Mindfulness最新文献

Objectives

The Compassion Scale (CS) is a model-based scale to measure compassion for others, comprising four subcomponents: kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and sensitivity to the suffering of others. This research examined the psychometric properties of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J).

Method

This research (n = 1742) examined the factor structure of the CS-J, the relations of the CS-J to compassion-related constructs (Study 1), intra- and interpersonal well-being (Study 2), and dispositions primarily concerned with the welfare of others (Study 3), and the test-retest reliability over a month (Study 4).

Results

Exploratory structural equation modeling identified that a bifactor structure best represented the CS-J. Internal reliability indicators warranted the use of total scores (internal consistency, ω = 0.94) and subscales (ω = 0.82 to 0.92). The test-retest reliability was adequate for the total scores (r = 0.73) and acceptable for the subscales (r = 0.45 to 0.68). The CS-J showed positive correlations with self-compassion, compassionate engagement and action, mindfulness, empathetic concerns, perspective-taking, altruism, compassionate goals, self-image goals, interdependent happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social desirability with small to large effect sizes. The CS-J was negatively associated with negative affect and psychological stress responses with small effect sizes.

Conclusions

These results provided evidence for the validity of the CS-J. Our results in Japan indicated that compassion for others represents a balanced system of increased compassionate responding and decreased uncompassionate responding toward others’ suffering.

Preregistration

Our studies were preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/jha6q and https://osf.io/b8f5v).

Objectives

this scoping review aimed to explore the diversity of existing nature-based mindfulness (NBM) interventions. The specific objectives of this review were to (1) describe the practices and methods that are used in NBM interventions, and to (2) determine the environmental conditions that are typically associated with NBM interventions.

Method

Thirty peer-reviewed scientific studies were identified via a systematic PRISMA search protocol and then thematically analysed and categorically organised.

Results

In relation to the first research objective, a typological scheme for classifying NBM interventions was proposed in which four main categorizations of NBM interventions were identified, including (1) conventional practices combined with nature, (2) activity-based practices using nature, (3) NBM therapy practices, and (4) emerging practices. These themes demonstrate the diversity of existing NBM interventions and provide a more integrated understanding of the applicability of these interventions across different clinical and non-clinical contexts. In relation to the second research objective, existing NBM interventions were found to be conducted in (1) naturally occurring, (2) curated natural, and (3) simulated natural environments. Within these categories, a diverse range of restorative environments were identified as suitable contexts for NBM interventions, with forest-based interventions being the most commonly used environment.

Conclusions

Overall, this study contributes to a more integrated understanding of the practices, methods, and environmental conditions typical of existing NBM interventions, proposes a classification scheme for NBM interventions, and identifies a number of new developments within the field as well as promising avenues for future research and practice.

Preregistration

This study has not been preregistered.

Objectives

Experiences of difficulty (e.g., anxiety, difficult emotions) can occur during mindfulness practice. This study characterized the occurrence of such difficulties, defined as abnormal distress, dysregulation, or agitation, among high-suicide-risk participants during a mindfulness-based intervention. The study also evaluated whether mindfulness difficulties were associated with baseline differences or poorer outcomes during follow-up.

Method

Participants (n = 50; mean age = 49 years, 84% male, 24% Latinx) were from the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention (MBCT-S) trial. Occurrences of mindfulness difficulties were identified via systematic review of progress notes. Serious clinical outcomes (suicidal events, suicide attempts, and psychiatric hospitalizations) were tracked over 12 months follow-up. Participants experiencing difficulties during MBCT-S were compared to those who did not on baseline characteristics and serious clinical outcomes. Incidence density sampling and Cox proportional regression analyses tested whether experiencing difficulties during mindfulness increased the risk of subsequent serious clinical outcomes.

Results

Eighteen percent of participants had difficulty during mindfulness practice, which mostly included experiences of anxiety or hallucinations. Those experiencing difficulty showed several diagnostic differences at baseline, but were not at significantly greater risk of a suicidal event, HR 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14–2.71) or an acute psychiatric hospitalization, HR 0.85 (95% CI, 0.19–3.82). There were no suicide attempts among the nine participants who experienced mindfulness difficulty, compared to five suicide attempts in those without mindfulness difficulty.

Conclusions

Difficulties during mindfulness practice were common, but did not show increased risk of serious clinical outcomes in participants at high risk of suicide.

Preregistration

This study reports findings from a secondary analyses of a randomized clinical trial that was preregistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01872338).

Objectives

Two key parental reflective capacities—mindful parenting (MP) and parental reflective functioning (PRF) — have been shown to promote healthy parent-child relationships through parents’ increased sensitivity and responsiveness to their children’s needs in spite of parenting stressors. Despite the theoretical overlap between these two constructs, researchers have continued to examine them independently. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to review the overlapping and distinctive outcomes and correlates in the empirical MP and PRF literatures.

Method

A comprehensive literature search across the MP and PRF literature for studies published from 2005 through early 2020 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) was conducted.

Results

A review of 301 articles (n = 180 MP and n = 121 PRF) revealed overlapping study outcomes and correlates, including improvement in parent and child well-being, parenting behaviors, and attachment. Both MP and PRF literatures suggest MP and PRF are amenable to intervention-induced changes, although mostly documented in White mothers, which results may not be generalizable to diverse populations.

Conclusions

Researchers should consider the impact MP and PRF have on positive family relationships. Results suggest that scholars should consider investigating and intervening on MP and PRF simultaneously. Specifically, results identified MP and PRF convergent associations and perhaps synergistic impacts on positive parenting behaviors. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Preregistration

This review was not preregistered.

Objectives

Past studies reported that self-compassion did not significantly moderate the association between perfectionistic standards and psychological distress. Recent research highlighted the need to separate high standards (i.e., excellencism) from perfectionistic standards. Based on the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism, this study reexamined the moderating role of self-compassion in the distinctive association of excellencism and perfectionistic standards with psychological distress and well-being.

Methods

A cross-sectional design with a sufficiently powered sample of 583 university students (M_age = 22.80, SD = 3.45) who completed measures of excellencism, perfectionism, self-compassion, psychological distress, and psychological well-being. Multiple regression analyses and moderated multiple regressions were conducted to test relationships between the variables.

Results

Self-compassion significantly moderated the relationship between perfectionistic standards and psychological distress. At low levels of self-compassion, students pursuing perfection (perfection strivers; high on perfectionism and excellencism) had significantly higher psychological distress compared to students pursuing excellence (excellence strivers; high on excellencism and low on perfectionism). Furthermore, self-compassion significantly moderated the relationship between excellencism and psychological well-being. The difference in psychological well-being between the nonexcellence/nonperfection (low on perfectionism and excellencism) and excellence strivers was significantly attenuated at high levels of self-compassion.

Conclusions

When clearly separating excellencism and perfectionism, self-compassion acted as a moderator of the debilitative effects associated with perfectionistic standards. Although perfection strivers are generally more self-critical than excellence strivers, those who practice self-compassion seem to be able to reduce their risk of experiencing symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression.

Objectives

Mindfulness has been proposed as a potential intervention for eating disorders (EDs). However, a better understanding of the relationships between state mindfulness and restrictive ED symptoms for those with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa (AN-spectrum) is needed to design effective mindfulness-based interventions. Additionally, individualized longitudinal modeling of state mindfulness and ED behaviors could inform development of personalized mindfulness-based interventions for those with AN-spectrum disorders.

Methods

Participants (n = 18; 784 data points per participant; 14,112 data points) with AN-spectrum disorders completed four daily ecological momentary assessments of ED behaviors, nonjudgment, acceptance, and present-moment awareness for 14 days. Contemporaneous and temporal group-level and idiographic (i.e., one-person, individual) networks were calculated to identify associations among mindfulness variables and ED behaviors.

Results

In contemporaneous networks (i.e., within a single timepoint), present-moment awareness was negatively associated with eating small meals but positively associated with avoiding foods due to anxiety. Acceptance was positively associated with eating small meals. In temporal networks, nonjudgment was negatively associated with following eating rules and avoiding foods due to anxiety, whereas acceptance negatively predicted restriction prospectively. Idiographic networks were heterogenous; state mindfulness facets demonstrated positive and negative associations with ED behaviors depending on the individual.

Conclusions

At the group level, state mindfulness tends to relate to lower engagement in restrictive ED behaviors over time. High heterogeneity in individual networks illustrates the need for personalized assessment of relationships between state mindfulness and ED behaviors. These types of methodologies can lead to the development of personalized mindfulness-based interventions for those with AN-spectrum disorders.

Preregistration

This study is not preregistered.

Objectives

While mindfulness is influencing self-care theory and practice globally, intercultural studies on mindful self-care practices remain scant. The purpose of this study was to assess the intercultural measurement properties of each mindful self-care practice and discover the variation of mindfulness-related, self-care practices across regions of the globe.

Method

Cross-sectional self-report and retrospective data were drawn from 16 studies spread across 102 nations (n = 7884). Rasch modeling of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS) factors using R Studio was conducted to ascertain its measurement properties across thirteen global regions. The analysis employed the partial credit model (PCM) to investigate the different category thresholds for each item and accommodate the six-factor nature and multiple response options of the MSCS items.

Results

Rasch modeling confirmed the reliability and validity of the MSCS’ six factors across 13 distinct global regions. South America, East Asia, and Southeast Asia scored highest in mindful awareness, mindful relaxation, and self-compassion and purpose. North America placed fourth in mindful awareness, and self-compassion and purpose. Traditional self-care practices captured in supportive relationships and supportive structure were more common than mindfulness-related factors. Physical care and mind–body practice had the least practice prevalence.

Conclusions

The six-factor MSCS model captures human needs found in all nations, regions, and cultures of the world. The factors were both reliable and valid among culturally, ethnically, and occupationally varied samples. Overall, mindful self-care practice was most frequent in the Americas, and East and Southeast Asia. Mind–body practice was more common in the regions of South America, and East and South Asia. While there were expected variations in factor scores across regions providing discriminating validity, the Rasch results evinced intercultural and interethnic measurement stability. These findings affirmed that the MSCS concept and structure transcends cultures. Future research should investigate types of mind–body practice across cultures.

Objectives

This study aimed to address the negative impacts of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on Aboriginal children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) using mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) delivered via virtual reality (VR). MBIs can improve emotion regulation and executive functioning, but engagement can be challenging, especially for children with other health conditions and trauma.

Method

Virtual reality goggles with a head-mounted display, head tracking, and handheld controls were used. Measures included heart rate variability (HRV), the State Mindfulness Scale, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2. The procedure involved a baseline assessment of state mindfulness, a 5-min sitting baseline HRV measurement, VR orientation, exploration of the VR landscape, a mindfulness body scan, a second HRV measurement during the body scan, and completing a post-VR questionnaire.

Results

No significant improvement in state mindfulness was found as measured by the State Mindfulness Scale. However, a significant improvement with moderate effect size was seen pre-to-post-intervention on the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (p = 0.007, d = − 0.69). We also explored the impact of age, sex, and diagnosis on the intervention and found significant improvements in state mindfulness across subgroups. HRV did not show a significant change pre-to-post-intervention.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the potential for MBI-VR to improve mindfulness in Aboriginal children and young people in OOHC who have experienced abuse and trauma. Brief mindfulness sessions were effective at enhancing state mindfulness as measured by the MAAS; the older participants and those with mental health concerns benefitted the most. Further research with more diverse samples is needed to validate the findings and examine potential interactions between demographic and clinical factors.

Preregistration

This study is not preregistered.

Nonattachment is a key positive element of several psychotherapeutic approaches, including mindfulness-based interventions. However, it has been defined in the academic literature largely as a construct of negation, whereby one should not become attached to objects, people, or experiences. This approach may foster resistance to nonattachment in general through confusion associated with what it means along with uncertainty in how to practise it as there are currently no evidence-based courses or clear guidelines. Furthermore, there is currently no empirical exploration of interventions that are specifically nonattachment-based in terms of their value in applied settings.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an affirmative, action-based definition of nonattachment in order to improve understanding and implementation. A further objective is to provide examples of exercises within existing therapeutic modalities through which nonattachment may already be cultivated and to use the example of post-traumatic stress (PTS) as a focus area to discuss the potential value and implications of using nonattachment in a clinical context. Four psychotherapeutic approaches currently applying nonattachment-based concepts including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Compassion-Focussed Therapy, and Mindfulness are critically assessed for ways in which they cultivate nonattachment, using symptoms of PTS as an example.

Based on existing therapeutic and contemplative practices that embody nonattachment principles, as an affirmative definition we propose that nonattachment involves the intentional practices of acceptance, letting go, deep presence, opening to a universally interconnected self-schema, and perceptual distancing from stimuli and response. An affirmative understanding of what nonattachment is, along with a targeted approach to its cultivation, may facilitate a clearer pathway toward the predictive and intervention outcome value of nonattachment in applied settings.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility assessed by reach and dose of an organizational-level workplace-adapted mindfulness-based intervention (MBI). Secondarily, potential changes in mental health and organizational outcomes were evaluated.

Method

Using a quasi-experimental design without a control group, the study included four small- and medium-sized private companies. A three-step MBI was delivered live online via Zoom. Feasibility was assessed using data on reach (number of participants) and dose (number of sessions attended). Data on mental health and organizational outcomes were collected at baseline and 3- and 12-month follow-up and analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression for continuous variables, and mixed-effects logistic regression for dichotomous variables.

Results

In total, 278 (75.54%) employees and managers participated in an introductory session, and 169 (45.92%) signed up for a workplace-adapted 10-week MBSR course, while 3 (75.00%) companies participated in an implementation workshop. Among MBSR-participants, the median dosage was 9/10 sessions in three companies, and 8/10 in one company. Only small statistically non-significant changes were seen in mental health outcomes, such as tendencies to decreased perceived stress and increased well-being at 3-month follow-up. However, these tendencies were not sustained at 12-month follow-up. Yet, a positive impact was seen on respondents’ ability to decenter, and thus observe one’s thoughts and feelings, at both 3- and 12-month follow-up. Organizational impact at 3-month follow-up varied across outcome measures, with a statistically significant reduced likelihood of occasionally experiencing negative acts. However, at 12-month follow-up, this reduction was no longer statistically significant, and measures of social capital and psychological safety had generally decreased.

Conclusions

This workplace MBI is deemed feasible. However, the potential impacts on mental health and organizational outcomes remain unclear.

Preregistration

This study is registered at ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN93567471).