Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09983-z
Liviana Ricci, Vitor Heidrich, Michal Punčochář, Federica Armanini, Matteo Ciciani, Amir Nabinejad, Farnaz Fazaeli, Elisa Piperni, Charlotte Servais, Federica Pinto, Mireia Valles-Colomer, Francesco Asnicar, Nicola Segata
The early infant microbiome is largely primed by microbial transmission from the mother between birth and the first few weeks of life1,2,3, but how interpersonal transmission further shapes the developing microbiome in the first year remains unexplored. Here we report a metagenomic survey to model microbiome transmission in the nursery setting among babies attending the first year, their educators and their families (n = 134 individuals). We performed dense longitudinal microbiome sampling (n = 1,013 faecal samples) during the first year of nursery and tracked microbial strain transmission within and between nursery groups across 3 different facilities. We detected extensive baby-to-baby microbiome transmission within nursery groups even after only 1 month of nursery attendance, with nursery-acquired strains accounting for a proportion of the infant gut microbiome comparable to that from family by the end of the first term. Baby-to-baby transmission continued to grow over the nursery year, in an increasingly intricate transmission network with single strains spreading in some classes, and with multiple baby-acquisition and species-transmissibility patterns. Having siblings was associated with higher microbiome diversity and reduced strain acquisition from nursery peers, while antibiotic treatment was the condition that most accounted for the increased influx of strains. This study shows that microbiome transmission between babies is extensive during the first year of nursery, and points to social interactions in infancy as crucial drivers of infant microbiome development.
{"title":"Baby-to-baby strain transmission shapes the developing gut microbiome","authors":"Liviana Ricci, Vitor Heidrich, Michal Punčochář, Federica Armanini, Matteo Ciciani, Amir Nabinejad, Farnaz Fazaeli, Elisa Piperni, Charlotte Servais, Federica Pinto, Mireia Valles-Colomer, Francesco Asnicar, Nicola Segata","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09983-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09983-z","url":null,"abstract":"The early infant microbiome is largely primed by microbial transmission from the mother between birth and the first few weeks of life1,2,3, but how interpersonal transmission further shapes the developing microbiome in the first year remains unexplored. Here we report a metagenomic survey to model microbiome transmission in the nursery setting among babies attending the first year, their educators and their families (n = 134 individuals). We performed dense longitudinal microbiome sampling (n = 1,013 faecal samples) during the first year of nursery and tracked microbial strain transmission within and between nursery groups across 3 different facilities. We detected extensive baby-to-baby microbiome transmission within nursery groups even after only 1 month of nursery attendance, with nursery-acquired strains accounting for a proportion of the infant gut microbiome comparable to that from family by the end of the first term. Baby-to-baby transmission continued to grow over the nursery year, in an increasingly intricate transmission network with single strains spreading in some classes, and with multiple baby-acquisition and species-transmissibility patterns. Having siblings was associated with higher microbiome diversity and reduced strain acquisition from nursery peers, while antibiotic treatment was the condition that most accounted for the increased influx of strains. This study shows that microbiome transmission between babies is extensive during the first year of nursery, and points to social interactions in infancy as crucial drivers of infant microbiome development.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09964-2
Sara A. Carioscia, Arjun Biddanda, Margaret R. Starostik, Xiaona Tang, Eva R. Hoffmann, Zachary P. Demko, Rajiv C. McCoy
The leading cause of human pregnancy loss is aneuploidy, often tracing to errors in chromosome segregation during female meiosis1,2. Although abnormal crossover recombination is known to confer risk for aneuploidy3,4, limited data have hindered understanding of the potential shared genetic basis of these key molecular phenotypes. To address this gap, we performed retrospective analysis of pre-implantation genetic testing data from 139,416 in vitro fertilized embryos from 22,850 sets of biological parents. By tracing transmission of haplotypes, we identified 3,809,412 crossovers, as well as 92,485 aneuploid chromosomes. Counts of crossovers were lower in aneuploid versus euploid embryos, consistent with their role in chromosome pairing and segregation. Our analyses further revealed that a common haplotype spanning the meiotic cohesin SMC1B is associated significantly with both crossover count and maternal meiotic aneuploidy, with evidence supporting a non-coding cis-regulatory mechanism. Transcriptome- and phenome-wide association tests also implicated variation in the synaptonemal complex component C14orf39 and crossover-regulating ubiquitin ligases CCNB1IP1 and RNF212 in meiotic aneuploidy risk. More broadly, variants associated with aneuploidy often showed secondary associations with recombination, and several also exhibited associations with reproductive ageing traits. Our findings highlight the dual role of recombination in generating genetic diversity, while ensuring meiotic fidelity.
{"title":"Common variation in meiosis genes shapes human recombination and aneuploidy","authors":"Sara A. Carioscia, Arjun Biddanda, Margaret R. Starostik, Xiaona Tang, Eva R. Hoffmann, Zachary P. Demko, Rajiv C. McCoy","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09964-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09964-2","url":null,"abstract":"The leading cause of human pregnancy loss is aneuploidy, often tracing to errors in chromosome segregation during female meiosis1,2. Although abnormal crossover recombination is known to confer risk for aneuploidy3,4, limited data have hindered understanding of the potential shared genetic basis of these key molecular phenotypes. To address this gap, we performed retrospective analysis of pre-implantation genetic testing data from 139,416 in vitro fertilized embryos from 22,850 sets of biological parents. By tracing transmission of haplotypes, we identified 3,809,412 crossovers, as well as 92,485 aneuploid chromosomes. Counts of crossovers were lower in aneuploid versus euploid embryos, consistent with their role in chromosome pairing and segregation. Our analyses further revealed that a common haplotype spanning the meiotic cohesin SMC1B is associated significantly with both crossover count and maternal meiotic aneuploidy, with evidence supporting a non-coding cis-regulatory mechanism. Transcriptome- and phenome-wide association tests also implicated variation in the synaptonemal complex component C14orf39 and crossover-regulating ubiquitin ligases CCNB1IP1 and RNF212 in meiotic aneuploidy risk. More broadly, variants associated with aneuploidy often showed secondary associations with recombination, and several also exhibited associations with reproductive ageing traits. Our findings highlight the dual role of recombination in generating genetic diversity, while ensuring meiotic fidelity.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09970-4
Travis Gilmore, Lars Stixrude
Sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, the most abundant types of planet in the galaxy, are unlike anything in the Solar System, with radii between those of Earth and Neptune1,2. Fundamental questions remain regarding their structure and origin. Although super-Earths have a rocky composition3, sub-Neptunes form a distinct population at larger radii and are thought to consist of a rocky core overlain by a hydrogen-rich envelope4,5. At the extreme conditions of the core–envelope interface (exceeding several gigapascals and several thousand kelvin4,6), reaction between core and envelope seems possible, but the nature and extent of these reactions are unknown. Here we use first-principles molecular dynamics driven by density functional theory to show that silicate and hydrogen are completely miscible over a wide range of plausible core–envelope pressure–temperature conditions. We find the origin of miscibility in extensive chemical reaction between hydrogen and silicate, producing silane, SiO and water species, which may be observable with ongoing or future missions. Core–envelope miscibility profoundly affects the evolution of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, by dissolving a large fraction of the hydrogen of the planet in the core and driving exchange of hydrogen between core and envelope as the planet evolves.
{"title":"Core–envelope miscibility in sub-Neptunes and super-Earths","authors":"Travis Gilmore, Lars Stixrude","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09970-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09970-4","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, the most abundant types of planet in the galaxy, are unlike anything in the Solar System, with radii between those of Earth and Neptune1,2. Fundamental questions remain regarding their structure and origin. Although super-Earths have a rocky composition3, sub-Neptunes form a distinct population at larger radii and are thought to consist of a rocky core overlain by a hydrogen-rich envelope4,5. At the extreme conditions of the core–envelope interface (exceeding several gigapascals and several thousand kelvin4,6), reaction between core and envelope seems possible, but the nature and extent of these reactions are unknown. Here we use first-principles molecular dynamics driven by density functional theory to show that silicate and hydrogen are completely miscible over a wide range of plausible core–envelope pressure–temperature conditions. We find the origin of miscibility in extensive chemical reaction between hydrogen and silicate, producing silane, SiO and water species, which may be observable with ongoing or future missions. Core–envelope miscibility profoundly affects the evolution of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, by dissolving a large fraction of the hydrogen of the planet in the core and driving exchange of hydrogen between core and envelope as the planet evolves.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10003-3
Andrea U. Gaudi, Michelle Meier, Oguzhan F. Baltaci, Sayali Chowdhary, Frank J. Tulenko, Stefanie Dudczig, Sebastian-Alexander Stamatis, Scott Paterson, Hujun Yu, Maria Cristina Rondon Galeano, Elizabeth Mason, Lee B. Miles, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Andrew J. Pask, Jana Vukovic, Anne K. Lagendijk, Kelly A. Smith, Jan Kaslin, Michael RM Harrison, Peter D. Currie, Neil I. Bower, Benjamin M. Hogan
The vertebrate central nervous system is protected by the blood–brain barrier and meningeal membranes, which ensure immune privilege1. In the mammalian brain, microglia and barrier-associated or border-associated macrophages (BAMs) provide immune surveillance and scavenge wastes2, yet how evolution shaped immune-cell diversity and function is not understood. In zebrafish, a vascular-derived mural lymphatic endothelial cell (muLEC) lineage fulfils scavenger cell functions at central nervous system borders3,4,5. Here we identify the transcription factor odd-skipped related 2 (osr2) as a specific marker and regulator of muLEC differentiation and maintenance. osr2 controls the transition of muLECs from interconnected endothelial cells to individual scavenger cells in part by means of control of cadherin-6. muLECs are more transcriptionally similar to BAMs than to other mammalian meningeal cells and share several functions in tissue homeostasis. However, BAMs are absent from zebrafish and muLECs from mice and humans. Analysis of osr2, lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) and BAM markers in diverse vertebrate species reveals muLECs as an ancient lineage and BAMs a recent mammalian specialization. muLECs and BAMs share functional analogies but are not homologous, providing an example of convergent evolution. This highlights the physiological importance of meningeal scavenger cells and the developmental plasticity of LECs in generating specialized cell types throughout evolution.
{"title":"Convergent evolution of scavenger cell development at brain borders","authors":"Andrea U. Gaudi, Michelle Meier, Oguzhan F. Baltaci, Sayali Chowdhary, Frank J. Tulenko, Stefanie Dudczig, Sebastian-Alexander Stamatis, Scott Paterson, Hujun Yu, Maria Cristina Rondon Galeano, Elizabeth Mason, Lee B. Miles, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Andrew J. Pask, Jana Vukovic, Anne K. Lagendijk, Kelly A. Smith, Jan Kaslin, Michael RM Harrison, Peter D. Currie, Neil I. Bower, Benjamin M. Hogan","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-10003-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10003-3","url":null,"abstract":"The vertebrate central nervous system is protected by the blood–brain barrier and meningeal membranes, which ensure immune privilege1. In the mammalian brain, microglia and barrier-associated or border-associated macrophages (BAMs) provide immune surveillance and scavenge wastes2, yet how evolution shaped immune-cell diversity and function is not understood. In zebrafish, a vascular-derived mural lymphatic endothelial cell (muLEC) lineage fulfils scavenger cell functions at central nervous system borders3,4,5. Here we identify the transcription factor odd-skipped related 2 (osr2) as a specific marker and regulator of muLEC differentiation and maintenance. osr2 controls the transition of muLECs from interconnected endothelial cells to individual scavenger cells in part by means of control of cadherin-6. muLECs are more transcriptionally similar to BAMs than to other mammalian meningeal cells and share several functions in tissue homeostasis. However, BAMs are absent from zebrafish and muLECs from mice and humans. Analysis of osr2, lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) and BAM markers in diverse vertebrate species reveals muLECs as an ancient lineage and BAMs a recent mammalian specialization. muLECs and BAMs share functional analogies but are not homologous, providing an example of convergent evolution. This highlights the physiological importance of meningeal scavenger cells and the developmental plasticity of LECs in generating specialized cell types throughout evolution.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09998-6
Ioanna Evangelou, Silvia Bucci, Andreas Stohl
Microplastics (MPs) are global pollutants1, yet their atmospheric distribution is poorly understood2. Although atmospheric MP measurements have become more abundant, estimates of emissions into the atmosphere vary by orders of magnitude3,4. Here we compile a global atmospheric MPs dataset and compare it with size-aligned MP model simulations. Our model simulations show two to four orders of magnitude overestimation of the measured global median atmospheric MP concentrations. Measured median concentrations over the ocean are 27 times lower than over the land (0.003 and 0.08 particles m−3, respectively). Applying a simple scaling method, we estimate that oceanic emissions are lower in number than land-based emissions. The total global land-based and oceanic emissions are 6.1 × 1017 (1.3 × 1017 to 1.1 × 1018) particles year−1 and 2.6 × 1016 (2.7 × 1015 to 5.0 × 1016) particles year−1, respectively. Our results indicate that fewer MP particles are emitted into the atmosphere than previously thought. Land sources dominate the number but not the mass emissions, indicating that MPs emission size distributions should be investigated further.
{"title":"Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean","authors":"Ioanna Evangelou, Silvia Bucci, Andreas Stohl","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09998-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09998-6","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics (MPs) are global pollutants1, yet their atmospheric distribution is poorly understood2. Although atmospheric MP measurements have become more abundant, estimates of emissions into the atmosphere vary by orders of magnitude3,4. Here we compile a global atmospheric MPs dataset and compare it with size-aligned MP model simulations. Our model simulations show two to four orders of magnitude overestimation of the measured global median atmospheric MP concentrations. Measured median concentrations over the ocean are 27 times lower than over the land (0.003 and 0.08 particles m−3, respectively). Applying a simple scaling method, we estimate that oceanic emissions are lower in number than land-based emissions. The total global land-based and oceanic emissions are 6.1 × 1017 (1.3 × 1017 to 1.1 × 1018) particles year−1 and 2.6 × 1016 (2.7 × 1015 to 5.0 × 1016) particles year−1, respectively. Our results indicate that fewer MP particles are emitted into the atmosphere than previously thought. Land sources dominate the number but not the mass emissions, indicating that MPs emission size distributions should be investigated further.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09939-3
Jeong-Eun Lee, Chul-Hwan Kim, Jaeyeong Kim, Seokho Lee, Young-Jun Kim, Seonjae Lee, Giseon Baek, Joel D. Green, Gregory J. Herczeg, Doug Johnstone, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Yuri Aikawa, Yao-Lun Yang, Logan Francis, Mihwa Jin, Hyerin Jang
Crystalline silicates form at high temperatures (>900 K) (refs. 1,2). Their presence in comets3,4,5,6 suggests that high-temperature dust processing occurred in the early Solar System and was subsequently transported outwards to comet-forming regions. However, direct evidence for this crystallization and redistribution in Sun-like protostars has remained unknown. By comparing James Webb Space Telescope mid-infrared spectra of the periodically bursting protostar EC 53 (ref. 7), we detect crystalline silicate (forsterite and enstatite) emission features that appear only during the burst. The emergence of these features indicates active crystal formation by thermal annealing in the hot inner disk during the accretion burst. We also detect a nested outflow—a collimated atomic jet enclosed by slower molecular outflows, consistent with magnetohydrodynamic wind models8. This configuration provides a mechanism for the outward transport of freshly crystallized silicates9. To our knowledge, our results provide the first direct observational evidence of in situ silicate crystallization during episodic accretion bursts in a very young star still embedded in its dense envelope. Although we do not directly detect grains transported to the outer disk, the observed trends are consistent with outward redistribution, indicating that both dust processing and transport occur during the earliest and most dynamic stages of star formation.
{"title":"Accretion bursts crystallize silicates in a planet-forming disk","authors":"Jeong-Eun Lee, Chul-Hwan Kim, Jaeyeong Kim, Seokho Lee, Young-Jun Kim, Seonjae Lee, Giseon Baek, Joel D. Green, Gregory J. Herczeg, Doug Johnstone, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Yuri Aikawa, Yao-Lun Yang, Logan Francis, Mihwa Jin, Hyerin Jang","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09939-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09939-3","url":null,"abstract":"Crystalline silicates form at high temperatures (>900 K) (refs. 1,2). Their presence in comets3,4,5,6 suggests that high-temperature dust processing occurred in the early Solar System and was subsequently transported outwards to comet-forming regions. However, direct evidence for this crystallization and redistribution in Sun-like protostars has remained unknown. By comparing James Webb Space Telescope mid-infrared spectra of the periodically bursting protostar EC 53 (ref. 7), we detect crystalline silicate (forsterite and enstatite) emission features that appear only during the burst. The emergence of these features indicates active crystal formation by thermal annealing in the hot inner disk during the accretion burst. We also detect a nested outflow—a collimated atomic jet enclosed by slower molecular outflows, consistent with magnetohydrodynamic wind models8. This configuration provides a mechanism for the outward transport of freshly crystallized silicates9. To our knowledge, our results provide the first direct observational evidence of in situ silicate crystallization during episodic accretion bursts in a very young star still embedded in its dense envelope. Although we do not directly detect grains transported to the outer disk, the observed trends are consistent with outward redistribution, indicating that both dust processing and transport occur during the earliest and most dynamic stages of star formation.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10013-1
Kun Zhang, Yifang Liu, Ying Gao, Zhe Zhang, Haoyu Wang, Wanwu Li, Xiaoyan Fan, Jiayu Ding, Ziqi Guan, Shogo Kawaguchi, Zhaoxu Du, Jiaqing Zhang, Lei Su, Yiming Li, Runjian Jiang, Yifan Li, Yating Jia, Yanxu Wang, Jianchao Lin, Jinlong Zhu, Peng Tong, Suxin Qian, Kuo Li, Zhidong Zhang, Bing Li
Refrigeration is indispensable to modern society1, yet the dominant vapour-compression systems rely on environmentally harmful fluorocarbon refrigerants with high global warming potential2,3,4. Solid-state caloric refrigeration offers a low-carbon alternative5,6,7, but its practical deployment has been hindered by limited cooling capacity and the inefficient indirect heat transfer that requires secondary fluids. Here we report an extreme barocaloric effect in NH4SCN aqueous solutions enabled by pressure-tuned dissolution and precipitation. This mechanism delivers an exceptionally large cooling capacity and markedly enhanced cooling efficiency. We obtain an in situ temperature drop of 26.8 K in the solution at room temperature, surpassing all known caloric materials. A Carnot-like cycle is designed to deliver 67 J g−1 cooling capacity per cycle with a second-law efficiency of 77%, benefiting from the extremely large temperature drops and direct heat transfer due to the self-circulating aqueous solution. Beyond the phase-transition scenario, this dissolution-based approach that combines the merits of current leading technologies emerges as a promising sustainable refrigeration solution.
{"title":"Extreme barocaloric effect at dissolution","authors":"Kun Zhang, Yifang Liu, Ying Gao, Zhe Zhang, Haoyu Wang, Wanwu Li, Xiaoyan Fan, Jiayu Ding, Ziqi Guan, Shogo Kawaguchi, Zhaoxu Du, Jiaqing Zhang, Lei Su, Yiming Li, Runjian Jiang, Yifan Li, Yating Jia, Yanxu Wang, Jianchao Lin, Jinlong Zhu, Peng Tong, Suxin Qian, Kuo Li, Zhidong Zhang, Bing Li","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-10013-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10013-1","url":null,"abstract":"Refrigeration is indispensable to modern society1, yet the dominant vapour-compression systems rely on environmentally harmful fluorocarbon refrigerants with high global warming potential2,3,4. Solid-state caloric refrigeration offers a low-carbon alternative5,6,7, but its practical deployment has been hindered by limited cooling capacity and the inefficient indirect heat transfer that requires secondary fluids. Here we report an extreme barocaloric effect in NH4SCN aqueous solutions enabled by pressure-tuned dissolution and precipitation. This mechanism delivers an exceptionally large cooling capacity and markedly enhanced cooling efficiency. We obtain an in situ temperature drop of 26.8 K in the solution at room temperature, surpassing all known caloric materials. A Carnot-like cycle is designed to deliver 67 J g−1 cooling capacity per cycle with a second-law efficiency of 77%, benefiting from the extremely large temperature drops and direct heat transfer due to the self-circulating aqueous solution. Beyond the phase-transition scenario, this dissolution-based approach that combines the merits of current leading technologies emerges as a promising sustainable refrigeration solution.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09978-w
Christian Damsgaard, Mia Viuf Skøtt, Catherine J. A. Williams, Hans Malte, Camilla Kruse Kidmose, Morten Busk, Karin Dedek, Andreas H. Konradsen, Anne Sofie Stengel Rasmussen, Jesper Skovhus Thomsen, Anna V. G. T. Mikkelsen, Katrine S. Johannsen, Mikkel Vendelbo, Niels Peter Revsbech, Coen P. H. Elemans, Henrik Mouritsen, Joanna Kalucka, Lin Lin, Nina Kerting Iversen, Tobias Wang, Henrik Lauridsen, Jens Randel Nyengaard
Neural tissues are exceptionally sensitive to oxygen deprivation and rely on a dense network of blood vessels to support their extraordinarily high metabolic demands for oxygen, nutrients and clearance of waste products1,2,3,4. In birds, one of the metabolically most demanding neural tissue—the retina—lacks internal blood vessels5,6. This raises the question of how such a metabolically demanding neural tissue can function without blood perfusion. Here we show that, while the photoreceptor outer segments in the outer retina have access to oxygen, the inner bird retina operates under chronic anoxia, supported by anaerobic glycolysis in the retinal neurons. We provide evidence that the pecten oculi—a uniquely vascularized structure in the vitreous humour of birds, the function of which has been debated for centuries5,6,7,8,9—supplies the anoxic inner retina with glucose and removes lactic acid. We suggest that the pecten’s metabolic support of the bird retina’s anoxia tolerance enabled first the evolution of a thick cell-dense, avascular retina, which secondarily served as an exaptation enabling retinal function during high-altitude migrations.
{"title":"Oxygen-free metabolism in the bird inner retina supported by the pecten","authors":"Christian Damsgaard, Mia Viuf Skøtt, Catherine J. A. Williams, Hans Malte, Camilla Kruse Kidmose, Morten Busk, Karin Dedek, Andreas H. Konradsen, Anne Sofie Stengel Rasmussen, Jesper Skovhus Thomsen, Anna V. G. T. Mikkelsen, Katrine S. Johannsen, Mikkel Vendelbo, Niels Peter Revsbech, Coen P. H. Elemans, Henrik Mouritsen, Joanna Kalucka, Lin Lin, Nina Kerting Iversen, Tobias Wang, Henrik Lauridsen, Jens Randel Nyengaard","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09978-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09978-w","url":null,"abstract":"Neural tissues are exceptionally sensitive to oxygen deprivation and rely on a dense network of blood vessels to support their extraordinarily high metabolic demands for oxygen, nutrients and clearance of waste products1,2,3,4. In birds, one of the metabolically most demanding neural tissue—the retina—lacks internal blood vessels5,6. This raises the question of how such a metabolically demanding neural tissue can function without blood perfusion. Here we show that, while the photoreceptor outer segments in the outer retina have access to oxygen, the inner bird retina operates under chronic anoxia, supported by anaerobic glycolysis in the retinal neurons. We provide evidence that the pecten oculi—a uniquely vascularized structure in the vitreous humour of birds, the function of which has been debated for centuries5,6,7,8,9—supplies the anoxic inner retina with glucose and removes lactic acid. We suggest that the pecten’s metabolic support of the bird retina’s anoxia tolerance enabled first the evolution of a thick cell-dense, avascular retina, which secondarily served as an exaptation enabling retinal function during high-altitude migrations.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09974-0
Zhen Wang, Ke Chen, Xiang Shi, Qinhao Du, Yulu Ai, Pengzhou Li, Li Yong, Xiao Sun, Ning Wang, Xuemeng Hu, Chen Lu, Chengqiang Tang, Liyuan Wang, Yuanyuan Zheng, Yichi Zhang, Hongyu Guo, Zhaofangzhou Pu, Xiaokun Wang, Yanan Zhang, Haibo Jiang, Yue Liu, Zhihang Tang, Lingsen You, Jue Deng, Renchao Che, Yue Gao, Songlin Zhang, Bingjie Wang, Xuemei Sun, Jiajun Qin, Ya Huang, Li Shen, Junbo Ge, Xiaoyang Zeng, Lin Chen, Peining Chen, Huisheng Peng
Fibre electronic devices are transforming traditional fibres and garments into new-generation wearables that can actively interact with human bodies and the environment to shape future life1,2,3,4,5. Fibre electronic devices have achieved almost all of the desired functions, such as powering6,7, sensing8,9 and display10,11 functions. However, viable information-processing fibres, which lie at the heart of building intelligent interactive fibre systems similar to any electronic product, remain the missing piece of the puzzle12,13,14,15. Here we fill this gap by creating a fibre integrated circuit (FIC) with unprecedented microdevice density and multimodal processing capacity. The integration density reaches 100,000 transistors per centimetre, which effectively satisfies the requirements for interactive fibre systems. The FICs can not only process digital and analogue signals similar to typical commercial arithmetic chips but also achieve high-recognition-accuracy neural computing similar to that of the state-of-the-art in-memory image processors. The FICs are stable under harsh service conditions that bulky and planar counterparts have difficulty withstanding, such as repeated bending and abrasion for 10,000 cycles, stretching to 30%, twisting at an angle of 180° cm−1 and even crushing by a container truck weighing 15.6 tons. The realization of FICs enables closed-loop systems in a single fibre, without the need for any external rigid and bulky information processors. We demonstrate that this fully flexible fibre system paves the way for the interaction pattern desired in many cutting-edge applications, for example, brain–computer interfaces, smart textiles and virtual-reality wearables. This work presents new insights that can promote the development of fibre devices towards intelligent systems.
{"title":"Fibre integrated circuits by a multilayered spiral architecture","authors":"Zhen Wang, Ke Chen, Xiang Shi, Qinhao Du, Yulu Ai, Pengzhou Li, Li Yong, Xiao Sun, Ning Wang, Xuemeng Hu, Chen Lu, Chengqiang Tang, Liyuan Wang, Yuanyuan Zheng, Yichi Zhang, Hongyu Guo, Zhaofangzhou Pu, Xiaokun Wang, Yanan Zhang, Haibo Jiang, Yue Liu, Zhihang Tang, Lingsen You, Jue Deng, Renchao Che, Yue Gao, Songlin Zhang, Bingjie Wang, Xuemei Sun, Jiajun Qin, Ya Huang, Li Shen, Junbo Ge, Xiaoyang Zeng, Lin Chen, Peining Chen, Huisheng Peng","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09974-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09974-0","url":null,"abstract":"Fibre electronic devices are transforming traditional fibres and garments into new-generation wearables that can actively interact with human bodies and the environment to shape future life1,2,3,4,5. Fibre electronic devices have achieved almost all of the desired functions, such as powering6,7, sensing8,9 and display10,11 functions. However, viable information-processing fibres, which lie at the heart of building intelligent interactive fibre systems similar to any electronic product, remain the missing piece of the puzzle12,13,14,15. Here we fill this gap by creating a fibre integrated circuit (FIC) with unprecedented microdevice density and multimodal processing capacity. The integration density reaches 100,000 transistors per centimetre, which effectively satisfies the requirements for interactive fibre systems. The FICs can not only process digital and analogue signals similar to typical commercial arithmetic chips but also achieve high-recognition-accuracy neural computing similar to that of the state-of-the-art in-memory image processors. The FICs are stable under harsh service conditions that bulky and planar counterparts have difficulty withstanding, such as repeated bending and abrasion for 10,000 cycles, stretching to 30%, twisting at an angle of 180° cm−1 and even crushing by a container truck weighing 15.6 tons. The realization of FICs enables closed-loop systems in a single fibre, without the need for any external rigid and bulky information processors. We demonstrate that this fully flexible fibre system paves the way for the interaction pattern desired in many cutting-edge applications, for example, brain–computer interfaces, smart textiles and virtual-reality wearables. This work presents new insights that can promote the development of fibre devices towards intelligent systems.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10000-6
Tim B. Bigdeli, Chris Chatzinakos, Jaroslav Bendl, Peter B. Barr, Sanan Venkatesh, Bryan R. Gorman, Tereza Clarence, Giulio Genovese, Conrad O. Iyegbe, Roseann E. Peterson, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, David Burstein, Jacquelyn L. Meyers, Yuli Li, Sundar Natarajan, Michael O. Francis, Nallakkandi Rajeevan, Kei-Hoi Cheung, Project Among African-Americans to Explore Risks for Schizophrenia (PAARTNERS), Consortium on the Genomics of Schizophrenia (COGS), Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Investigators, Lynn E. DeLisi, Thomas R. Kosten, Hongyu Zhao, Eric Achtyes, Peter F. Buckley, Dolores Malaspina, Douglas Lehrer, Mark H. Rapaport, David L. Braff, Michele T. Pato, Ayman H. Fanous, Carlos N. Pato, PsychAD Consortium, VA Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #572, VA Million Veteran Program (MVP), Grant D. Huang, Sumitra Muralidhar, J. Michael Gaziano, Saiju Pyarajan, Kiran Girdhar, Donghoon Lee, Gabriel E. Hoffman, Mihaela Aslan, John F. Fullard, Georgios Voloudakis, Philip D. Harvey, Panos Roussos
Schizophrenia and related psychoses occur in all human populations, with the highest rates of diagnosis among Black individuals and those of mainly African ancestry1. Decades of research have established a highly heritable and polygenic basis for schizophrenia, which is mostly shared across populations2,3,4. However, a recruitment bias towards European cohorts5 has led to discoveries that are poorly generalizable to African populations. This exclusion of the world’s most genetically diverse populations narrows our understanding of disease biology and risks exacerbating health disparities. Here we show that electronic health records linked with genomic data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP)6—a national research programme that looks at the effects of genes, lifestyle, military experiences and exposures on the health and wellness of veterans—enable a comprehensive assessment of schizophrenia genetics in populations of African ancestry in the USA. We identify ancestry-independent associations in African populations and expand the catalogue of implicated regions by more than 100 loci. Through statistical fine-mapping and integrative transcriptomic analyses, we refine disease-associated signals to consensus genes with convergent neurobiological functions. These findings provide a much-needed view of schizophrenia’s genetic architecture in populations of African ancestry, and offer biological insights that both extend previous work and broaden its global relevance.
{"title":"Biological insights into schizophrenia from ancestrally diverse populations","authors":"Tim B. Bigdeli, Chris Chatzinakos, Jaroslav Bendl, Peter B. Barr, Sanan Venkatesh, Bryan R. Gorman, Tereza Clarence, Giulio Genovese, Conrad O. Iyegbe, Roseann E. Peterson, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, David Burstein, Jacquelyn L. Meyers, Yuli Li, Sundar Natarajan, Michael O. Francis, Nallakkandi Rajeevan, Kei-Hoi Cheung, Project Among African-Americans to Explore Risks for Schizophrenia (PAARTNERS), Consortium on the Genomics of Schizophrenia (COGS), Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Investigators, Lynn E. DeLisi, Thomas R. Kosten, Hongyu Zhao, Eric Achtyes, Peter F. Buckley, Dolores Malaspina, Douglas Lehrer, Mark H. Rapaport, David L. Braff, Michele T. Pato, Ayman H. Fanous, Carlos N. Pato, PsychAD Consortium, VA Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #572, VA Million Veteran Program (MVP), Grant D. Huang, Sumitra Muralidhar, J. Michael Gaziano, Saiju Pyarajan, Kiran Girdhar, Donghoon Lee, Gabriel E. Hoffman, Mihaela Aslan, John F. Fullard, Georgios Voloudakis, Philip D. Harvey, Panos Roussos","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-10000-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10000-6","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia and related psychoses occur in all human populations, with the highest rates of diagnosis among Black individuals and those of mainly African ancestry1. Decades of research have established a highly heritable and polygenic basis for schizophrenia, which is mostly shared across populations2,3,4. However, a recruitment bias towards European cohorts5 has led to discoveries that are poorly generalizable to African populations. This exclusion of the world’s most genetically diverse populations narrows our understanding of disease biology and risks exacerbating health disparities. Here we show that electronic health records linked with genomic data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP)6—a national research programme that looks at the effects of genes, lifestyle, military experiences and exposures on the health and wellness of veterans—enable a comprehensive assessment of schizophrenia genetics in populations of African ancestry in the USA. We identify ancestry-independent associations in African populations and expand the catalogue of implicated regions by more than 100 loci. Through statistical fine-mapping and integrative transcriptomic analyses, we refine disease-associated signals to consensus genes with convergent neurobiological functions. These findings provide a much-needed view of schizophrenia’s genetic architecture in populations of African ancestry, and offer biological insights that both extend previous work and broaden its global relevance.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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