MJ/kg). The energy densification ratio of respective hydrochar was 1.13 with 51.77 % energy yield. The result implied that microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization was an energyefficient method to produce hydrochar. Hydrochar produced from groundnut shells was an eco-friendly, energy enriched product that can be used as a solid fuel.
{"title":"Energy Densification of Groundnut Shell through Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization","authors":"K. P, S. P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000639","url":null,"abstract":"Modern technology of microwave synthesis was utilized for hydrochar production from groundnut shell biomass. Hydrochar was produced at three different temperatures (180, 200, and 220°C) with 20 minutes of holding time and analyzed for the physicochemical characteristics. The yield of hydrochar and hydrocrude were in the range of 45 to 61 % and 51 to 56 % respectively. The maximum value of the higher heating value of 19.11 MJ/kg was obtained for hydrochar produced at 220°C, which is similar to the higher heating value of lignite (19 MJ/kg). The energy densification ratio of respective hydrochar was 1.13 with 51.77 % energy yield. The result implied that microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization was an energyefficient method to produce hydrochar. Hydrochar produced from groundnut shells was an eco-friendly, energy enriched product that can be used as a solid fuel.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84528216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cotton in India provides direct livelihood to 6 million farmers and about 40-50 million people are employed in the cotton trade and its processing in India. Cotton is a tropical and subtropical crop. For successful germination of its seeds, a minimum temperature of 15ºC is required. It is grown mainly as a dry crop in black cotton and medium black soil. The physical properties of the cotton plant are very important to optimize the design parameters of cottonuprooter cum shredder. Physical properties such asstalk stem diameter, plant height, and taproot depth were determined for the development of cotton uprooter cum shredder. The obtained results for stalk stem diameter, plant height, and taproot depth were2.2 cm,117.4 cm, and 32.7 cm, respectively. The moisture content of the cotton stalks is 27.3% and the soil moisture content was found to be 11.1%. The maximum deviation of the cotton plant was found to be 7.5 cm.
{"title":"Determination of Physical Properties of Cotton Plant in the Development of Cotton Uprooter cum Shredder","authors":"Raju Yadav K, Reddy Sj, A. A, M. K","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000690","url":null,"abstract":"The cotton in India provides direct livelihood to 6 million farmers and about 40-50 million people are employed in the cotton trade and its processing in India. Cotton is a tropical and subtropical crop. For successful germination of its seeds, a minimum temperature of 15ºC is required. It is grown mainly as a dry crop in black cotton and medium black soil. The physical properties of the cotton plant are very important to optimize the design parameters of cottonuprooter cum shredder. Physical properties such asstalk stem diameter, plant height, and taproot depth were determined for the development of cotton uprooter cum shredder. The obtained results for stalk stem diameter, plant height, and taproot depth were2.2 cm,117.4 cm, and 32.7 cm, respectively. The moisture content of the cotton stalks is 27.3% and the soil moisture content was found to be 11.1%. The maximum deviation of the cotton plant was found to be 7.5 cm.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85477260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chitosan (Cs), a natural biodegradable polysaccharide polymer, prepared from sea waste of crustacean origin, has the potential for plant protection application. In the present study, a novel chitosan derivative, called Chitosan-O-Arginine, synthesized from crude chitosan, was evaluated for its chronic toxicity against second instar larvae of Plutella xylostella by leaf dip method. The results revealed the toxic potential of Chitosan-O-Arginine, which could inflict cent per cent mortality after four days of continuous feeding on the 1000 ppm treated leaf, and the larva could accomplish 0.12 mg weight (99.66% reduction) on the day before death. The next lower concentration (700 ppm) resulted in the maximum larval weight of 0.45 mg (93.71% reduction) after nine days of feeding and resulted in cent per cent mortality after the tenth day. While the untreated larva attained a maximum weight of 5.54 mg. All the larvae were pupated in the next lower concentration (500 ppm) and recorded minimum pupal (1.00 mg; 80% reduction) and adult (0.73 mg; 77.45% reduction) weight, whereas the untreated pupa and adult weighed the maximum of 5.00 mg and 3.20 mg. Considering the developmental period, there was no significant difference in the larval duration and adult life span. While there was an extension of the pupal period by one day at 500 ppm compared to untreated larva. The larval, pupal, and adult malformations were noticed in 300 and 100 ppm concentrations. These findings suggest that chitosan was potent in imposing chronic toxicity and growth inhibitory effect on P. xylostella larvae, and hence it can be recommended as an eco-friendly component in the Integrated Pest Management module.
壳聚糖(Cs)是一种天然的可生物降解的多糖聚合物，由海洋甲壳类废弃物制备而成，具有潜在的植物保护应用前景。本研究以壳聚糖为原料合成一种新型壳聚糖衍生物壳聚糖- o -精氨酸，并采用叶浸法研究其对小菜蛾二龄幼虫的慢性毒性。结果显示，壳聚糖- o -精氨酸的毒性潜力，在1000 ppm处理的叶片上连续取食4天后，其死亡率可达到百分之百，幼虫在死亡前一天可达到0.12 mg(99.66%)。下一个较低浓度(700 ppm)在饲养9天后，幼虫最大体重为0.45 mg(减少93.71%)，第10天后死亡率为100%。而未经处理的幼虫最大体重为5.54 mg。所有幼虫均在较低浓度(500 ppm)下化蛹，记录最低化蛹量(1.00 mg;减少80%)和成人(0.73毫克;而未经处理的蛹和成虫的最大体重分别为5.00 mg和3.20 mg。从发育期来看，幼虫期和成虫寿命差异不显著。而与未经处理的幼虫相比，在500ppm的浓度下蛹期延长了一天。在300和100 ppm浓度下，幼虫、蛹和成虫均出现畸形。综上所述，壳聚糖对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强的慢性毒性和生长抑制作用，可作为生态友好型有害生物综合防治模块的组成部分。
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