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Reduction and Carburization Mechanisms for CO + H2 Reduction in Shaft Furnace Conditions 竖炉条件下 CO + H2 还原和渗碳机理
Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03235-7
Hedda Pousette, Niklas Kojola, Oscar Hessling

Direct reduction, with reducing gases containing CO and H2, is becoming an increasingly important process for reduction of iron ore to iron. There is a need for understanding reduction and carburization mechanisms for CO + H2 gases in shaft-like conditions. The experimental setup includes a column of pellets, where ingoing gas of 40 pct CO and 60 pct H2 and known temperature enters at the bottom and exits at the top. Experiments are carried out at 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C for 1, 2.5, or 5 hours with gas flow rate of 4 or 6 nL/min. After reduction, pellets are removed, taking note of vertical position, and analyzed for reduction degree, total carbon, and cementite content. Results show that there is a gradient in reduction and carburization over the column height, which decreases with increasing time. Comparison of thermodynamic calculations with experimental results shows that kinetic factors have a strong influence on reduction and carburization. Consumption of gas by reduction or carburization reactions limits gas suitability at the local reaction sites. It could therefore be of interest to design the shaft process so that reduction and carburization take place in two steps.

利用含有 CO 和 H2 的还原气体进行直接还原,正日益成为铁矿石还原成铁的重要工艺。需要了解 CO + H2 气体在类似竖井条件下的还原和渗碳机理。实验装置包括一个球团柱,在已知温度下,40 pct CO 和 60 pct H2 气体从底部进入,从顶部排出。实验在 600 ℃、700 ℃、800 ℃ 和 900 ℃ 温度下进行 1、2.5 或 5 小时,气体流速为 4 或 6 nL/min。还原后,取出颗粒,注意垂直位置,分析还原度、总碳和雪明碳柱含量。结果表明,还原和渗碳在炉柱高度上存在梯度,随着时间的增加梯度减小。热力学计算结果与实验结果的比较表明,动力学因素对还原和渗碳有很大影响。还原或渗碳反应对气体的消耗限制了局部反应点的气体适用性。因此,有必要设计竖炉工艺,使还原和渗碳分两步进行。
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引用次数: 0
Crystallization Behaviors of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–B2O3 Slag for Electroslag Remelting of B-Containing Rack Steel 用于电渣重熔含 B 钢架的 CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-B2O3 熔渣的结晶行为
Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03243-7
Yong-jiao Zhang, Xi-min Zang, Ling-zhong Kong, Jie Yang, Shi-sen Li, Guo-cheng Wang

The crystallization behaviors of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–B2O3 slag for electroslag remelting of B-containing rack steel was investigated through a series of non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization experiments. The techniques employed for this determination included differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and FactSage 8.2. The results indicated that an increase in B2O3 content suppressed the crystallization of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO slag. The crystallization temperature decreased as the B2O3 content in the slag increased from 2 to 7 mass pct. In the slag containing 2 mass pct B2O3, spherical CaF2 precipitates first, followed by reticulate Ca12Al14F2O32 phase. Increasing B2O3 addition promoted the formation of Ca5(BO3)3F and calcium aluminate (Ca12Al14O33 or CaAl4O7), and decreased the crystallization of Ca12Al14F2O32 phase. The crystallization sequence transformed into CaF2 → CaAl4O7 → MgAl2O4 + Ca5(BO3)3F in the case of 7 mass pct B2O3. B2O3 addition inhibits the crystallization of the dominated phase CaF2, which would improving the lubrication and heat transfer performance of ESR-type CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO slags.

通过一系列非等温和等温结晶实验,研究了用于电渣重熔含 B 钢架的 CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-B2O3 炉渣的结晶行为。测定所采用的技术包括差示扫描量热法、X 射线衍射法、扫描电子显微镜-能量色散光谱法和 FactSage 8.2。结果表明,B2O3 含量的增加抑制了 CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO 熔渣的结晶。随着矿渣中 B2O3 含量从 2 质量百分数增加到 7 质量百分数,结晶温度降低。在 B2O3 含量为 2 质量百分数的炉渣中,首先析出的是球形 CaF2,然后是网状的 Ca12Al14F2O32 相。增加 B2O3 的添加量可促进 Ca5(BO3)3F 和铝酸钙(Ca12Al14O33 或 CaAl4O7)的形成,并减少 Ca12Al14F2O32 相的结晶。在 B2O3 质量百分比为 7 的情况下,结晶顺序转变为 CaF2 → CaAl4O7 → MgAl2O4 + Ca5(BO3)3F。添加 B2O3 可抑制主相 CaF2 的结晶,从而改善 ESR 型 CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO 炉渣的润滑和传热性能。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling Droplet Zone Element Transfer Behaviors of CaO–SiO2–MnO Fluxes in the EH36 Shipbuilding Steel Subject to Submerged Arc Welding 揭示埋弧焊 EH36 船用钢中 CaO-SiO2-MnO 焊剂的液滴区元素传递行为
Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03231-x
Guanyi Wang, Yanyun Zhang, Yanqing Zhao, Hangyu Bai, Imants Kaldre, Cong Wang

Quantifying the degree of element transfer within the droplet zone during submerged arc welding (SAW) remains challenging due to the coverage of the droplet zone by fluxes and the presence of arc plasma, which are characterized by exceedingly high temperatures and short lifetime. This present study has investigated element transfer behaviors within the droplet zone during SAW by employing fused CaO–SiO2–MnO fluxes with varying MnO contents and welding current intensities. An apparatus designed for capturing droplets in SAW was employed. The results indicate that, as the welding current increases from 200 to 400 A, the average transfer levels of Si, Mn, and O in the fluxes to the droplet increase by 1.81, 2.52, and 1.42 times, respectively. As the MnO content increases from 10 to 60 wt pct, the average transfer levels of Si, Mn, and O in the fluxes to the droplet increase by 24.97, 3.01, and 2.22 times, respectively. Our current findings may facilitate elucidating the influence of arc plasma on element transfer within the droplet zone, thereby establishing a theoretical framework for comprehensively understanding the contribution of individual reaction zones during SAW.

在埋弧焊(SAW)过程中,由于焊剂和电弧等离子体覆盖了液滴区,液滴区的温度极高且寿命极短,因此量化液滴区内的元素转移程度仍具有挑战性。本研究采用不同氧化锰含量和焊接电流强度的熔融 CaO-SiO2-MnO 助焊剂,研究了 SAW 焊接过程中熔滴区内的元素转移行为。研究人员使用了一种专为在声表面波焊接中捕获熔滴而设计的设备。结果表明,随着焊接电流从 200 安培增加到 400 安培,焊剂中的硅、锰和氧向液滴的平均转移水平分别增加了 1.81 倍、2.52 倍和 1.42 倍。随着氧化锰含量从 10 wt pct 增加到 60 wt pct,液滴通量中的硅、锰和氧的平均转移水平分别增加了 24.97 倍、3.01 倍和 2.22 倍。我们目前的研究结果有助于阐明电弧等离子体对液滴区内元素转移的影响,从而为全面理解声表面波过程中各个反应区的贡献建立一个理论框架。
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引用次数: 0
The Heat Transfer Behavior of Ultra-Large Beam Blank Continuous Casting Mold with Different Water-Cooling Structure 不同水冷结构的超大型梁坯连铸模具的传热行为
Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03241-9
Shi-bo Wang, Zhao-zhen Cai, Miao-yong Zhu

The excellent water-cooling structure contributes to achieve efficient and reasonable heat transfer in the mold, which is essential for achieving the ultra-large beam blank continuous casting (ULBBCC). Therefore, this work designed different ultra-large beam blank mold (ULBBM) which were composed of three wide face copper plates with different water-cooling structures and two narrow face copper plates with different water-cooling structures, on the basis of which a three-dimensional heat transfer model of the copper plate coupling with the cooling water flow in the water-cooling structure was developed with the consideration of fluid-solid coupling interaction. Then, the accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the model-predicted and measured water temperatures. Finally, the focus is comparing the heat transfer behavior of the mold under different water-cooling structures, as well as the temperature and flow evolution of the cooling water, and the most optimal water-cooling structure was proposed. The results show that the water-cooling structure of water slots with semicircular roots (Mold II) contributes the narrow face copper plate of ULBBM to obtain excellent temperature uniformity and achieve homogenization of heat transfer. The water-cooling structure of small hole water channel with a diameter of 10 mm (Mold III) decreases the maximum temperature at the fillet of wide face copper plate of ULBBM to 582.9 K and the maximum circumferential temperature difference near the meniscus to 103.3 K, and which contributes the wide face copper plate to obtain higher temperature uniformity and lower fillet temperature, and achieve homogenization of heat transfer.

优良的水冷结构有助于实现模具内高效、合理的热传递,这对实现超大型型钢毛坯连铸(ULBBCC)至关重要。因此,本研究设计了由三块不同水冷结构的宽面铜板和两块不同水冷结构的窄面铜板组成的不同超大型梁坯模具(ULBBM),在此基础上,考虑流固耦合相互作用,建立了水冷结构中铜板与冷却水流耦合的三维传热模型。然后,通过比较模型预测水温和实测水温,验证了模型的准确性。最后,重点比较了不同水冷结构下模具的传热行为以及冷却水的温度和流动演变,并提出了最优的水冷结构。结果表明,带有半圆形根部的水槽水冷结构(模具 II)有助于 ULBBM 的窄面铜板获得极佳的温度均匀性,并实现热传递的均匀化。直径为 10 毫米的小孔水槽水冷结构(模具 III)使超薄板宽面铜板圆角处的最高温度降至 582.9 K,半月板附近的最大圆周温差降至 103.3 K,有助于宽面铜板获得更高的温度均匀性和更低的圆角温度,实现传热均匀化。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Spinel Crystallization Characteristics on Leaching Vanadium from Vanadium-Containing Slag 尖晶石结晶特性对从含钒矿渣中浸钒的影响
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03239-3
Wei-Tong Du, Ting-Feng Yao, Hai-Ming Cheng, Dian-Chun Ju, Zhuo Chen

This study investigates the influence of spinel crystallization characteristics on vanadium extraction during the converter vanadium slag-cooling process through thermodynamic calculations and experimental investigations. The phase evolution and micro-morphology variations of V-containing slag at different quenching temperatures are characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the grain size of spinel phases is measured using an image processing software. Results indicate that the crystallization sequence in V-containing slag during the cooling process is V-spinel → Ti-spinel → olivine → rhodonite. When the temperature is reduced from 1400 °C to 1000 °C, the grain sizes of spinel exhibit a log-normal distribution, with the mean diameter and leaching rate of vanadium increasing from 15.11 to 27.27 μm and from 82.65 pct to 92.06 pct, respectively. The restrictive step in the crystallization process is the interfacial reaction. When cooled from 1000 °C to 25 °C, Ostwald ripening-type grain size distribution is observed, and the mean diameter increased to 41.9 μm. The vanadium leaching rate decreased to 85 pct due to the encapsulation of V-spinel by Ti-spinel and olivine, and the crystallization process is observed to be controlled by diffusion.

本研究通过热力学计算和实验研究,探讨了转炉钒渣冷却过程中尖晶石结晶特性对提钒的影响。通过 X 射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜-能量色散 X 射线光谱对不同淬火温度下的含钒炉渣的相演化和微观形态变化进行了表征,并利用图像处理软件测量了尖晶石相的晶粒尺寸。结果表明,含 V 矿渣在冷却过程中的结晶顺序为 V-尖晶石→Ti-尖晶石→橄榄石→菱铁矿。当温度从 1400 °C 降低到 1000 °C 时,尖晶石的晶粒大小呈现对数正态分布,钒的平均直径和浸出率分别从 15.11 μm 和 82.65 pct 增加到 27.27 μm 和 92.06 pct。结晶过程的限制步骤是界面反应。从 1000 °C 冷却到 25 °C 时,观察到奥斯特瓦尔德熟化型晶粒尺寸分布,平均直径增加到 41.9 μm。由于 V-尖晶石被 Ti-尖晶石和橄榄石包裹,钒浸出率下降到 85%,而且观察到结晶过程受扩散控制。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Bottom Blowing Element Based on the Characteristics of Gas Stream and Stirring Ability in 120t Converter 基于 120t 转炉气流特性和搅拌能力的底部吹扫元件比较
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03240-w
Yijie Hao, Ming Lv, Fuqing Hou, Shiwu Ruan, Zhaohui Zhang, Xiangdong Xing

The bottom blowing element is critical for ensuring the effectiveness of top and bottom blowing in converter steelmaking process. Investigating the influence of different bottom blowing elements on the stirring properties of molten bath contributes to the optimization of the bottom blowing system. The effects of structural variations in dispersive, circular seam and straight cylinder types of bottom blowing elements on molten bath fluid dynamics, turbulent kinetic energy and multiphase flow properties of gas-slag-metal were investigated through numerical simulations. In addition, physical simulations were used to measure the mixing time of molten bath, observe changes in the flow field, and validate and analyze the results of the numerical simulations. The results show that the dispersive type element has a wider dispersion range of the flow jets, while the straight cylinder type has the smallest dispersion range. When the bottom blowing intensity is below 0.05 Nm3/t·min, the dispersive type has the longest mixing time, while the circular seam type has the shortest mixing time. Conversely, at more than 0.08 Nm3/t·min, the dispersive type shows the shortest mixing time and the straight cylinder type shows the longest. The dispersive type significantly influences the bottom flow field and disperses tracers from the interior of molten bath. The circular seam type mainly affects the middle flow field and directs tracers along the central area. The straight cylinder type, on the other hand, has a significant influence on the surface flow field and directs tracers along the pool surface.

底吹元件对于确保转炉炼钢过程中顶部和底部吹炼的有效性至关重要。研究不同底吹元件对熔池搅拌特性的影响有助于优化底吹系统。通过数值模拟研究了分散型、圆缝型和直筒型底吹元件的结构变化对熔池流体动力学、湍动能和气体-熔渣-金属多相流特性的影响。此外,还利用物理模拟测量了熔池的混合时间,观察了流场的变化,并对数值模拟的结果进行了验证和分析。结果表明,分散型元件的流动射流分散范围较大,而直筒式元件的分散范围最小。当底吹强度低于 0.05 Nm3/t-min 时,分散型元件的混合时间最长,而圆缝型元件的混合时间最短。相反,当吹气强度大于 0.08 Nm3/t-min 时,分散型的混合时间最短,而直筒式的混合时间最长。分散型对底部流场的影响很大,可分散熔池内部的示踪剂。环缝型主要影响中间流场,并引导示踪剂沿中心区域流动。而直筒式则对表面流场有很大影响,并将示踪剂沿熔池表面引导。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Austenite Grain Growth Behavior and Martensitic Phase Transformation Mechanism of 40Cr10Si2Mo Steel via In Situ Observation 通过现场观察研究 40Cr10Si2Mo 钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为和马氏体相变机理
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03229-5
Tongyao Yang, Qingjuan Wang, Zhongze Du, Wen Wang, Longxin Li, Zhiyi Li, Bofan Xu

40Cr10Si2Mo steel is widely utilized because of its excellent mechanical properties, with grain size being a critical factor determining subsequent phase transformation processes and material microstructure performance. This paper reports the use of high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy (HT-LSCM) for in situ observation experiments to systematically investigate the growth of austenite grains and the martensitic phase transformation mechanism in 40Cr10Si2Mo steel during an 1800-second isothermal hold at temperatures ranging from 900 °C to 1250 °C. A dynamic model of austenite grain growth is established to optimize the parameters of the austenitic process. The results indicate that the austenite grain size increases continuously with increasing temperature and prolonged time. The Dong model predicts grain sizes that align well with experimental values. Austenite grains grow through grain boundary migration and grain annexation, whereas the precipitation and dissolution of M(Cr, Mo)23C6 affect grain growth. With prolonged time, some grain boundaries extend into new boundaries through subgrain rotation. The fine grains at lower temperatures reduce the initial temperature of the martensite transition (Ms), and the primary martensite nucleates along the grain boundaries of the prior austenite. The secondary martensite is attached to the primary martensite nucleus at a certain angle and grows in parallel while inhibiting the phase transition of the surrounding untransformed austenite.

40Cr10Si2Mo 钢因其优异的机械性能而得到广泛应用,其中晶粒大小是决定后续相变过程和材料微观结构性能的关键因素。本文报道了利用高温激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(HT-LSCM)进行原位观察实验,系统研究了 40Cr10Si2Mo 钢在 900 ℃ 至 1250 ℃ 温度范围内进行 1800 秒等温保温期间奥氏体晶粒的生长和马氏体相变机制。建立了奥氏体晶粒生长的动态模型,以优化奥氏体化过程的参数。结果表明,奥氏体晶粒大小随温度升高和时间延长而不断增大。Dong 模型预测的晶粒尺寸与实验值非常吻合。奥氏体晶粒通过晶界迁移和晶粒吞并而长大,而 M(Cr,Mo)23C6 的沉淀和溶解则影响晶粒长大。随着时间的延长,一些晶界通过亚晶粒旋转扩展成新的晶界。较低温度下的细晶粒降低了马氏体转变(Ms)的初始温度,初级马氏体沿着先前奥氏体的晶界成核。二次马氏体以一定角度附着在一次马氏体核上,并平行生长,同时抑制周围未转变奥氏体的相变。
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引用次数: 0
Constitutive Model and Experimental Verification of Kinetics of Non-isothermal Hydrogen Reduction of Ilmenite: A Case Study on Kahnuj Ilmenite 钛铁矿非等温氢还原动力学的构造模型与实验验证:关于 Kahnuj 钛铁矿的案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03236-6
Leila Ghasemi, Seyed Hossein Seyedein, Mandana Adeli, Mohammad Reza Aboutalebi

In this study, the reduction kinetics of ilmenite concentrate from a domestic mine (Kahnuj, Kerman, Iran) in pure hydrogen in the temperature range of 500 °C to 1100 °C was investigated. From the non-isothermal reduction results corresponding kinetic parameters for the as-received and pre-oxidized concentrates were calculated using the Coats-Redfern method. The reduction process in both raw and pre-oxidized ilmenite, at 800 °C was controlled by diffusion through the product layer. The kinetic analysis for ilmenite pre-oxidized at 1000 °C indicated that the reduction process followed a chemical reaction and nucleation and growth mechanism. The samples pre-oxidized at 800 °C and 1000 °C exhibited higher mass loss values and reduction degrees compared to the raw ilmenite. The promoting effect of pre-oxidation on the reduction of ilmenite is attributed to the phase changes in pre-oxidized ilmenite and the porous structure created during the reduction process after the pre-oxidation process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of pseudorutile, rutile, and hematite after oxidation at 800 °C, and pseudobrookite and rutile were stable phases after oxidation at 1000 °C.

在这项研究中,研究了来自国内矿山(伊朗克尔曼卡努吉)的钛铁矿精矿在 500 °C 至 1100 °C 温度范围内的纯氢中的还原动力学。根据非等温还原结果,使用 Coats-Redfern 方法计算了原精矿和预氧化精矿的相应动力学参数。原钛铁矿和预氧化钛铁矿在 800 ℃ 下的还原过程都是通过产物层的扩散控制的。对在 1000 ℃ 下预氧化的钛铁矿进行的动力学分析表明,还原过程遵循化学反应以及成核和生长机制。与未加工的钛铁矿相比,在 800 ℃ 和 1000 ℃ 下预氧化的样品表现出更高的质量损失值和还原度。预氧化对钛铁矿还原的促进作用归因于预氧化钛铁矿的相变以及预氧化后还原过程中产生的多孔结构。X 射线衍射(XRD)图证实,在 800 ℃ 氧化后存在假金红石、金红石和赤铁矿,而在 1000 ℃ 氧化后,假沸石和金红石是稳定的相。
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引用次数: 0
Determining the Lateral Capillary Force Between Inclusions at the Gas/Steel or Slag/Steel Interface 确定气体/钢或熔渣/钢界面夹杂物之间的侧向毛细力
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03224-w
Zilong Qiu, Muxing Guo, Annelies Malfliet

Understanding the agglomeration behavior between inclusions during steelmaking is crucial to control steel quality and cleanliness. This work reviews the state-of-the-art lateral capillary interaction between inclusions attached to the gas/steel or slag/steel interfaces, which is an essential aspect of inclusion agglomeration. The origin of the lateral capillary force, the methodologies to measure the force, and the development of the capillary theory are discussed. High-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) has been intensively used for the in situ observation of inclusion agglomeration at the gas/steel or slag/steel interfaces. To calculate the lateral capillary force between inclusions from a series of 2D CSLM images, the particle mass, the inter-particle distance, and the drag force on the inclusions are the main input parameters. We compared the capillary force between two ellipsoidal particles obtained from different particle radius approximations (long and short radii, arithmetic mean, equivalent and effective radius, and equivalent volume), separation distances (inter-center and inter-surface), and capillary models (Yin’s, Chan’s, Mu’s, K–P, and sub-particle models). The results highlight the importance of consistency in the parameters used in the force calculation from CSLM images and capillary models.

了解炼钢过程中夹杂物之间的团聚行为对于控制钢材质量和清洁度至关重要。本研究回顾了附着在气体/钢或熔渣/钢界面上的夹杂物之间的横向毛细作用的最新进展,这是夹杂物团聚的一个重要方面。文中讨论了横向毛细作用力的起源、测量毛细作用力的方法以及毛细理论的发展。高温共焦扫描激光显微镜(CSLM)已被广泛用于现场观察气体/钢或熔渣/钢界面上的夹杂团聚。从一系列二维 CSLM 图像中计算夹杂物之间的横向毛细力时,颗粒质量、颗粒间距离和夹杂物上的阻力是主要的输入参数。我们比较了从不同的颗粒半径近似值(长半径和短半径、算术平均值、等效半径和有效半径以及等效体积)、分离距离(中心间和表面间)以及毛细管模型(殷模型、陈模型、穆模型、K-P 模型和子颗粒模型)得到的两个椭圆形颗粒之间的毛细管力。结果凸显了根据 CSLM 图像和毛细管模型计算力时所用参数一致性的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic Consideration of the Direct Removal of Oxygen from Titanium by Utilizing Metallothermic Reduction of Rare Earth Metal Halides 利用稀土金属卤化物的金属热还原从钛中直接脱氧的热力学考量
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03118-x
Toru H. Okabe, Gen Kamimura, Takanari Ouchi

As the demand for titanium (Ti) continues to grow, so too does the use of Ti scrap, underscoring the need for innovative techniques for the efficient removal of oxygen (O) impurities from Ti scrap. Despite the immense challenge of directly removing oxygen from Ti–O solid solutions and the current lack of industrially applicable deoxidation methods, the current work explores a groundbreaking approach to address this issue. The thermodynamic analysis of a new technique for eliminating oxygen dissolved in solid Ti was conducted, leveraging the deoxidation properties of rare earth metals (REMs) such as Sc, Y, and La. This cutting-edge method relies on the in-situ production of REMs through the metallothermic reduction of REM halides. It was shown that Sc or Y metal can be synthesized via the reduction of ScCl3 by Mg or YCl3 by Li or Na, respectively. Ti with oxygen concentrations below 100 mass ppm can be obtained by leveraging the deoxidation properties of the Sc and Y metals produced in situ during the metallothermic reduction process, which contribute to deoxidation through their subsequent oxychloride-forming reactions. Employing REM halides in tandem with Li, Na, and Mg enables the efficient removal of oxygen impurities from Ti, even though these reactive metals have only weak deoxidation properties for Ti on their own. Remarkably, the proposed technique achieves oxygen concentrations significantly lower than those obtained using Ca metal as a deoxidant. In the future, this pioneering deoxidation method could be used to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption during Ti production while promoting resource circulation as a key technology for Ti recycling.

随着对钛(Ti)需求的不断增长,钛废料的使用量也在不断增加,这凸显了从钛废料中有效去除氧(O)杂质的创新技术的必要性。尽管从钛-氧化物固溶体中直接去除氧气是一项巨大的挑战,而且目前缺乏工业上适用的脱氧方法,但目前的研究工作探索了一种突破性的方法来解决这一问题。利用稀土金属(REMs)(如钪、钇和镧)的脱氧特性,对消除溶解在固体钛中的氧气的新技术进行了热力学分析。这种前沿方法依赖于通过稀土金属卤化物的金属热还原来就地生产稀土金属。研究表明,Sc 或 Y 金属可分别通过 Mg 还原 ScCl3 或 Li 或 Na 还原 YCl3 合成。利用金属热还原过程中在原位生成的 Sc 和 Y 金属的脱氧特性,可获得氧浓度低于 100 质量ppm 的钛。将 REM 卤化物与 Li、Na 和 Mg 结合使用,可有效去除 Ti 中的氧杂质,尽管这些活性金属本身对 Ti 的脱氧性能很弱。值得注意的是,该技术所获得的氧浓度大大低于使用 Ca 金属作为脱氧剂所获得的氧浓度。未来,这种开创性的脱氧方法可用于减少钛生产过程中的二氧化碳排放和能源消耗,同时作为钛循环利用的一项关键技术促进资源循环。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
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