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Hunter-gatherers took refuge in European 'water world' for millennia. 狩猎采集者在欧洲的“水世界”避难了几千年。
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00440-z
Ewen Callaway
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引用次数: 0
Fossil isotope evidence for trophic simplification on modern Caribbean reefs 现代加勒比珊瑚礁营养简化的化石同位素证据
IF 64.8 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10077-z
Jessica A. Lueders-Dumont, Aaron O’Dea, Erin M. Dillon, Brigida de Gracia, Chien-Hsiang Lin, Sergey Oleynik, Seth Finnegan, Daniel M. Sigman, Xingchen Tony Wang
Caribbean reefs have experienced major human-driven changes to their coral and fish communities1,2,3,4, yet how these changes have affected trophic dynamics remains poorly understood owing to challenges in reconstructing the trophic structure of pre-human-impact reefs. Advances in fossil-bound protein nitrogen isotope (15N/14N) analysis now enable the reconstruction of ancient trophic dynamics5,6, as the 15N to 14N ratio reflects an animal’s trophic position7. Here we apply this method to modern and prehistoric (7,000-year-old) fish otoliths (ear stones) and corals from Caribbean Panama and the Dominican Republic, focusing on fishes occupying low to middle trophic levels. We find that although the trophic level typically declined in high-trophic-level fishes over time, it increased or remained unchanged in low-trophic-level fishes, indicating that modern food chains are 60–70% shorter than on the prehistoric reefs in both Panama and the Dominican Republic. Furthermore, across all trophic groups, we observed a marked reduction in dietary variation, with a 20–70% lower trophic range on the modern reefs compared to the prehistoric reefs. This pattern is best explained by less dietary specialization in modern reefs, consistent with less ecological complexity than in prehistoric reefs. These differences document and quantify the trophic simplification that has occurred on modern Caribbean reefs, a change that may increase their vulnerability to ecosystem collapse.
加勒比珊瑚礁经历了人类对其珊瑚和鱼类群落的重大影响,但由于重建人类影响前珊瑚礁的营养结构面临挑战,人们对这些变化如何影响营养动态仍然知之甚少。化石结合蛋白氮同位素(15N/14N)分析的进展现在能够重建古代营养动力学5,6,因为15N与14N的比率反映了动物的营养地位7。在这里,我们将这种方法应用于来自加勒比海巴拿马和多米尼加共和国的现代和史前(7000年前)鱼类耳石(耳石)和珊瑚,重点关注处于中低营养水平的鱼类。我们发现,尽管随着时间的推移,高营养水平鱼类的营养水平通常会下降,但低营养水平鱼类的营养水平会增加或保持不变,这表明现代食物链比巴拿马和多米尼加共和国的史前珊瑚礁短60-70%。此外,在所有营养组别中,我们观察到饮食变化明显减少,与史前珊瑚礁相比,现代珊瑚礁的营养范围降低了20-70%。这种模式最好的解释是,现代珊瑚礁的饮食专业化程度较低,与史前珊瑚礁的生态复杂性相一致。这些差异记录并量化了在现代加勒比珊瑚礁上发生的营养简化,这种变化可能会增加它们对生态系统崩溃的脆弱性。
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引用次数: 0
Lasting Lower Rhine–Meuse forager ancestry shaped Bell Beaker expansion 持久的下莱茵-默兹觅食祖先塑造了贝尔烧杯的扩张
IF 64.8 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10111-8
Iñigo Olalde, Eveline Altena, Quentin Bourgeois, Harry Fokkens, Luc Amkreutz, Steffen Baetsen, Marie-France Deguilloux, Alessandro Fichera, Damien Flas, Francesca Gandini, Jan F. Kegler, Lisette M. Kootker, Judith van der Leije, Kirsten Leijnse, Constance van der Linde, Leendert Louwe Kooijmans, Roel Lauwerier, Rebecca Miller, Helle Molthof, Pierre Noiret, Daan C. M. Raemaekers, Maïté Rivollat, Liesbeth Smits, John R. Stewart, Theo ten Anscher, Michel Toussaint, Kim Callan, Olivia Cheronet, Trudi Frost, Lora Iliev, Matthew Mah, Adam Micco, Jonas Oppenheimer, Iris Patterson, Lijun Qiu, Gregory Soos, J. Noah Workman, Ceiridwen J. Edwards, Iosif Lazaridis, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland, Martin B. Richards, Ron Pinhasi, Wolfgang Haak, Maria Pala, David Reich
Ancient DNA studies revealed that, in Europe from 6500 to 4000 BCE, descendants of western Anatolian farmers mixed with local hunter-gatherers resulting in 70–100% ancestry turnover1, then steppe ancestry spread with the Corded Ware complex 3000–2500 BCE2. Here we document an exception in the wetland, riverine and coastal areas of the Netherlands, Belgium and western Germany, using genome-wide data from 112 people 8500–1700 BCE. A distinctive population with high (approximately 50%) hunter-gatherer ancestry persisted 3,000 years later than in most European regions, reflecting incorporation of female individuals of Early European Farmer ancestry into local communities. In the western Netherlands, the arrival of the Corded Ware complex was also exceptional: lowland individuals from settlements adopting Corded Ware pottery had hardly any steppe ancestry, despite a Y-chromosome characteristic of people associated with the early Corded Ware complex. These distinctive patterns may reflect the specific ecology that they inhabited, which was not amenable to full adoption of the early Neolithic type of farming introduced with Linearbandkeramik3, and resulted in distinct communities where transfer of ideas was accompanied by little gene flow. This changed with the formation of Lower Rhine–Meuse Bell Beaker users by fusion of local people (13–18%) and Corded Ware associated migrants of both sexes. Their subsequent expansion then had a disruptive impact across a much wider part of northwestern Europe, especially in Great Britain where they were the main source of a 90–100% replacement of local Neolithic ancestry.
古代DNA研究显示,在公元前6500年至4000年的欧洲,西部安纳托利亚农民的后裔与当地的狩猎采集者混合,导致70-100%的祖先更替1,然后草原祖先随着公元前3000年至2500年的绳纹器复合体传播2。在这里,我们使用来自公元前8500-1700年的112人的全基因组数据,在荷兰、比利时和德国西部的湿地、河流和沿海地区记录了一个例外。一个具有高度(约50%)狩猎采集祖先的独特人群比大多数欧洲地区晚了3000年,反映了早期欧洲农民祖先的女性个体融入当地社区。在西尼德兰,绳纹陶器的到来也是例外:来自低地的个体采用绳纹陶器定居几乎没有任何草原祖先,尽管与早期绳纹陶器有关的人具有y染色体特征。这些独特的模式可能反映了他们所居住的特定生态,这与完全采用早期新石器时代的农业模式(线性带keramik3)是不相容的,并导致了独特的社区,在那里,思想的转移伴随着很少的基因流动。随着当地居民(13-18%)和绳纹陶器相关的男女移民融合形成了莱茵-默兹河下游的贝尔烧杯使用者,这种情况发生了变化。他们随后的扩张对西北欧更广泛的地区产生了破坏性影响,尤其是在英国,他们是当地新石器时代祖先90-100%替代的主要来源。
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引用次数: 0
Large-scale quantum communication networks with integrated photonics 集成光子的大规模量子通信网络
IF 64.8 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10152-z
Yun Zheng, Hanyu Wang, Xinyu Jia, Jiahui Huang, Huihong Yuan, Chonghao Zhai, Junhao Dai, Jingbo Shi, Lei Zhang, Xuguang Zhang, Minxue Zhuang, Jinchang Liu, Jun Mao, Tianxiang Dai, Zhaorong Fu, Yuqing Jiao, Yaocheng Shi, Daoxin Dai, Xingjun Wang, Yan Li, Qihuang Gong, Zhiliang Yuan, Lin Chang, Jianwei Wang
Quantum key distribution (QKD) makes use of the principles of quantum mechanics to enable provably secure communication1,2. One substantial challenge persists in building large-scale QKD networks with many clients over long communication distances3. Although quantum relays continue to pose practical difficulties4, existing trusted-node networks5,6,7,8,9, point-to-multipoint networks10,11 and wavelength-multiplexed entanglement networks12,13 encounter issues such as reliance on trusted intermediaries or limited distances. Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) provides a compelling architecture that can overcome those issues while enhancing communication distance14. Although long-distance point-to-point TF-QKD has been achieved15,16,17,18,19,20,21, realizing large-scale networks requires scalable quantum devices. Here we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of an integrated-photonics TF-QKD network with exceptional scalability and reliability. This network includes 20 independent client-side QKD transmitter chips with one server-side optical microcomb chip. The microcomb generates a broad range of ultralow-noise coherent frequency combs with Hz-level linewidths, which serve as seeds and references for all client chips. Each client chip regenerates ultralow-noise light phase-locked to microcombs and prepares quantum keys. We sequentially implement pairwise QKD across 20 client chips through ten wavelength-multiplexed channels, with each surpassing the repeaterless bound at 370 km in spooled fibre, achieving a networking capability (client pairs × communication distance) of 3,700 km. We further demonstrate the wafer-scale reproducibility of both server-side microcomb chips and client-side QKD transmitter chips, together establishing system-level scalability. Combining mass-manufacturability, cost-effectiveness and high scalability of integrated photonics with long-distance quantum communication represents a viable path to large-scale quantum networks.
量子密钥分发(QKD)利用量子力学原理来实现可证明的安全通信1,2。在长距离通信中建立具有许多客户端的大规模QKD网络仍然存在一个重大挑战。虽然量子中继仍然存在实际困难4,但现有的可信节点网络5,6,7,8,9,点对多点网络10,11和波长多路纠缠网络12,13遇到诸如依赖可信中介或有限距离等问题。双场量子密钥分发(TF-QKD)提供了一种引人注目的架构,可以在提高通信距离的同时克服这些问题14。虽然长距离点对点TF-QKD已经实现15,16,17,18,19,20,21,但实现大规模网络需要可扩展的量子器件。在这里,我们报告了具有卓越可扩展性和可靠性的集成光子学TF-QKD网络的原理验证演示。该网络包括20个独立的客户端QKD发送芯片和一个服务器端光学微梳芯片。微梳产生宽范围的超低噪声相干频率梳,具有hz级的线宽,作为所有客户端芯片的种子和参考。每个客户端芯片再生超低噪声光锁相到微梳,并准备量子密钥。我们通过10个波长复用通道,在20个客户端芯片上依次实现两两QKD,每个通道都超过了370公里的无中继器边界,实现了3700公里的网络能力(客户端对×通信距离)。我们进一步展示了服务器端微梳芯片和客户端QKD发送芯片的晶圆级可重复性,并共同建立了系统级可扩展性。集成光子学与远距离量子通信的可批量制造性、成本效益和高可扩展性相结合,是实现大规模量子网络的可行途径。
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引用次数: 0
Aluminium redox catalysis enables cyclotrimerization of alkynes 铝氧化还原催化使炔的环三聚化成为可能
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09941-9
Xin Zhang  (, ), Liu Leo Liu  (, )
Aluminium comprises over 8% of Earth’s crust and is the most abundant metallic constituent1. Historically, aluminium catalysis has predominantly exploited the inherent Lewis acidity associated with its stable +III oxidation state2. Owing to its uniquely low electronegativity (1.61)—the lowest among p-block elements—and the absence of an inert-pair effect, aluminium presents formidable intrinsic challenges for engaging in catalytic redox transformations. Here we report the redox catalytic capability of a low-valent aluminium species, carbazolylaluminylene3, which carries out a complete Al(I)/Al(III) catalytic cycle encompassing oxidative addition, double insertion, intramolecular isomerization and reductive elimination—fundamental mechanistic steps conventionally exclusive to transition-metal catalysis. Leveraging this Al(I)/Al(III) redox cycle, we achieve highly efficient and regioselective Reppe cyclotrimerization of alkynes4,5, producing diverse benzene derivatives with a turnover number of up to 2,290. Through X-ray crystallographic and quantum chemical analyses, we elucidate how the dynamic nitrogen geometry within the carbazolyl ligand framework precisely modulates the aluminium coordination environment, thereby facilitating the catalytic cycle. This work fundamentally advances the conceptual understanding of main-group redox catalysis. It further sets a compelling precedent for future catalyst design and sustainable synthetic methodologies centred on aluminium redox transformations. Aluminium redox catalysis is achieved with a low-valent aluminium species, carbazolylaluminylene, enabling cyclotrimerization of alkynes and producing diverse benzene derivatives.
铝占地壳的8%以上,是最丰富的金属成分。历史上,铝催化主要是利用固有的刘易斯酸度与其稳定的+III氧化态相关2。由于其独特的低电负性(1.61)——p区元素中最低的——以及缺乏惰性对效应,铝在催化氧化还原转化中表现出强大的内在挑战。本文中,我们报道了一种低价铝的氧化还原催化能力,carbazolylaluminylene3,它可以完成一个完整的Al(I)/Al(III)催化循环,包括氧化加成、双插入、分子内异构化和还原消除——传统上只有过渡金属催化才能完成的基本机制步骤。利用这种Al(I)/Al(III)氧化还原循环,我们实现了烷基4,5的高效和区域选择性Reppe环三聚化,生产出多种苯衍生物,周转率高达2,290。通过x射线晶体学和量子化学分析,我们阐明了咔唑基配体框架内的动态氮几何结构如何精确调节铝配位环境,从而促进催化循环。这项工作从根本上推进了对主基团氧化还原催化的概念理解。它进一步为未来的催化剂设计和以铝氧化还原转化为中心的可持续合成方法树立了一个令人信服的先例。
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引用次数: 0
African countries must take control of health policy 非洲国家必须控制卫生政策
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00381-7
Massive cuts to global health-care funding have had a huge impact on the continent, but a more resilient system can be built from within. Massive cuts to global health-care funding have had a huge impact on the continent, but a more resilient system can be built from within.
全球卫生保健资金的大幅削减对非洲大陆产生了巨大影响,但可以从内部建立一个更具弹性的系统。全球卫生保健资金的大幅削减对非洲大陆产生了巨大影响,但可以从内部建立一个更具弹性的系统。
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引用次数: 0
Support people and their livelihoods rather than fossil-fuel industries 支持人民和他们的生计,而不是化石燃料工业
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00382-6
Geopolitical trends might be heading in the wrong direction, but economic forces are aligning around a future economy centred on clean electricity. Geopolitical trends might be heading in the wrong direction, but economic forces are aligning around a future economy centred on clean electricity.
地缘政治趋势可能朝着错误的方向发展,但经济力量正围绕着以清洁电力为中心的未来经济。地缘政治趋势可能朝着错误的方向发展,但经济力量正围绕着以清洁电力为中心的未来经济。
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引用次数: 0
Immune cells could be protected from 'exhaustion' by flipping genetic switches. 通过翻转基因开关,免疫细胞可以免于“衰竭”。
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00391-5
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引用次数: 0
Trump team's new rule could make firing government scientists easier. 特朗普团队的新规定可能会让解雇政府科学家变得更容易。
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00443-w
Dan Garisto
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引用次数: 0
Squirrels could be a reservoir for the virus that causes mpox. 松鼠可能是引起痘病毒的宿主。
IF 48.5 1区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00175-x
Edyth Parker, Christian Happi
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引用次数: 0
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