Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829840
Arthur Schwesig, B. Riise
Our industry leading separation technology enables us to recover a variety of plastics from complex mixed streams such as shredded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Plastic flakes recovered using our process are compounded and sold as pellets suitable for use in injection molding applications. Polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) have been in our product portfolio for nearly a decade. We now participate in the circular economy by selling these products into applications including new electrical and electronic equipment (E&EE). PP, ABS and HIPS make up only slightly over half of the plastics in WEEE, though, so recovery of additional plastics is desirable for both economic and environmental reasons. Recently we have begun to recover polycarbonate (PC) and blends of PC with ABS (PC/ABS) to expand our range of plastic products. This paper looks at the challenges of recovering plastics from WEEE, as well as the properties of the PC/ABS product we have recovered and compounded into pellets. Finally, we describe how the design of E&EE can enable the use of post-consumer recycled plastics from WEEE.
{"title":"PC/ABS recovered from shredded waste electrical and electronics equipment","authors":"Arthur Schwesig, B. Riise","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829840","url":null,"abstract":"Our industry leading separation technology enables us to recover a variety of plastics from complex mixed streams such as shredded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Plastic flakes recovered using our process are compounded and sold as pellets suitable for use in injection molding applications. Polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) have been in our product portfolio for nearly a decade. We now participate in the circular economy by selling these products into applications including new electrical and electronic equipment (E&EE). PP, ABS and HIPS make up only slightly over half of the plastics in WEEE, though, so recovery of additional plastics is desirable for both economic and environmental reasons. Recently we have begun to recover polycarbonate (PC) and blends of PC with ABS (PC/ABS) to expand our range of plastic products. This paper looks at the challenges of recovering plastics from WEEE, as well as the properties of the PC/ABS product we have recovered and compounded into pellets. Finally, we describe how the design of E&EE can enable the use of post-consumer recycled plastics from WEEE.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"40 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120904916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829809
M. Vautier, Olivier Philippot
Different approaches are usually carried out to reduce environmental impacts on telecommunications infrastructures and supported services. The proposal her is to focus on the subject which is at the origin of the energy consumption: the software layers. An important mitigation of the resources consumption of the software layer will contribute to reduce energy consumption to the underlying hardware layer and could also improve customer experience. The objective of this paper is to present approach set up by Orange and its partner Greenspector to reduce impact of software applications. Tools proposed by Greenspector help developers to improve resources consumption of their applications toward a static and dynamic analysis of their codes. Some results are also presented to show the relevance of the approach.
{"title":"Is “software eco-design” a solution to reduce the environmental impact of electronic equipments?","authors":"M. Vautier, Olivier Philippot","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829809","url":null,"abstract":"Different approaches are usually carried out to reduce environmental impacts on telecommunications infrastructures and supported services. The proposal her is to focus on the subject which is at the origin of the energy consumption: the software layers. An important mitigation of the resources consumption of the software layer will contribute to reduce energy consumption to the underlying hardware layer and could also improve customer experience. The objective of this paper is to present approach set up by Orange and its partner Greenspector to reduce impact of software applications. Tools proposed by Greenspector help developers to improve resources consumption of their applications toward a static and dynamic analysis of their codes. Some results are also presented to show the relevance of the approach.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132553719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829824
Janis Winzer, E. Wagner, N. Nissen, K. Lang
The product-related assessment of progress towards crucial environmental aspects is important to steer the process of eco-innovation. Indicators must be simple and easy to apply, but they must give reliably information about the status and condition of a system to the involved stakeholders. Indicators must hence be selected aspects from a complex system. The forthcoming paper addresses this demands within the development of a product-specific indicator setup by means of the consideration of energy and resource efficiency as well as product quality. Today energy efficiency dominates in the product-related environmental protection. The result is that indicators address the energy consumption, in particular in the use phase, as the priority aspect in the consideration of the environmental impact of products. In a product the performance and lifetime should increase, whereas energy and resource consumption should decrease. A case study on LED lighting systems where chosen to empirically verify and show the application of the developed SERI - “Specific Energy and Resource Indicator”. Looking into detail, two LED lighting systems were compared by using the SERI. The comparison shows the possibilities of the indicator, but also the weaknesses.
{"title":"Developing an indicator setup to measure life-cycle conditions of electronic products","authors":"Janis Winzer, E. Wagner, N. Nissen, K. Lang","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829824","url":null,"abstract":"The product-related assessment of progress towards crucial environmental aspects is important to steer the process of eco-innovation. Indicators must be simple and easy to apply, but they must give reliably information about the status and condition of a system to the involved stakeholders. Indicators must hence be selected aspects from a complex system. The forthcoming paper addresses this demands within the development of a product-specific indicator setup by means of the consideration of energy and resource efficiency as well as product quality. Today energy efficiency dominates in the product-related environmental protection. The result is that indicators address the energy consumption, in particular in the use phase, as the priority aspect in the consideration of the environmental impact of products. In a product the performance and lifetime should increase, whereas energy and resource consumption should decrease. A case study on LED lighting systems where chosen to empirically verify and show the application of the developed SERI - “Specific Energy and Resource Indicator”. Looking into detail, two LED lighting systems were compared by using the SERI. The comparison shows the possibilities of the indicator, but also the weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829859
Riccardo Corridori
The EU Chemical Policy aims at has negative effects on innovation and circular economy practices, in particular on the medical imaging devices sector, both from a qualitative and quantitave point of view. COCIR estimates that only 2,4% of the RoHS substances have been removed from medical imaging devices. The remaining 97,6% is actually covered by exemptions, as no alternatives are available. The substitution of such a small percentage came at the expense of resources, diverted from research and development of new life-saving technololgies. The medical imaging sector is a frontrunner in implementing a circular economy business model. Nonetheless some of the reuse practices have been halted by RoHS in 2014. The trade-off between cleaning the production process in EU from hazardous chemicals and promoting reuse of articles containing such substances is still far from being solved.
{"title":"The EU Chemical Policy, innovation and circular economy - can the trade-off be solved?","authors":"Riccardo Corridori","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829859","url":null,"abstract":"The EU Chemical Policy aims at has negative effects on innovation and circular economy practices, in particular on the medical imaging devices sector, both from a qualitative and quantitave point of view. COCIR estimates that only 2,4% of the RoHS substances have been removed from medical imaging devices. The remaining 97,6% is actually covered by exemptions, as no alternatives are available. The substitution of such a small percentage came at the expense of resources, diverted from research and development of new life-saving technololgies. The medical imaging sector is a frontrunner in implementing a circular economy business model. Nonetheless some of the reuse practices have been halted by RoHS in 2014. The trade-off between cleaning the production process in EU from hazardous chemicals and promoting reuse of articles containing such substances is still far from being solved.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120860820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829811
M. Proske, K. Schischke, Philip Sommer, Tina Trinks, N. Nissen, K. Lang
Fairphone - a Dutch social enterprise - is trying to reduce the social and environmental problems in electronics manufacturing and therefore producing a “fair” smartphone. There first product was the Fairphone 1 in 2013, followed by the Fairphone 2 in 2016.
{"title":"Experts View on the Sustainability of the Fairphone 2","authors":"M. Proske, K. Schischke, Philip Sommer, Tina Trinks, N. Nissen, K. Lang","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829811","url":null,"abstract":"Fairphone - a Dutch social enterprise - is trying to reduce the social and environmental problems in electronics manufacturing and therefore producing a “fair” smartphone. There first product was the Fairphone 1 in 2013, followed by the Fairphone 2 in 2016.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130507561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829823
I. Oehme, Kristine Sperlich, R. Kohlmeyer, S. Prakash, K. Sander, C. Clemm
Product Policy can contribute considerably towards reaching the goals of resource policy. Foremost contributions to resource efficiency can be expected by improved durability and recyclability of products or components. With regard to circular economy, specifically the recycling of precious and special metals and of plastics from waste of electrical and electronic equipment is an unresolved challenge. Thereby it is important that design measures match with the possibilities of the waste treatment. The article elaborates these in more detail and exemplifies it for information and communication technologies (ICT), like durability of ICT and the recycling of hard disks drives, printed circuit boards and batteries.
{"title":"Strengthening material efficiency of electrical and electronic equipment","authors":"I. Oehme, Kristine Sperlich, R. Kohlmeyer, S. Prakash, K. Sander, C. Clemm","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829823","url":null,"abstract":"Product Policy can contribute considerably towards reaching the goals of resource policy. Foremost contributions to resource efficiency can be expected by improved durability and recyclability of products or components. With regard to circular economy, specifically the recycling of precious and special metals and of plastics from waste of electrical and electronic equipment is an unresolved challenge. Thereby it is important that design measures match with the possibilities of the waste treatment. The article elaborates these in more detail and exemplifies it for information and communication technologies (ICT), like durability of ICT and the recycling of hard disks drives, printed circuit boards and batteries.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115578715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829867
Minako Hara, Tomomi Nagao, Xiaoxi Zhang, Machiko Shinozuka, S. Hannoe
We previously proposed sustainability indicators to evaluate information and communication technology solutions and services. These sustainability indicators are based on the following concepts: (1) the triple bottom line forms the basis of the evaluation criteria, (2) the same unit is used for every evaluation criterion, and (3) the sustainability indicators can be used to measure a diverse range of ICT solutions and services with different goals. The sustainability indicators are divided into four layers for simplicity, and the triple bottom line and “satisfaction” constitute the first layer. Since the notion of “society” is broad, this layer is further split into “safety”, “health”, and “comfort” then positioned in the second layer. The third layer includes indicators such as “information security” and “ubiquity” from the ICT perspective. In this paper, we propose a new layer consisting of improved sustainability indicators of “decreased social loss”, “decreased business cost”, “decreased user's cost”, “increased business chance”, and “decreased user's cost”. These indicators make it possible to distinguish positive/negative impact as well as target stakeholders of the provided additional value of the ICT solutions and services. We estimated the improved indicators using example ICT services. (100–150 words)
{"title":"Sustainability indicators for information and communication technology solutions and services","authors":"Minako Hara, Tomomi Nagao, Xiaoxi Zhang, Machiko Shinozuka, S. Hannoe","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829867","url":null,"abstract":"We previously proposed sustainability indicators to evaluate information and communication technology solutions and services. These sustainability indicators are based on the following concepts: (1) the triple bottom line forms the basis of the evaluation criteria, (2) the same unit is used for every evaluation criterion, and (3) the sustainability indicators can be used to measure a diverse range of ICT solutions and services with different goals. The sustainability indicators are divided into four layers for simplicity, and the triple bottom line and “satisfaction” constitute the first layer. Since the notion of “society” is broad, this layer is further split into “safety”, “health”, and “comfort” then positioned in the second layer. The third layer includes indicators such as “information security” and “ubiquity” from the ICT perspective. In this paper, we propose a new layer consisting of improved sustainability indicators of “decreased social loss”, “decreased business cost”, “decreased user's cost”, “increased business chance”, and “decreased user's cost”. These indicators make it possible to distinguish positive/negative impact as well as target stakeholders of the provided additional value of the ICT solutions and services. We estimated the improved indicators using example ICT services. (100–150 words)","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114561400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829861
D. Polverini, P. Tosoratti
This paper discusses of the feasibility of ecodesign requirements on computer servers and presents a case study. Computer servers have been analysed in an ecodesign preparatory study. For the most representative products, the least life cycle cost (LLCC) has been identified: it minimizes the total cost of ownership for the consumer and fosters manufacturers to improve their products with existing technologies as well and providing the optimum level from a regulatory perspective. On the basis of the LLCC assessment and related product efficiency level, ecodesign requirements can be proposed, bearing in mind the principle of technology neutrality and pushing the market towards increased efficiency levels. The preparatory study confirmed that computer servers are products responsible for a significant share of electricity consumption in the EU. Ecodesign requirements could result in environmentally effective and sustainable policy options, also from an industry competitiveness perspective. The requirements may cover hardware aspects, in particular efficiency of the power supply units, operating temperature and product's efficiency, both in idle and active state. For the latter, the presence of standardized and accurate testing methods is crucial. Moreover, possible resource efficiency requirements may be proposed, in particular to promote reparability, reusability and recyclability. In order to help identifying the best regulatory approach, several policy options are outlined.
{"title":"A regulatory approach for potential energy efficiency requirements on computer servers","authors":"D. Polverini, P. Tosoratti","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses of the feasibility of ecodesign requirements on computer servers and presents a case study. Computer servers have been analysed in an ecodesign preparatory study. For the most representative products, the least life cycle cost (LLCC) has been identified: it minimizes the total cost of ownership for the consumer and fosters manufacturers to improve their products with existing technologies as well and providing the optimum level from a regulatory perspective. On the basis of the LLCC assessment and related product efficiency level, ecodesign requirements can be proposed, bearing in mind the principle of technology neutrality and pushing the market towards increased efficiency levels. The preparatory study confirmed that computer servers are products responsible for a significant share of electricity consumption in the EU. Ecodesign requirements could result in environmentally effective and sustainable policy options, also from an industry competitiveness perspective. The requirements may cover hardware aspects, in particular efficiency of the power supply units, operating temperature and product's efficiency, both in idle and active state. For the latter, the presence of standardized and accurate testing methods is crucial. Moreover, possible resource efficiency requirements may be proposed, in particular to promote reparability, reusability and recyclability. In order to help identifying the best regulatory approach, several policy options are outlined.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114843481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829812
N. Mishima, T. Kitajima
This study focuses on quantitative evaluation of resource efficiency of products and proposes a concrete index. In this paper, the value was evaluated by the original value plus reusability and recyclability of the product. Environmental aspect of the product is quantified by TMR (total material requirement). As a case study, the paper takes mobile phones. The paper carries out conjoint analysis to know relative importance of functions of mobile phones. Because, the authors' research question to consider resource efficiency is whether critical resources are effectively used in enhancing product functions required from users. The result showed that a certain function is relatively more important and should be focused on to enhance the total value of the product. Then, values of resource efficiency were evaluated in the practical examples through measurement of material compositions. The study concluded that the proposed index is effective in estimating the resource efficiency of electronic products.
{"title":"A case study on quantitative evaluation of resource efficiency","authors":"N. Mishima, T. Kitajima","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829812","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on quantitative evaluation of resource efficiency of products and proposes a concrete index. In this paper, the value was evaluated by the original value plus reusability and recyclability of the product. Environmental aspect of the product is quantified by TMR (total material requirement). As a case study, the paper takes mobile phones. The paper carries out conjoint analysis to know relative importance of functions of mobile phones. Because, the authors' research question to consider resource efficiency is whether critical resources are effectively used in enhancing product functions required from users. The result showed that a certain function is relatively more important and should be focused on to enhance the total value of the product. Then, values of resource efficiency were evaluated in the practical examples through measurement of material compositions. The study concluded that the proposed index is effective in estimating the resource efficiency of electronic products.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128135444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EGG.2016.7829862
H. Siderius
As many other electronic products complex set top boxes offer a variety of (secondary) functions, e.g. a hard disk recording, high definition and network connectivity. Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS) for voluntary or mandatory initiatives use allowances to accommodate for these functionalities. With increasing functionality also the number of allowances tends to increase. The problem is to set the right number and level of allowances, especially when applying multiple allowances to one product. Too many or too high allowances will not stimulate manufacturers to make their products more efficient, while too little or too low allowances may inhibit products with useful functionalities to enter the market. We analyse the allowances applied to complex set top boxes by the EU voluntary agreement. From the comparison of actual consumption with the allowed energy consumption we conclude that some allowances are not needed at all and we estimate the appropriate level of other allowances. We find that a higher number of allowances correlates with a larger difference between allowed and actual energy consumption. Therefore we provide a suggestion to take into account the synergies of multiple allowances applied to one product.
{"title":"Slashing the hydra: Reducing allowances in MEPS for complex set top boxes","authors":"H. Siderius","doi":"10.1109/EGG.2016.7829862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EGG.2016.7829862","url":null,"abstract":"As many other electronic products complex set top boxes offer a variety of (secondary) functions, e.g. a hard disk recording, high definition and network connectivity. Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS) for voluntary or mandatory initiatives use allowances to accommodate for these functionalities. With increasing functionality also the number of allowances tends to increase. The problem is to set the right number and level of allowances, especially when applying multiple allowances to one product. Too many or too high allowances will not stimulate manufacturers to make their products more efficient, while too little or too low allowances may inhibit products with useful functionalities to enter the market. We analyse the allowances applied to complex set top boxes by the EU voluntary agreement. From the comparison of actual consumption with the allowed energy consumption we conclude that some allowances are not needed at all and we estimate the appropriate level of other allowances. We find that a higher number of allowances correlates with a larger difference between allowed and actual energy consumption. Therefore we provide a suggestion to take into account the synergies of multiple allowances applied to one product.","PeriodicalId":187870,"journal":{"name":"2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG)","volume":"450 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125804577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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