Efficient and stable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered considerable attention; yet, the development of anode electrode materials continues to pose substantial challenges. While CoO electrode material boasts an ideal specific theoretical capacity, it is not without drawbacks, including significant volume expansion and concerns over safety performance, which hinder its viability as an anode material. In this research, we synthesized CoO/Co3O4 through a straightforward secondary hydrothermal treatment that locally oxidizes CoO, simultaneously creating oxygen vacancies. The incorporation of oxygen vacancies enhances the material’s internal conductivity and expedites the diffusion of electrons and ions, culminating in superior rate performance. Furthermore, the heterojunction structure diminishes the diffusion barrier, significantly enhancing the electrode’s reaction kinetics and overall electrochemical performance. At a modest current density of 0.1 A g−1, the CoO/Co3O4 composite demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, delivering a capacity of 1022 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Remarkably, even at an elevated current density of 1 A g−1, it sustains a capacity of 768.8 mAh g−1 over 400 cycles. The method of creating oxygen vacancies via autoxidation may pave the way for the advancement of multivalent oxide anode materials.
高效、稳定的锂离子电池(LIB)备受关注,但负极电极材料的开发仍面临巨大挑战。尽管 CoO 电极材料拥有理想的比理论容量,但它也并非没有缺点,包括显著的体积膨胀和对安全性能的担忧,这些都阻碍了它作为负极材料的可行性。在这项研究中,我们通过直接的二次水热处理合成了 CoO/Co3O4,在局部氧化 CoO 的同时产生了氧空位。氧空位的加入增强了材料的内部电导率,加快了电子和离子的扩散,从而实现了卓越的速率性能。此外,异质结结构减小了扩散障碍,显著提高了电极的反应动力学和整体电化学性能。在 0.1 A g-1 的适度电流密度下,CoO/Co3O4 复合材料显示出更强的循环稳定性,100 次循环后可提供 1022 mAh g-1 的容量。值得注意的是,即使在 1 A g-1 的高电流密度下,它也能在 400 次循环后保持 768.8 mAh g-1 的容量。通过自氧化产生氧空位的方法可能会为多价氧化物阳极材料的发展铺平道路。
{"title":"Improvement of Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Anode Materials by Local Oxidation of Multivalent Metal Oxides (CoO)","authors":"Zhiqiang Liu, Hui Li, Zhiteng Wang, Xiaobing Li, Huixin Lan, Zhenhe Zhu, Yi Zhuang, Yuchen Wu, Jiajia Li, Huan Yao, Runbo Gao","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03271-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03271-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient and stable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered considerable attention; yet, the development of anode electrode materials continues to pose substantial challenges. While CoO electrode material boasts an ideal specific theoretical capacity, it is not without drawbacks, including significant volume expansion and concerns over safety performance, which hinder its viability as an anode material. In this research, we synthesized CoO/Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> through a straightforward secondary hydrothermal treatment that locally oxidizes CoO, simultaneously creating oxygen vacancies. The incorporation of oxygen vacancies enhances the material’s internal conductivity and expedites the diffusion of electrons and ions, culminating in superior rate performance. Furthermore, the heterojunction structure diminishes the diffusion barrier, significantly enhancing the electrode’s reaction kinetics and overall electrochemical performance. At a modest current density of 0.1 A g<sup>−1</sup>, the CoO/Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composite demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, delivering a capacity of 1022 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> after 100 cycles. Remarkably, even at an elevated current density of 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>, it sustains a capacity of 768.8 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> over 400 cycles. The method of creating oxygen vacancies <i>via</i> autoxidation may pave the way for the advancement of multivalent oxide anode materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03253-5
Osamu Takeda, Xin Lu, Hongmin Zhu
As the production of high-quality titanium (Ti) metal increases significantly, the generation of low-quality Ti scraps increases and exceeds the demand for current cascade recycling in ferrous metallurgy. Therefore, the development of an upgrading recycling technology, in which scraps are refined and reutilized, is required. The magnesium (Mg) deoxidation assisted by the formation of oxychlorides of rare earth metals is currently considered a promising process for upgrading recycling technology, during which YOCl is formed as a byproduct. In this study, we investigate the synthesis and separation of YCl3 from YOCl via carbochlorination at 973 and 1073 K and confirmed that YCl3 can be regenerated from YOCl at a high conversion rate (82.7 pct at maximum). YCl3 was also formed even in the presence of MgCl2; however, MgCl2 decreased the conversion rate (49.8 pct at minimum). The conversion rate in the temperature region where YCl3 is a liquid (1073 K) was lower than that in the temperature region where YCl3 is a solid (973 K). Therefore, an operation with temperature cycling, in which YCl3 is formed at a temperature where YCl3 is a solid and then the temperature is increased to a temperature where YCl3 is a liquid to drain the molten mixed salt, is efficient.
{"title":"Carbochlorination of YOCl for Synthesis of YCl3","authors":"Osamu Takeda, Xin Lu, Hongmin Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03253-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03253-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the production of high-quality titanium (Ti) metal increases significantly, the generation of low-quality Ti scraps increases and exceeds the demand for current cascade recycling in ferrous metallurgy. Therefore, the development of an upgrading recycling technology, in which scraps are refined and reutilized, is required. The magnesium (Mg) deoxidation assisted by the formation of oxychlorides of rare earth metals is currently considered a promising process for upgrading recycling technology, during which YOCl is formed as a byproduct. In this study, we investigate the synthesis and separation of YCl<sub>3</sub> from YOCl <i>via</i> carbochlorination at 973 and 1073 K and confirmed that YCl<sub>3</sub> can be regenerated from YOCl at a high conversion rate (82.7 pct at maximum). YCl<sub>3</sub> was also formed even in the presence of MgCl<sub>2</sub>; however, MgCl<sub>2</sub> decreased the conversion rate (49.8 pct at minimum). The conversion rate in the temperature region where YCl<sub>3</sub> is a liquid (1073 K) was lower than that in the temperature region where YCl<sub>3</sub> is a solid (973 K). Therefore, an operation with temperature cycling, in which YCl<sub>3</sub> is formed at a temperature where YCl<sub>3</sub> is a solid and then the temperature is increased to a temperature where YCl<sub>3</sub> is a liquid to drain the molten mixed salt, is efficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving the corrosion resistance of carbon steel is of great importance to realize widely use in various industries. The anti-corrosion coating is a significant protective strategy. Therefore, uniform aluminum coatings (AlOx-CS), electrodepositing in ionic liquid electrolyte at room temperature, was developed to enhance corrosion resistance of carbon steel. The lower part of the electrode has a better distribution uniformity than the upper part of the electrode, and the distribution of a line has the lowest variance. The uniform AlOx-CS coating is the most corrosion resistant due to sealed Al2O3 layers. The corrosion rate of the AlOx-CS coating is 0.4 mm a−1. The self-corrosion current density of AlOx-CS coating is 34.4 μA cm−2, nearly 2 times compared with pristine carbon steel. The impedance value with AlOx-CS coating is increased by nearly 300 times compared with pristine carbon steel. The morphology and composition of aluminum-based reinforced coatings had no significant changes in atmospheric exposure, 3.5 pct NaCl salt spray and 3.5 pct NaCl immersion environments. The aluminum-based reinforced coatings can enhance the lifespan of carbon steel materials, while also reducing economic losses and safety hazards.
{"title":"Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel Via Aluminum-Based Coating from Ionic Liquid Electrolytes at Room Temperature","authors":"Wen Wang, Na Li, Zhiyuan Li, Li-li Jiang, Wei-Li Song, Mingyong Wang, Shuqiang Jiao","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03260-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03260-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving the corrosion resistance of carbon steel is of great importance to realize widely use in various industries. The anti-corrosion coating is a significant protective strategy. Therefore, uniform aluminum coatings (AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CS), electrodepositing in ionic liquid electrolyte at room temperature, was developed to enhance corrosion resistance of carbon steel. The lower part of the electrode has a better distribution uniformity than the upper part of the electrode, and the distribution of a line has the lowest variance. The uniform AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CS coating is the most corrosion resistant due to sealed Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layers. The corrosion rate of the AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CS coating is 0.4 mm a<sup>−1</sup>. The self-corrosion current density of AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CS coating is 34.4 <i>μ</i>A cm<sup>−2</sup>, nearly 2 times compared with pristine carbon steel. The impedance value with AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CS coating is increased by nearly 300 times compared with pristine carbon steel. The morphology and composition of aluminum-based reinforced coatings had no significant changes in atmospheric exposure, 3.5 pct NaCl salt spray and 3.5 pct NaCl immersion environments. The aluminum-based reinforced coatings can enhance the lifespan of carbon steel materials, while also reducing economic losses and safety hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03259-z
Youngjae Kim, Hyunsik Park, Ye Wang, Zhiyuan Chen
Vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRFBs) have recently gained attention because they resolve the intermittent and uncontrollable characteristics of renewable energy sources. Consequently, the increasing demand for VRFBs will increase the demand for V. This study investigated a roasting process for V extraction from Korean vanadiferous titanomagnetite ores. The optimum roasting conditions and mechanisms were studied for the combination of Na2SO4 roasting and water-leaching processes. The effects of roasting temperature and mixing ratio of Na2SO4 were investigated, revealing the more prominent effect of roasting temperature compared with that Na2SO4 mixing ratio. The leaching efficiencies for other impurities were investigated by varying the Na2SO4 mixing ratio and roasting temperature. The X-ray-diffraction-analysis results indicated no notable phase change during the roasting process. Moreover, the hot-stage-microscope-analysis results demonstrated that the roasting temperature was higher than the softening temperature, implying no reaction between the liquidus and solid ore. The formation of sulfuric gas was verified by thermodynamic calculations, differential scanning calorimetry, and evolved gas analysis. The reaction of V2O5, SO3, and SO4 was expected to form a water-soluble VOSO4 phase. The gas–solid reaction in the Na2SO4 roasting process resulted in high selectivity and high leaching efficiency for V.
{"title":"Vanadium Extraction Mechanism in the Sodium Sulfate Roasting Process","authors":"Youngjae Kim, Hyunsik Park, Ye Wang, Zhiyuan Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03259-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03259-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRFBs) have recently gained attention because they resolve the intermittent and uncontrollable characteristics of renewable energy sources. Consequently, the increasing demand for VRFBs will increase the demand for V. This study investigated a roasting process for V extraction from Korean vanadiferous titanomagnetite ores. The optimum roasting conditions and mechanisms were studied for the combination of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> roasting and water-leaching processes. The effects of roasting temperature and mixing ratio of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> were investigated, revealing the more prominent effect of roasting temperature compared with that Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> mixing ratio. The leaching efficiencies for other impurities were investigated by varying the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> mixing ratio and roasting temperature. The X-ray-diffraction-analysis results indicated no notable phase change during the roasting process. Moreover, the hot-stage-microscope-analysis results demonstrated that the roasting temperature was higher than the softening temperature, implying no reaction between the liquidus and solid ore. The formation of sulfuric gas was verified by thermodynamic calculations, differential scanning calorimetry, and evolved gas analysis. The reaction of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub>, and SO<sub>4</sub> was expected to form a water-soluble VOSO<sub>4</sub> phase. The gas–solid reaction in the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> roasting process resulted in high selectivity and high leaching efficiency for V.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03249-1
Nitin Kumar, Jaspal Singh Gill
The present study delves into the challenges of slurry erosion in hydropower plant components, particularly focusing on Stainless-Steel 304 (SS304) limitations under high-velocity conditions. It proposes Mo2C coating combinations applied via High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spraying as a promising solution due to their high hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance. Three coatings (Coating A, Coating B, and Coating C) were formulated with varying Mo2C, Co–Ni, and graphene nanoparticles (GNP) percentages, demonstrating unique erosion-resistant properties. Microscopic analysis revealed wear mechanisms, with Coating A displaying particle breakage, Coating B exhibiting fractured Mo2C particles, and Coating C showing dynamic interactions with GNP, enhancing resistance. The findings suggest that tailored coatings incorporating GNP offer potential for erosion resistance improvement, prompting further exploration into optimizing GNP concentrations, refining deposition techniques, and assessing long-term durability under diverse operational conditions.
本研究深入探讨了水力发电厂部件所面临的浆液侵蚀挑战,尤其关注高速条件下不锈钢 304(SS304)的局限性。由于 Mo2C 涂层具有高硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,该研究提出了通过高速富氧燃料(HVOF)喷涂的 Mo2C 涂层组合作为一种有前途的解决方案。我们配制了三种涂层(涂层 A、涂层 B 和涂层 C),其中 Mo2C、Co-Ni 和石墨烯纳米颗粒(GNP)的比例各不相同,显示出独特的抗侵蚀特性。显微分析揭示了磨损机制,涂层 A 显示出颗粒断裂,涂层 B 显示出断裂的 Mo2C 颗粒,而涂层 C 则显示出与 GNP 的动态相互作用,从而增强了耐磨性。研究结果表明,含有 GNP 的定制涂层具有提高抗侵蚀性的潜力,这促使人们进一步探索如何优化 GNP 浓度、改进沉积技术以及评估在不同操作条件下的长期耐久性。
{"title":"Effect of Graphene Nanoparticles on Slurry Erosion Behavior of High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF)-Sprayed Mo2C and Co–Ni-Based Coatings Over SS304 Steel","authors":"Nitin Kumar, Jaspal Singh Gill","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03249-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03249-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study delves into the challenges of slurry erosion in hydropower plant components, particularly focusing on Stainless-Steel 304 (SS304) limitations under high-velocity conditions. It proposes Mo<sub>2</sub>C coating combinations applied <i>via</i> High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spraying as a promising solution due to their high hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance. Three coatings (Coating A, Coating B, and Coating C) were formulated with varying Mo<sub>2</sub>C, Co–Ni, and graphene nanoparticles (GNP) percentages, demonstrating unique erosion-resistant properties. Microscopic analysis revealed wear mechanisms, with Coating A displaying particle breakage, Coating B exhibiting fractured Mo<sub>2</sub>C particles, and Coating C showing dynamic interactions with GNP, enhancing resistance. The findings suggest that tailored coatings incorporating GNP offer potential for erosion resistance improvement, prompting further exploration into optimizing GNP concentrations, refining deposition techniques, and assessing long-term durability under diverse operational conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"252 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03254-4
J. Bohacek, E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Vakhrushev, K. Mraz, J. Hvozda, M. Wu, A. Kharicha
An advanced 2D axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamics model, including calculations for electromagnetic, thermal, and flow fields, fully coupled with a thermal stress-strain model, allowing the computation of solid mechanical parameters like stress, strain, and deformation within the ingot of the vacuum arc remelting process is presented. This process encounters challenges due to solidification shrinkage, which causes losing contact between the ingot and the mold, reducing the cooling efficiency of the system, resulting in a deeper melt pool and decreasing ingot quality. Herein, the width of the air gap along the ingot, the precise position of contact between the ingot and mold, and the profile of the melt pool, affected by gas cooling, are calculated. The global pattern of transport phenomena, such as (electro-vortex) flow and electromagnetic fields in the bulk of the ingot, is insensitive to helium gas cooling through the shrinkage gap. However, including gas cooling significantly improves heat removal through the mold, which consequently reduces the pool depth of the Alloy 718 ingot, leading to an improvement in the quality of the ingot.
{"title":"A Coupled Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and Thermal Stress-Strain Model to Explore the Impact of Gas Cooling on Ingot Solidification Shrinkage in Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) Process","authors":"J. Bohacek, E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Vakhrushev, K. Mraz, J. Hvozda, M. Wu, A. Kharicha","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03254-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03254-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An advanced 2D axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamics model, including calculations for electromagnetic, thermal, and flow fields, fully coupled with a thermal stress-strain model, allowing the computation of solid mechanical parameters like stress, strain, and deformation within the ingot of the vacuum arc remelting process is presented. This process encounters challenges due to solidification shrinkage, which causes losing contact between the ingot and the mold, reducing the cooling efficiency of the system, resulting in a deeper melt pool and decreasing ingot quality. Herein, the width of the air gap along the ingot, the precise position of contact between the ingot and mold, and the profile of the melt pool, affected by gas cooling, are calculated. The global pattern of transport phenomena, such as (electro-vortex) flow and electromagnetic fields in the bulk of the ingot, is insensitive to helium gas cooling through the shrinkage gap. However, including gas cooling significantly improves heat removal through the mold, which consequently reduces the pool depth of the Alloy 718 ingot, leading to an improvement in the quality of the ingot.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03252-6
Huiyu Tian, Yanyun Zhang, Shuai Shi, Guanyi Wang, Cong Wang
Recycling presents a waste-free solution to substantial disposal of welding slags which retain most components originated from the original fluxes. However, uncertainties in weld appearance and element contents render it unjustified to reuse welding slags as fluxes. In the present study, a manganese-silicate flux has been demonstrated to be fully recyclable subject to submerged arc welding (SAW) for three times. The weld appearance is assessed against the initial weld metal (WM), while alloying element contents are evaluated according to AWS (American Welding Society) requirements. Flux composition and structure, two decisive factors affecting welding performance, are quantified. It is manifested that compositional changes mainly occur in the contents of MnO (39.50 to 34.66 wt pct), SiO2 (38.46 to 34.25 wt pct), and FetO (1.55 to 6.78 wt pct). Moreover, crystalline structures of MgMnSiO4, and Mg0.6Mn1.4SiO4 appear in the initially amorphous flux. The crystallinity is enhanced to 32.7 wt pct through flux recycling. Slight depolymerization is found in the amorphous structure, as the NBO/Si (non-bridging oxygens per silicon atom) is elevated by 0.2. Overall, this study demonstrates the capability of recycling welding fluxes and is poised to offer insight into further sustainable applications.
{"title":"Recycling Welding Fluxes: A Case Study into Manganese-Silicate System","authors":"Huiyu Tian, Yanyun Zhang, Shuai Shi, Guanyi Wang, Cong Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03252-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03252-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recycling presents a waste-free solution to substantial disposal of welding slags which retain most components originated from the original fluxes. However, uncertainties in weld appearance and element contents render it unjustified to reuse welding slags as fluxes. In the present study, a manganese-silicate flux has been demonstrated to be fully recyclable subject to submerged arc welding (SAW) for three times. The weld appearance is assessed against the initial weld metal (WM), while alloying element contents are evaluated according to AWS (American Welding Society) requirements. Flux composition and structure, two decisive factors affecting welding performance, are quantified. It is manifested that compositional changes mainly occur in the contents of MnO (39.50 to 34.66 wt pct), SiO<sub>2</sub> (38.46 to 34.25 wt pct), and Fe<sub>t</sub>O (1.55 to 6.78 wt pct). Moreover, crystalline structures of MgMnSiO<sub>4</sub>, and Mg<sub>0.6</sub>Mn<sub>1.4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> appear in the initially amorphous flux. The crystallinity is enhanced to 32.7 wt pct through flux recycling. Slight depolymerization is found in the amorphous structure, as the NBO/Si (non-bridging oxygens per silicon atom) is elevated by 0.2. Overall, this study demonstrates the capability of recycling welding fluxes and is poised to offer insight into further sustainable applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03257-1
Hong Wei, Wen Yang, Lifeng Zhang
The rare earth element Gd was added into a resulfurized steel to enhance its performance. Non-metallic inclusions in the steel, the hardness and the microstructure of the steel were analyzed. The addition of Gd resulted in the formation of Gd–O–S and Gd–S inclusions which served as cores of MnS inclusions so that the resistance to the deformation of inclusions was improved. When the content of the total gadolinium (T.Gd) increased from 0 to 198 ppm, the hardness of the steel matrix increased from 60.4 to 80.4 HRA. The microstructure predominantly consisted of a substantial number of pearlites with a minor presence of ferrites distributed in a network-like pattern. The distribution of ferrites along the grain boundary was weakened when the T.Gd content in the steel was 79 ppm. The tensile fracture of the steel exhibited a mixed ductile-brittle pattern while its impact fracture displayed brittle characteristics.
{"title":"Effect of Gadolinium on the Deformation of Sulfides and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Killed Resulfurized Steel","authors":"Hong Wei, Wen Yang, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03257-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03257-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rare earth element Gd was added into a resulfurized steel to enhance its performance. Non-metallic inclusions in the steel, the hardness and the microstructure of the steel were analyzed. The addition of Gd resulted in the formation of Gd–O–S and Gd–S inclusions which served as cores of MnS inclusions so that the resistance to the deformation of inclusions was improved. When the content of the total gadolinium (T.Gd) increased from 0 to 198 ppm, the hardness of the steel matrix increased from 60.4 to 80.4 HRA. The microstructure predominantly consisted of a substantial number of pearlites with a minor presence of ferrites distributed in a network-like pattern. The distribution of ferrites along the grain boundary was weakened when the T.Gd content in the steel was 79 ppm. The tensile fracture of the steel exhibited a mixed ductile-brittle pattern while its impact fracture displayed brittle characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03264-2
Praveen Kumar Rai, Nilabh Dish
The research conducted on the low-temperature epitaxial growth of vapor-deposited thin face-centered cubic (fcc) metal films on the cleavage face of sodium chloride (NaCl) reveals a notable gap in comprehensive studies concerning the influence of deionized water on specially prepared (110) and (211) crystal faces of NaCl. This study emphasizes the crucial role of active contaminants in the oriented growth of thin continuous metal films, specifically silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu), on the (110) and (211) polished faces using the flash-evaporation technique. The impact of flash evaporation on orientation changes during coalescence is highlighted, influencing the epitaxial orientation of metal films. Moreover, the research introduces a significant enhancement of epitaxy on ethanol-treated and furnace-annealed NaCl faces without the need for post-deposition annealing of wet-stripped free-standing films. The epitaxial relationships between substrates and deposits were determined through electron diffraction, while transmission electron microscopy was employed to examine crystalline defects present in wet-stripped films. This work contributes valuable insights into the intricacies of thin metal film growth on specifically treated NaCl crystal faces.
{"title":"Epitaxial Growth of FCC Metals on the (100), (110), and (211) NaCl Surfaces","authors":"Praveen Kumar Rai, Nilabh Dish","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03264-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03264-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The research conducted on the low-temperature epitaxial growth of vapor-deposited thin face-centered cubic (fcc) metal films on the cleavage face of sodium chloride (NaCl) reveals a notable gap in comprehensive studies concerning the influence of deionized water on specially prepared (110) and (211) crystal faces of NaCl. This study emphasizes the crucial role of active contaminants in the oriented growth of thin continuous metal films, specifically silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu), on the (110) and (211) polished faces using the flash-evaporation technique. The impact of flash evaporation on orientation changes during coalescence is highlighted, influencing the epitaxial orientation of metal films. Moreover, the research introduces a significant enhancement of epitaxy on ethanol-treated and furnace-annealed NaCl faces without the need for post-deposition annealing of wet-stripped free-standing films. The epitaxial relationships between substrates and deposits were determined through electron diffraction, while transmission electron microscopy was employed to examine crystalline defects present in wet-stripped films. This work contributes valuable insights into the intricacies of thin metal film growth on specifically treated NaCl crystal faces.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03250-8
Yaqiong Li, Hongzheng Cai, Yifan Wang, Lifeng Zhang, Wen Yang
The disposal of end-of-life photovoltaic components presents a substantial challenge. This study introduces a novel one-step heat treatment process for the efficient recovery of Ag from Si solar cells. Through the utilization of a high-temperature microscope, the behavior of Ag during the heating process was carefully observed, revealing a sequence of melting, aggregation, and ultimately the formation of Ag droplets. Notably, this process significantly minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals and reduces operational costs.
{"title":"One-Step Heat Treatment for Effective Separation of Ag from Si Solar Cells","authors":"Yaqiong Li, Hongzheng Cai, Yifan Wang, Lifeng Zhang, Wen Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11663-024-03250-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03250-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The disposal of end-of-life photovoltaic components presents a substantial challenge. This study introduces a novel one-step heat treatment process for the efficient recovery of Ag from Si solar cells. Through the utilization of a high-temperature microscope, the behavior of Ag during the heating process was carefully observed, revealing a sequence of melting, aggregation, and ultimately the formation of Ag droplets. Notably, this process significantly minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals and reduces operational costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18613,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","volume":"56 34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}