Minerals Engineering最新文献_第4页

Feasibility of using tap water instead of deionized water in the high-voltage pulse breakage process of magnetite quartzite 磁铁矿石英岩高压脉冲破碎过程中以自来水代替去离子水的可行性

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110126

Bo Zhang , Peng Gao , Shuai Yuan , Yanjun Li , Honghao Zhang

During the high-voltage pulse (HVP) crushing of ore, the liquid itself acts as an insulator. In previous studies, deionized water has been widely used as the working liquid. Compared to deionized water, tap water is cheaper and more readily available. This paper analyzes the feasibility of using tap water as a substitute for deionized water. The results of the tests confirm that tap water slightly reduces the crushing efficiency of HVP. The paired-particle test results indicate that the selective breakage probability of HVP in tap water is approximately 85–90%. SEM-EDS indicates that the HVP products in both tap water and deionized water exhibited similar microstructures. In tap water, the HVP fragmentation also exhibits a pronounced particle size enrichment effect. In the −3 mm particle size fraction, compared to mechanical crushing, the iron distribution rate of HVP products in tap water and deionized water increased by 8.1 and 13.37 percentage points, respectively. In addition, numerical simulation results of the quasi-static electric field revealed that an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water reduces the electric field strength within the ore particles. Compared to deionized water, the maximum electric field strength within the mineral particles in tap water decreases by approximately 18.65% at a voltage of 80 kV.

在高压脉冲（HVP）破碎矿石时，液体本身起绝缘体的作用。在以往的研究中，去离子水被广泛地用作工作液。与去离子水相比，自来水更便宜，也更容易获得。分析了用自来水代替去离子水的可行性。试验结果证实，自来水对高压高压破碎效率有轻微的影响。配对颗粒试验结果表明，自来水中HVP的选择性破碎概率约为85 ~ 90%。SEM-EDS表明自来水和去离子水中的HVP产物具有相似的微观结构。在自来水中，HVP破碎也表现出明显的粒度富集效应。在−3 mm粒度段，与机械破碎相比，自来水和去离子水中HVP产品的铁分配率分别提高了8.1和13.37个百分点。此外，准静态电场的数值模拟结果表明，水电导率的增加会降低矿粒内的电场强度。与去离子水相比，在电压为80 kV时，自来水矿物颗粒内的最大电场强度降低了约18.65%。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of salinity and particle size on arsenic mobility from low sulfide filtered mine tailings and investigation of integrated management options 矿化度和粒径对低硫化物过滤尾矿中砷迁移率的影响及综合治理方案研究

IF 4.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110118

Eléonore Lagae Capelle, Rocky Kiro Kubuya, Lucie Coudert, Isabelle Demers, Carmen Mihaela Neculita

引用次数: 0

Iron sand–derived materials: A review on synthesis routes, magnetic properties, and multifunctional applications 铁砂衍生材料的合成路线、磁性能及多功能应用综述

IF 4.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110124

Gerald Hendrik Tamuntuan, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Audy Denny Wuntu, Guntur Pasau, Darmawati Darwis, Dolfi Pandara, Dahlang Tahir

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid as an eco-friendly depressant in the separation of apatite and dolomite 聚氨基聚醚亚甲基膦酸在磷灰石和白云石分离中的环保型抑制剂评价

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110122

Yuhua Zhu , Cheng Liu , Hongyang Wang , Wei Xu , Siyuan Yang

Flotation separation of apatite from dolomite is still a challenge due to their similar surface characteristics. To address this issue, polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid (PAPEMP) was employed to separate apatite and dolomite. The single-mineral flotation results showed that PAPEMP selectively depressed the floatability of dolomite using the sodium oleate (NaOl) collector. The artificial mixed mineral and real flotation tests confirmed that separation between apatite and dolomite could be realized in the reagent scheme of PAPEMP/NaOl. The adsorption tests indicated that the adsorption of PAPEMP on the dolomite surface was much greater than that on the apatite surface. The zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments verified that the interaction between dolomite and PAPEMP was stronger than that between apatite and PAPEMP, then selectively hindered the interaction of NaOl with the dolomite surface. The XPS results indicated that phosphate groups in the PAPEMP molecule interact with calcium/magnesium ions on the dolomite surface, while no effective chemical interaction occurred between PAPEMP and the apatite surface. MS calculation results further confirmed that the interaction between PAPEMP and the dolomite surface was stronger than that between PAPEMP and the apatite surface. Therefore, PAPEMP could be used as an appropriate depressant to separate apatite and dolomite.

由于磷灰石和白云石的表面特征相似，浮选分离仍然是一个挑战。为了解决这一问题，采用聚氨基聚醚亚甲基膦酸（PAPEMP）分离磷灰石和白云石。单矿物浮选结果表明，PAPEMP选择性地抑制了油酸钠捕收剂对白云石的可浮性。人工混合矿物和实际浮选试验证实，PAPEMP/NaOl药剂方案可以实现磷灰石和白云石的分离。吸附试验表明，PAPEMP在白云石表面的吸附量远大于磷灰石表面的吸附量。zeta电位和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）实验验证了白云石与PAPEMP的相互作用强于磷灰石与PAPEMP的相互作用，从而选择性地阻碍了NaOl与白云石表面的相互作用。XPS结果表明，PAPEMP分子中的磷酸基团与白云石表面的钙/镁离子相互作用，而PAPEMP与磷灰石表面没有发生有效的化学相互作用。MS计算结果进一步证实了PAPEMP与白云石表面的相互作用强于PAPEMP与磷灰石表面的相互作用。因此，PAPEMP可以作为分离磷灰石和白云石的合适抑制剂。

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引用次数: 0

A synergistic H2-Based process for co-recovery of iron and rare earth elements from complex Tailings: Toward a Zero-Waste strategy 从复杂尾矿中协同回收铁和稀土元素的h2基协同工艺：迈向零废物战略

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110127

Yuanxing Yue , Yongsheng Sun , Peng Gao , Yuexin Han , Zhidong Tang

The comprehensive utilization of Bayan Obo tailings is hindered by the coexistence of iron and rare earth element (REE) minerals, which require distinct beneficiation conditions. To enhance process compatibility and overall resource recovery, a synergistic separation strategy based on early-stage physical decoupling of iron- and REE-bearing streams is proposed. Magnetic pre-enrichment was first applied to partition the tailings into an iron-rich concentrate and a REE-enriched tailings stream. The iron-rich fraction underwent hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT), followed by grinding and magnetic separation, producing a high-grade iron concentrate with 66.16% TFe at a recovery of 76.44%. Concurrently, the REE-enriched tailings were directly processed by flotation without thermal treatment, yielding a rare earth concentrate with 50.38% REO at a recovery of 58.62%. This decoupled flowsheet allows iron and REEs to be processed under conditions tailored to their respective separation requirements, thereby reducing cross-process interactions. Mechanism studies using XRD confirmed hematite-to-magnetite transformation; XPS revealed Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ reduction and strong chemical interaction between BHA and Ce ions; SEM-EDS illustrated microcrack-enhanced gas–solid reactions. Overall, the proposed H₂-based integrated route provides a practical, low-carbon strategy for coordinated iron and REE recovery from complex tailings, improving both process efficiency and resource utilization.

巴彦鄂博尾矿中铁和稀土元素矿物共存，对选矿条件要求不同，阻碍了尾矿的综合利用。为了提高工艺兼容性和整体资源回收率，提出了一种基于含铁和含稀土流体早期物理解耦的协同分离策略。首先采用磁预富集技术将尾矿分选为富铁精矿和富稀土尾矿。富铁部分经氢基矿物相变（HMPT）、磨矿、磁选，获得了TFe品位为66.16%、回收率为76.44%的高品位铁精矿。同时，对富集稀土的尾矿进行不经热处理直接浮选处理，得到REO为50.38%、回收率为58.62%的稀土精矿。这种解耦的流程允许铁和稀土在适合其各自分离要求的条件下进行处理，从而减少了跨过程的相互作用。利用XRD对赤铁矿向磁铁矿转变机理进行研究；XPS显示BHA与Ce离子之间存在Fe3+/Fe2+还原和强化学相互作用；SEM-EDS显示了微裂纹增强的气固反应。总体而言，本文提出的基于h2的综合路线为复杂尾矿中铁和稀土的协同回收提供了一种实用的低碳策略，提高了工艺效率和资源利用率。

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引用次数: 0

H2O2-mediated surface chemistry converts a non-selective depressant to galena-selective for efficient Cu–Pb flotation separation h2o2介导的表面化学反应将非选择性抑制剂转化为方铅矿选择性抑制剂，实现了铜铅浮选的高效分离

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110110

Yunzhen Hu , Kangjing Wu , Shuai Wang , Zhanfang Cao , Xin Ma , Hong Zhong

The flotation separation of chalcopyrite and galena remains challenging due to their similar surface properties. Here, we demonstrate that H₂O₂ pretreatment passivates Cu sites (forming Cu–O) while activating Pb sites (forming Pb–O) on mineral surfaces, which transforms sodium 2-(dithiocarboxylato)ethyl acetate (DTCA) from non-selective into a galena-selective depressant. Micro-flotation experiments indicate that with H₂O₂ oxidation duration of 30 min, pH of 10, and DTCA dosage of 100 mg/g, galena recovery can be reduced to below 5% while maintaining chalcopyrite recovery above 90%. Following oxidation, the adsorption amount of chalcopyrite decreased from 96.54 to 7 mg/g, while that of galena increased from 101.32 to 102.45 mg/g. Multiscale characterizations (FTIR, XPS, ToF-SIMS) indicate that DTCA adsorbs onto the surfaces of chalcopyrite and galena, respectively, via chelation between S–Cu–S and S–Pb–S bonds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that oxidation enhanced the adsorption strength of DTCA on the surface of galena, with the adsorption energy shifting from −2.571 to −2.645 eV. Conversely, adsorption strength decreased significantly after oxidation of chalcopyrite, with the adsorption energy shifting from −2.470 to −1.588 eV. Closed-circuit tests on industrial concentrates yielded copper recovery and grade reached 93.13% and 27.43%, respectively, while lead achieved 96.33% recovery and 43.21% grade, with a separation index (SI) of 2.55, surpassing that achieved by the toxic potassium dichromate(K₂Cr₂O₇) method. This study proposes a Cr (VI)-free flotation strategy for efficient Cu–Pb separation, offering a promising alternative to conventional environmentally hazardous methods.

由于黄铜矿和方铅矿的表面性质相似，浮选分离仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们证明了H2O2预处理钝化了Cu位点（形成Cu - o），同时激活了矿物表面上的Pb位点（形成Pb - o），从而将2-（二硫代羧化钠）乙酸乙酯（DTCA）从非选择性转变为方铅矿选择性抑制剂。微浮选实验表明，在H2O2氧化时间为30 min、pH为10、DTCA用量为100 mg/g的条件下，方铅矿的回收率可降至5%以下，黄铜矿的回收率可保持在90%以上。氧化后，黄铜矿的吸附量从96.54 mg/g下降到7 mg/g，方铅矿的吸附量从101.32 mg/g增加到102.45 mg/g。多尺度表征（FTIR， XPS, ToF-SIMS）表明，DTCA分别通过S-Cu-S和S-Pb-S键之间的螯合作用吸附在黄铜矿和方铅矿表面。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算证实，氧化增强了DTCA在方铅矿表面的吸附强度，吸附能从−2.571 eV转变为−2.645 eV。相反，黄铜矿氧化后吸附强度明显下降，吸附能从−2.470 eV转变为−1.588 eV。工业精矿闭路试验铜回收率和品位分别达到93.13%和27.43%，铅回收率和品位分别达到96.33%和43.21%，分离指数（SI）为2.55，优于有毒重铬酸钾（K2Cr2O7）法。本研究提出了一种无Cr （VI）浮选策略，以实现高效的Cu-Pb分离，为传统的环境危害方法提供了一种有希望的替代方案。

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引用次数: 0

Air-induced segregation of micron-scale particles in a vertical roller mill 垂直辊磨机中微米级颗粒的气致偏析

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110114

Yuntao Zhu , Zhong Luo , Haobin Wang , Qirun Zhou , Zhen Zhang

Particle behavior directly influences the classification performance of vertical roller mills (VRMs), but limited understanding hinders structural optimization. This study employs the CFD–DEM method to investigate the flow characteristics and segregation behavior of particles with different densities under air induction, and innovatively proposes “VRM bend pipe model” hypothesis to explain particle retention and roping phenomena. Results show that dual-inlet confluence generates a dual-spiral flow field, creating strong and weak airflow zones and subsequent cyclic, periodically segregated particle flows. High-density particles exhibit time lag and larger turning radius. The segregation index along the stationary blades shows a “digit-3” axial distribution, with a DI = 0 fixed point that tends to rise. Local analysis reveals that deflector in the air ring promotes outer-side particle accumulation, forming stagnant “dead zone”, while high-density particles form an annular distribution at the millstone center, and a transport mechanism exists wherein particles migrate downward along the millstone wall against the airflow. In the stationary blade zone, low-density particles form continuous streams, whereas high-density ones exhibit intermittent flow with more severe local segregation. In the upper shell zone, particles undergo coupled segregation governed by both density differences and flow-field induction. This study deepens the understanding of gas–solid flow and particle separation mechanisms in VRMs, providing theoretical support for design optimization.

颗粒行为直接影响立式辊磨分级性能，但对其认识有限，不利于结构优化。本研究采用CFD-DEM方法研究了不同密度颗粒在空气诱导下的流动特性和偏析行为，并创新性地提出了“VRM弯管模型”假说来解释颗粒滞留和绳索现象。结果表明，双入口合流形成了双螺旋流场，形成了强气流区和弱气流区，并形成了循环、周期性分离的颗粒流。高密度粒子表现出时间滞后和较大的转弯半径。静叶偏析指数沿轴向呈“数字3”型分布，有一个DI = 0的固定点有上升的趋势。局部分析表明，空气环内的偏转板促进了外侧颗粒的聚集，形成停滞的“死区”，高密度颗粒在磨石中心形成环形分布，存在颗粒逆气流沿磨石壁向下迁移的输送机制。在静叶区，低密度颗粒形成连续流动，而高密度颗粒则表现为间歇流动，局部偏析更为严重。在上壳区，颗粒在密度差和流场感应的双重作用下发生耦合偏析。本研究加深了对VRMs内气固流动和颗粒分离机理的认识，为设计优化提供了理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in phosphate ores flotation: Cleaning reagents, green practices and perspectives 磷矿浮选研究进展：清洁药剂、绿色实践与展望

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110120

Liuyang Dong , Yanru Cui , Shengzong Lan , Tianfu Zhang , Yuqiang Mao , Peilun Shen , Dianwen Liu

Apatite, a vital calcium-bearing mineral, presents significant challenges in separation due to its complex mineralogy and frequent intergrowth with gangue minerals such as calcite and dolomite. Given that the physical and chemical properties of these associated calcium-bearing mineral impurities are highly similar to those of apatite, the flotation behaviors of the two also exhibit significant convergence. Therefore, traditional separation techniques are difficult to achieve efficient separation of apatite from the calcium-bearing impurities. The difficulties are further compounded by several factors: the analogous surface characteristics between apatite and common gangue minerals lead to poor selectivity of conventional reagents, adversely affecting concentrate quality; the finely disseminated nature of the minerals often results in either inadequate liberation or overgrinding during milling, increasing separation complexity and reducing efficiency; and the mineral’s high chemical reactivity in aqueous environments—where dissolution, hydrolysis, and varying surface composition occur—along with interference from dissolved ions, complicates reagent adsorption and process control. This review paper examines the resource characteristics, physicochemical properties, beneficiation methods, and flotation reagents of phosphate ores, supported by representative case studies. With a focus on elucidating the mechanisms of selective depressants in apatite flotation. This work aims to provide a scientific basis for the efficient and sustainable utilization of phosphate resources, offering insights for future development and enhanced flotation performance to achieve cleaner and more effective phosphate beneficiation.

磷灰石是一种重要的含钙矿物，由于其复杂的矿物学特征和与方解石、白云石等脉石矿物的频繁共生，给分离带来了巨大的挑战。由于伴生含钙矿物杂质的物理化学性质与磷灰石非常相似，两者的浮选行为也表现出明显的收敛性。因此，传统的分离技术难以实现磷灰石与含钙杂质的有效分离。由于磷灰石与普通脉石矿物表面特征相似，导致常规试剂的选择性较差，对精矿质量产生不利影响；矿物的细分布特性往往导致在磨矿过程中解离不足或过度磨矿，增加了分选的复杂性，降低了效率；而且这种矿物在水环境中的高化学反应性——溶解、水解和不同的表面成分都会发生——以及溶解离子的干扰，使试剂吸附和过程控制变得复杂。本文结合典型案例，综述了磷矿石的资源特征、理化性质、选矿方法和浮选药剂。重点阐述了选择性抑制剂在磷灰石浮选中的作用机理。本研究旨在为磷矿资源的高效、可持续利用提供科学依据，为今后磷矿的发展和提高浮选性能，实现更清洁、更有效的磷矿选矿提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Early-stage temperature-dependent leaching kinetics and mechanisms of saprolitic and limonitic nickel laterite ores under atmospheric conditions 大气条件下腐殖岩型和褐铁矿型镍红土矿早期温度依赖性浸出动力学及机制

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110115

Heewon Kang, Jeongwoo Kim, Jaehoon Lee, Dagyeong Lee, Daniel Ko, Hyunjung Kim

This study investigates the early-stage leaching behavior and temperature-dependent kinetics of saprolitic laterite (SL) and limonitic laterite (LL) ores under atmospheric acid leaching conditions at various temperatures to capture early-stage dissolution of nickel, magnesium, and iron. Both ores exhibited temperature-dependent increases in metal extraction, with highest extractions observed at 45 °C for saprolitic laterite ore and 65 °C for limonitic laterite ore. Structural analysis of leach residues revealed that the highest extractions corresponded to progressive collapse of key minerals—lizardite in saprolitic laterite ore and goethite and clinochlore in limonitic laterite ore. Kinetic analysis using a shrinking core model showed that solid product layer diffusion was the dominant rate-limiting step for all metals in both ores. Activation energies exceeding 56 kJ/mol for all metals suggested diffusion resistances, likely due to the formation of silica-rich product layers. This study clarifies the mineral leach mechanisms governing early-stage leaching in saprolitic laterite and limonitic laterite ores and provide a basis for optimizing selective nickel leaching.

本研究研究了腐泥红土（SL）和褐铁矿红土（LL）矿石在不同温度下的大气酸浸条件下的早期浸出行为和温度依赖动力学，以捕获镍、镁和铁的早期溶解。两种矿石的金属提取都表现出温度依赖性的增加，腐殖质红土矿和褐铁矿红土矿在45°C和65°C时的提取率最高。对浸出渣的结构分析表明，最高的提取率与关键矿物（腐殖质红土矿中的lizardite和褐铁矿红土矿中的针铁矿和斜长石）的逐渐坍塌相对应。使用收缩核模型的动力学分析表明，固体产物层扩散是两种矿石中所有金属的主要速率限制步骤。所有金属的活化能都超过56 kJ/mol，表明存在扩散阻力，这可能是由于形成了富硅产物层。本研究阐明了腐泥红土和褐铁矿早期浸出的矿物浸出机理，为优化镍的选择性浸出提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Carbothermal synthesis of quartz-supported S-nZVI from limonite and pyrite for enhanced organic pollutant degradation 褐铁矿和黄铁矿碳热合成石英负载S-nZVI增强有机污染物降解

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110111

Jiangan Chen , Ting Liao , Meian Wang , Mingxing Cheng , Danliang Zeng , Zuocheng Yuan , Wen Yu , Ying Ye , Wenjie Zhang , Qiongyao Tang , Chengdu Qi

Sulfidized nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is an exceptional wastewater treatment material, but its excessively high preparation costs severely restrict its industrial applications. In this study, a carbothermal reduction method was developed to prepare quartz-supported S-nZVI (SiO₂@S-nZVI) from limonite ore and pyrite. The preparation conditions, characteristics, preparation mechanism of SiO₂@S-nZVI, and its performance in removing organic contaminants were investigated. Batch experiments revealed that SiO₂@S-nZVI prepared under the conditions of an FeS₂ dosage of 6% and a roasting temperature of 1000 ℃ with a S/Fe molar ratio of 0.125 and an iron metallization rate of 91.76% exhibited the best performance for removing methyl orange. Core-shell structure S-nZVI was successfully synthesized on SiO₂ surfaces in the SiO₂@S-nZVI, where ZVI derived from iron mineral reduction reacted with S₂ released by pyrite decomposition during carbothermal reduction process. The incorporation of S into both the surface and the bulk of ZVI accelerates electron transfer, while the carrier SiO₂ inhibits the aggregation of S-nZVI, thereby significantly enhancing the material’s pollutant removal performance. The degradation kinetics of organic contaminants were studied under various conditions, and the results showed that SiO₂@S-nZVI can degrade methyl orange, acid orange G, methylene blue, and p-nitrophenol efficiently. The degradation mechanism analysis reveals that a redox reaction occurs between SiO₂@S-nZVI and methyl orange, leading to the cleavage of the azo double bond in methyl orange and its subsequent degradation and mineralization. These findings offer a cost-effective method for the preparation of highly reactive S-nZVI.

硫化纳米零价铁（S-nZVI）是一种特殊的废水处理材料，但其高昂的制备成本严重制约了其工业应用。本研究以褐铁矿和黄铁矿为原料，采用碳热还原法制备石英负载S-nZVI （SiO2@S-nZVI）。研究了SiO2@S-nZVI的制备条件、特点、制备机理及其去除有机污染物的性能。批量实验表明，在FeS2用量为6%、焙烧温度为1000℃、S/Fe摩尔比为0.125、铁金属化率为91.76%的条件下制备的SiO2@S-nZVI脱除甲基橙的效果最好。在SiO2@S-nZVI中成功地在SiO2表面合成了S-nZVI核壳结构，由铁矿物还原生成的ZVI与碳热还原过程中黄铁矿分解释放的S2发生反应。S与ZVI的表面和体体结合加速了电子转移，而载体SiO2抑制了S- nzvi的聚集，从而显著提高了材料的污染物去除性能。研究了不同条件下对有机污染物的降解动力学，结果表明SiO2@S-nZVI能有效降解甲基橙、酸橙G、亚甲基蓝和对硝基苯酚。降解机理分析表明SiO2@S-nZVI与甲基橙发生氧化还原反应，导致甲基橙偶氮双键断裂，降解矿化。这些发现为制备高活性S-nZVI提供了一种经济有效的方法。

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引用次数: 0