Children born preterm (<37 weeks' gestation) are at increased risk of mental health problems, and their mental health outcomes have not improved in the past decades. This study aims to (1) determine the degree of mental health resilience in preterm-born children; (2) identify modifiable factors at individual, parent–child, family, peer group, and neighbourhood levels associated with resilience; (3) explore differential effects of factors based on sex and contextual adversity.
Methods
Preterm-born children from the Bavarian Longitudinal Study (BLS; n = 574) born in Germany (1985–1986) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; n = 985) born in the UK (2000–2002) were assessed prospectively at 7 (MCS) or 8 (BLS) years. Resilience was defined as better-than-expected mental health outcomes, using a residuals approach. Potential promotive factors included (1) individual: self-regulation, perceived competence, cognition; (2) parent–child relationships; (3) family: home environment, interparental relationship, social support, sibling relationships; (4) peers: bullying, friendships; and (5) neighbourhood characteristics. Associations between promotive factors and resilience were tested using regression-based methods, with sex and contextual adversity (adverse life events, psychosocial stress, socioeconomic deprivation) as moderators and mediators.
Results
The following factors were consistently (in both cohorts) associated with resilience: (1) individual: regulatory abilities, cognition; (2) parent–child: mother–child relationship; (3) family: authoritative and structured climate, interparental relationship; (4) peers: bullying. Regulatory abilities showed independent effect in both cohorts. Collectively, factors explained 30%–41% of the variance in resilience. Effects were similar across sex and contextual adversity, but promotive factors were less prevalent in boys and adverse contexts. Particularly in the UK, promotive resources were scarce amidst contextual adversity, which explained the lower resilience of children living in adversity.
Conclusions
This study identified modifiable factors such as child self-regulation, interparental relationships, and bullying that – if improved – have a high potential for improving mental health outcomes in preterm-born children.
{"title":"Fostering positive mental health outcomes in vulnerable children: Pathways to resilience after preterm birth","authors":"E. Sabrina Twilhaar, Dieter Wolke","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children born preterm (<37 weeks' gestation) are at increased risk of mental health problems, and their mental health outcomes have not improved in the past decades. This study aims to (1) determine the degree of mental health resilience in preterm-born children; (2) identify modifiable factors at individual, parent–child, family, peer group, and neighbourhood levels associated with resilience; (3) explore differential effects of factors based on sex and contextual adversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preterm-born children from the Bavarian Longitudinal Study (BLS; <i>n</i> = 574) born in Germany (1985–1986) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; <i>n</i> = 985) born in the UK (2000–2002) were assessed prospectively at 7 (MCS) or 8 (BLS) years. Resilience was defined as better-than-expected mental health outcomes, using a residuals approach. Potential promotive factors included (1) individual: self-regulation, perceived competence, cognition; (2) parent–child relationships; (3) family: home environment, interparental relationship, social support, sibling relationships; (4) peers: bullying, friendships; and (5) neighbourhood characteristics. Associations between promotive factors and resilience were tested using regression-based methods, with sex and contextual adversity (adverse life events, psychosocial stress, socioeconomic deprivation) as moderators and mediators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The following factors were consistently (in both cohorts) associated with resilience: (1) individual: regulatory abilities, cognition; (2) parent–child: mother–child relationship; (3) family: authoritative and structured climate, interparental relationship; (4) peers: bullying. Regulatory abilities showed independent effect in both cohorts. Collectively, factors explained 30%–41% of the variance in resilience. Effects were similar across sex and contextual adversity, but promotive factors were less prevalent in boys and adverse contexts. Particularly in the UK, promotive resources were scarce amidst contextual adversity, which explained the lower resilience of children living in adversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study identified modifiable factors such as child self-regulation, interparental relationships, and bullying that – if improved – have a high potential for improving mental health outcomes in preterm-born children.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1860-1874"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144640124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grace Revill, Norman Poole, Christina Carlisi, Anthony S. David, Vaughan Bell
Background
Evidence that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) causes psychiatric problems in children has been mixed. Investigating this issue has been difficult due to the lack of representative longitudinal data that includes adequate measures of mTBI, subsequent mental health symptoms and service use.
Methods
We used data from the ABCD longitudinal cohort study to examine the association between mTBI and psychiatric diagnoses, symptoms and psychiatric service use in over 11,000 children. In both children reporting (i) previous mTBI at baseline and (ii) previously uninjured children reporting new cases of mTBI since baseline, we examined psychiatric outcomes and service use at 2-year follow-up. We also compared mTBI cases to a comparison group of participants with orthopaedic injury but without mTBI. Mixed-effects models were used and adjusted for demographic and social covariates, with missing data imputed using random forest multiple imputation. To account for baseline mental health, we used propensity-score matching to identify a comparison sample matched on confounding variables and baseline outcome measures.
Results
When examined without adjustment for baseline mental health, both lifetime mTBI at baseline and new occurrence of mTBI at 2-year follow-up were reliably associated with an increased risk of DSM-5 anxiety and behavioural disorders, a range of psychiatric symptom scores and increased service use. Controlling for baseline mental health in the mTBI group using propensity-score matching eliminated all statistically reliable associations apart from anxiety disorder diagnosis and symptoms, which remain associated at 2-year follow-up. Evidence for association with medication use was inconsistent.
Conclusions
Consistent evidence supporting an association between paediatric mTBI and subsequent anxiety was found; however, similar associations were not observed for other mental health outcomes. Regardless of potential causality, children with mTBI are likely to present with high levels of mental health difficulties, and this remains an important comorbidity that clinicians should be aware of.
{"title":"Childhood Mild Traumatic Brain Injury is Reliably Associated with Anxiety but Not Other Examined Psychiatric Outcomes at Two-Year Follow-up, After Adjusting for Prior Mental Health","authors":"Grace Revill, Norman Poole, Christina Carlisi, Anthony S. David, Vaughan Bell","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evidence that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) causes psychiatric problems in children has been mixed. Investigating this issue has been difficult due to the lack of representative longitudinal data that includes adequate measures of mTBI, subsequent mental health symptoms and service use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used data from the ABCD longitudinal cohort study to examine the association between mTBI and psychiatric diagnoses, symptoms and psychiatric service use in over 11,000 children. In both children reporting (i) previous mTBI at baseline and (ii) previously uninjured children reporting new cases of mTBI since baseline, we examined psychiatric outcomes and service use at 2-year follow-up. We also compared mTBI cases to a comparison group of participants with orthopaedic injury but without mTBI. Mixed-effects models were used and adjusted for demographic and social covariates, with missing data imputed using random forest multiple imputation. To account for baseline mental health, we used propensity-score matching to identify a comparison sample matched on confounding variables and baseline outcome measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When examined without adjustment for baseline mental health, both lifetime mTBI at baseline and new occurrence of mTBI at 2-year follow-up were reliably associated with an increased risk of DSM-5 anxiety and behavioural disorders, a range of psychiatric symptom scores and increased service use. Controlling for baseline mental health in the mTBI group using propensity-score matching eliminated all statistically reliable associations apart from anxiety disorder diagnosis and symptoms, which remain associated at 2-year follow-up. Evidence for association with medication use was inconsistent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Consistent evidence supporting an association between paediatric mTBI and subsequent anxiety was found; however, similar associations were not observed for other mental health outcomes. Regardless of potential causality, children with mTBI are likely to present with high levels of mental health difficulties, and this remains an important comorbidity that clinicians should be aware of.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1849-1859"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) typically emerges during adolescence and early adulthood and has severe personal, social and economic consequences. Despite significant research efforts on early intervention over the past two decades, delays in diagnosis and treatment are still common, and exclusion of individuals with BPD from mental health services is prevalent.
Methods
In order to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, this review qualitatively synthesises empirical evidence on early intervention for BPD, addressing four key questions: (1) Should BPD be diagnosed in adolescents? (2) How is BPD diagnosed in adolescents? (3) Is adolescent BPD treatable, and how effective are treatments? and (4) Can BPD development be prevented?
Findings
Evidence supports diagnosing BPD in adolescents from the age of 12 years, with validated diagnostic measures available. While outpatient, disorder-specific psychotherapy has shown efficacy in reducing BPD symptoms and self-harm in youth, the evidence is limited by the small number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), small sample sizes, heterogeneous inclusion criteria, varying control interventions and high risk of bias. Indicated prevention targeting subthreshold BPD symptoms shows promise, but further research is needed on selective and universal prevention strategies.
Conclusions
Enhancing healthcare professionals' knowledge about early diagnosis and treatment for BPD appears necessary in order to reduce the reluctance to diagnose the disorder in adolescence, which is recommended by many national treatment guidelines today. Additionally, large-scale, rigorous RCTs are necessary to establish the superiority of disorder-specific treatments over standard care and explore novel service models that offer easily accessible and scalable evidence-based care for young people with BPD features.
{"title":"Research Review: What we have learned about early detection and intervention of borderline personality disorder","authors":"Michael Kaess, Marialuisa Cavelti","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Borderline personality disorder (BPD) typically emerges during adolescence and early adulthood and has severe personal, social and economic consequences. Despite significant research efforts on early intervention over the past two decades, delays in diagnosis and treatment are still common, and exclusion of individuals with BPD from mental health services is prevalent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In order to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, this review qualitatively synthesises empirical evidence on early intervention for BPD, addressing four key questions: (1) Should BPD be diagnosed in adolescents? (2) How is BPD diagnosed in adolescents? (3) Is adolescent BPD treatable, and how effective are treatments? and (4) Can BPD development be prevented?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evidence supports diagnosing BPD in adolescents from the age of 12 years, with validated diagnostic measures available. While outpatient, disorder-specific psychotherapy has shown efficacy in reducing BPD symptoms and self-harm in youth, the evidence is limited by the small number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), small sample sizes, heterogeneous inclusion criteria, varying control interventions and high risk of bias. Indicated prevention targeting subthreshold BPD symptoms shows promise, but further research is needed on selective and universal prevention strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Enhancing healthcare professionals' knowledge about early diagnosis and treatment for BPD appears necessary in order to reduce the reluctance to diagnose the disorder in adolescence, which is recommended by many national treatment guidelines today. Additionally, large-scale, rigorous RCTs are necessary to establish the superiority of disorder-specific treatments over standard care and explore novel service models that offer easily accessible and scalable evidence-based care for young people with BPD features.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1829-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel L. Wechsler, Emily J. H. Jones, Greg Pasco, Tessel Bazelmans, Jannath Begum-Ali, Mark H. Johnson, Tony Charman, The BASIS/STAARS Team
Background
There is a pressing need for research on neurodevelopmental conditions to focus on predictors of resilient or positive outcomes, rather than core symptoms and impairment. One promising avenue is to consider whether child–parent similarity contributes to a protective family environment. For instance, investigations of the similarity–fit hypothesis have shown that parent–child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait similarity is associated with more favourable parent or child ratings of parenting and parent–child interaction. However, very little similarity–fit research has focused on autism, and none to date has investigated whether parent–child trait similarity is more broadly predictive of children's outcomes beyond parent–child interaction. We assessed whether parent–child autism and ADHD trait similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well-being in early childhood in a family history cohort.
Methods
Our analytic sample comprised 222 children (45.5% female) and their parents from a longitudinal family history (autism and/or ADHD) cohort. A novel parent–child trait similarity measure was computed for autism and ADHD traits in each parent–child pair, and robust hierarchical regression was used to assess whether mother–child and father–child autism and ADHD similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well-being at age 3 years, after accounting for the main effects of parent and child traits.
Results
Mother–child autism trait similarity positively predicted both social functioning and psychological well-being in children, while mother–child ADHD trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning (but not well-being). Furthermore, father–child autism trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning, though it fell just short of statistical significance in outlier-robust regression.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that parent–child neurodevelopmental trait similarity may act as a protective or promotive factor for children's early social functioning and psychological well-being. Further work is warranted to determine whether there are similar effects in later childhood and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying similarity–fit effects on children's outcomes.
{"title":"Parent–child similarity on autism and ADHD traits and children's social functioning and psychological well-being at 3 years","authors":"Daniel L. Wechsler, Emily J. H. Jones, Greg Pasco, Tessel Bazelmans, Jannath Begum-Ali, Mark H. Johnson, Tony Charman, The BASIS/STAARS Team","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a pressing need for research on neurodevelopmental conditions to focus on predictors of resilient or positive outcomes, rather than core symptoms and impairment. One promising avenue is to consider whether child–parent similarity contributes to a protective family environment. For instance, investigations of the similarity–fit hypothesis have shown that parent–child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait similarity is associated with more favourable parent or child ratings of parenting and parent–child interaction. However, very little similarity–fit research has focused on autism, and none to date has investigated whether parent–child trait similarity is more broadly predictive of children's outcomes beyond parent–child interaction. We assessed whether parent–child autism and ADHD trait similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well-being in early childhood in a family history cohort.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analytic sample comprised 222 children (45.5% female) and their parents from a longitudinal family history (autism and/or ADHD) cohort. A novel parent–child trait similarity measure was computed for autism and ADHD traits in each parent–child pair, and robust hierarchical regression was used to assess whether mother–child and father–child autism and ADHD similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well-being at age 3 years, after accounting for the main effects of parent and child traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mother–child autism trait similarity positively predicted both social functioning and psychological well-being in children, while mother–child ADHD trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning (but not well-being). Furthermore, father–child autism trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning, though it fell just short of statistical significance in outlier-robust regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that parent–child neurodevelopmental trait similarity may act as a protective or promotive factor for children's early social functioning and psychological well-being. Further work is warranted to determine whether there are similar effects in later childhood and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying similarity–fit effects on children's outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1818-1828"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryann C. Tansey, Marc D. Ferger, Hilary A. Marusak, Leah M. Mayo
Background
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, the primary target of cannabis, has gained significant attention as a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating a range of psychiatric disorders characterized by dysregulation of stress, emotion, and social behavior. The use of cannabis itself as a pharmacotherapeutic in children and adolescents is limited due to various constraints, including legal status, stigma, and real or perceived negative side effects. Thus, compounds that target the eCB system without the notable unwanted effects of cannabis may offer a more viable approach for developing populations.
Methods
In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the eCB system, summarizing its function throughout development and its potential contribution to psychopathology in children and adolescents. We highlight evidence of its behavioral role and the dysregulation of this system in various psychiatric disorders. Finally, we summarize current investigations into pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic interventions designed to target the eCB system.
Conclusions
The eCB system may offer an innovative target for treatments of various psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent populations. However, more research is needed to understand the nuanced developmental trajectory of this system and to determine whether existing compounds are safe and effective for use in these populations.
{"title":"Research Review: What we have learned about the endocannabinoid system in developmental psychopathology","authors":"Ryann C. Tansey, Marc D. Ferger, Hilary A. Marusak, Leah M. Mayo","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, the primary target of cannabis, has gained significant attention as a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating a range of psychiatric disorders characterized by dysregulation of stress, emotion, and social behavior. The use of cannabis itself as a pharmacotherapeutic in children and adolescents is limited due to various constraints, including legal status, stigma, and real or perceived negative side effects. Thus, compounds that target the eCB system without the notable unwanted effects of cannabis may offer a more viable approach for developing populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the eCB system, summarizing its function throughout development and its potential contribution to psychopathology in children and adolescents. We highlight evidence of its behavioral role and the dysregulation of this system in various psychiatric disorders. Finally, we summarize current investigations into pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic interventions designed to target the eCB system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The eCB system may offer an innovative target for treatments of various psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent populations. However, more research is needed to understand the nuanced developmental trajectory of this system and to determine whether existing compounds are safe and effective for use in these populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1904-1915"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144603232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liga Eihentale, Adam Kimbler, Nathan A. Sollenberger, Logan R. Cummings, Carlos E. Yeguez, Guadalupe C. Patriarca, Jeremy W. Pettit, Dana L. McMakin, Aaron T. Mattfeld
Background: Sleep may facilitate preferential selection and reactivation of emotional information for memory consolidation, contributing to negative overgeneralization (i.e., an increased tendency to generalize negative information) in anxious individuals. We examined two aspects of emotional memory—recognition and generalization—in peri-adolescents across a spectrum of anxiety severity using a sleep–wake design. We hypothesized that anxiety severity would interact with sleep to increase recognition and generalization of negative stimuli. Methods: Thirty-four participants (16 females; mean age = 11.4, SD = 2.0) completed an emotional memory similarity task with a 10- to 12-h sleep or wake retention interval, monitored by actigraphy and daily diary. Participants rated the valence (negative, neutral, positive) of images at encoding. During a recognition test, they identified targets (previously seen images), lures (images similar to targets), and foils (new images). Results: A mixed-effects model showed a significant three-way interaction between anxiety severity (PARS-6), valence, and group (b = .011, SE = .005, p = .042). For negative valence, the effect of anxiety was significant in the sleep group (b = .013, p < .001) but not in the wake group (b = .0004, p = .927), with the slopes differing significantly (b = −.013, p = .020). In the sleep group, the negative slope was significantly greater than neutral (b = −.012, p = .002) but not positive (b = .007, p = .128). Slopes for neutral valence were not significant in either group (all ps > .05). Target recognition and lure discrimination interaction models were not significant. Conclusions: We provide evidence that anxiety severity in peri-adolescents is associated with greater generalization of emotional—particularly negative—content following sleep compared to wakefulness. Sleep-related emotional memory consolidation may contribute to negative overgeneralization, an etiological feature of anxiety disorders and a potential mechanism of change. Further investigation is warranted, especially during sensitive developmental periods like peri-adolescence.
背景：睡眠可能会促进情绪信息的优先选择和重新激活以巩固记忆，从而导致焦虑个体的负性过度概括（即消极信息的概括倾向增加）。我们使用睡眠-觉醒设计在焦虑严重程度的范围内研究了情绪记忆的两个方面——识别和概括。我们假设焦虑的严重程度会与睡眠相互作用，以增加对负面刺激的识别和概括。方法：34名受试者(16名女性；平均年龄= 11.4岁，SD = 2.0)在10 - 12小时的睡眠或清醒保持间隔中完成情绪记忆相似性任务，通过活动记录仪和每日日记进行监测。参与者在编码时对图像的效价（消极、中性、积极）进行打分。在识别测试中，他们识别目标（以前见过的图像），诱饵（与目标相似的图像）和箔（新图像）。结果：混合效应模型显示焦虑严重程度（PARS‐6）、效价和组之间存在显著的三方交互作用（b = 0.011, SE = 0.005, p = 0.042）。对于负效价，睡眠组焦虑的影响显著(b = 0.013, p <；.001)，但尾流组没有（b = .0004, p = .927），斜率差异显著(b = -。013, p = .020)。睡眠组负斜率显著大于中性组（b =−）。012, p = .002)但非阳性（b = .007, p = .128）。两组中性价的斜率均不显著(均ps >；. 05)。目标识别模型和诱饵识别模型相互作用不显著。结论：我们提供的证据表明，与清醒相比，青少年期焦虑严重程度与睡眠后情绪，特别是负面内容的泛化程度相关。睡眠相关的情绪记忆巩固可能导致负性过度概括，这是焦虑症的一个病因特征，也是一种潜在的改变机制。进一步的研究是有必要的，特别是在敏感的发育时期，如青春期。
{"title":"Anxiety severity in peri-adolescents is associated with greater generalization of negative memories following a period of sleep relative to wake","authors":"Liga Eihentale, Adam Kimbler, Nathan A. Sollenberger, Logan R. Cummings, Carlos E. Yeguez, Guadalupe C. Patriarca, Jeremy W. Pettit, Dana L. McMakin, Aaron T. Mattfeld","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Background:</b> Sleep may facilitate preferential selection and reactivation of emotional information for memory consolidation, contributing to negative overgeneralization (i.e., an increased tendency to generalize negative information) in anxious individuals. We examined two aspects of emotional memory—recognition and generalization—in peri-adolescents across a spectrum of anxiety severity using a sleep–wake design. We hypothesized that anxiety severity would interact with sleep to increase recognition and generalization of negative stimuli. <b>Methods:</b> Thirty-four participants (16 females; mean age = 11.4, <i>SD</i> = 2.0) completed an emotional memory similarity task with a 10- to 12-h sleep or wake retention interval, monitored by actigraphy and daily diary. Participants rated the valence (negative, neutral, positive) of images at encoding. During a recognition test, they identified targets (previously seen images), lures (images similar to targets), and foils (new images). <b>Results:</b> A mixed-effects model showed a significant three-way interaction between anxiety severity (PARS-6), valence, and group (<i>b</i> = .011, <i>SE</i> = .005, <i>p</i> = .042). For negative valence, the effect of anxiety was significant in the sleep group (<i>b</i> = .013, <i>p</i> < .001) but not in the wake group (<i>b</i> = .0004, <i>p</i> = .927), with the slopes differing significantly (<i>b</i> = −.013, <i>p</i> = .020). In the sleep group, the negative slope was significantly greater than neutral (<i>b</i> = −.012, <i>p</i> = .002) but not positive (<i>b</i> = .007, <i>p</i> = .128). Slopes for neutral valence were not significant in either group (all <i>p</i>s > .05). Target recognition and lure discrimination interaction models were not significant. <b>Conclusions:</b> We provide evidence that anxiety severity in peri-adolescents is associated with greater generalization of emotional—particularly negative—content following sleep compared to wakefulness. Sleep-related emotional memory consolidation may contribute to negative overgeneralization, an etiological feature of anxiety disorders and a potential mechanism of change. Further investigation is warranted, especially during sensitive developmental periods like peri-adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1807-1817"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144603394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elise Ng-Cordell, Eric A. Storch, Philip C. Kendall, Jeffrey J. Wood, Amori Yee Mikami, Connor M. Kerns
Background
Childhood mental health conditions commonly cooccur, with potential treatment implications. Autistic children frequently experience anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the implications of this cooccurrence for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), a front-line treatment for anxiety in autistic children. We tested whether (1) ADHD predicts anxiety treatment response, (2) ADHD improves in response to anxiety treatment and (3) ADHD improvement is related to reductions in anxiety.
Method
Autistic children with elevated anxiety (N = 167) enrolled in a multisite, randomised controlled trial comparing standard CBT, autism-adapted CBT and treatment as usual. ADHD symptoms and severity were assessed via a parent-report questionnaire and clinical interview, respectively. Linear regressions (questions 1 and 2) and linear mixed models (question 3) were conducted with adjustments for multiple comparisons.
Results
Participants meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD (62%) had greater pretreatment anxiety severity and anxiety-related functional impairment, particularly at school. ADHD did not moderate anxiety response following CBT. Receiving CBT (standard or adapted) predicted reduction in evaluator-rated ADHD severity, but not parent-reported symptoms. Reduction in anxiety severity predicted reduction in ADHD symptoms and severity.
Conclusions
Existing CBT programmes are suitable for treating anxiety in autistic children with cooccurring ADHD. Future research should identify mechanisms through which CBT for anxiety also mitigates ADHD, with the aim of improving treatment precision and effectiveness.
{"title":"Implications of cooccurring ADHD for the cognitive behavioural treatment of anxiety in autistic children","authors":"Elise Ng-Cordell, Eric A. Storch, Philip C. Kendall, Jeffrey J. Wood, Amori Yee Mikami, Connor M. Kerns","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood mental health conditions commonly cooccur, with potential treatment implications. Autistic children frequently experience anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the implications of this cooccurrence for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), a front-line treatment for anxiety in autistic children. We tested whether (1) ADHD predicts anxiety treatment response, (2) ADHD improves in response to anxiety treatment and (3) ADHD improvement is related to reductions in anxiety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Autistic children with elevated anxiety (<i>N</i> = 167) enrolled in a multisite, randomised controlled trial comparing standard CBT, autism-adapted CBT and treatment as usual. ADHD symptoms and severity were assessed via a parent-report questionnaire and clinical interview, respectively. Linear regressions (questions 1 and 2) and linear mixed models (question 3) were conducted with adjustments for multiple comparisons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD (62%) had greater pretreatment anxiety severity and anxiety-related functional impairment, particularly at school. ADHD did not moderate anxiety response following CBT. Receiving CBT (standard or adapted) predicted reduction in evaluator-rated ADHD severity, but not parent-reported symptoms. Reduction in anxiety severity predicted reduction in ADHD symptoms and severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Existing CBT programmes are suitable for treating anxiety in autistic children with cooccurring ADHD. Future research should identify mechanisms through which CBT for anxiety also mitigates ADHD, with the aim of improving treatment precision and effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1784-1794"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naisan Raji, Janina Kitzerow-Cleven, Ziyon Kim, Solvejg K. Kleber, Leonie Polzer, Christian Lemler, Melanie Ring, Regina Taurines, Julia Geißler, Ulrike Fröhlich, Michele Noterdaeme, Nico Bast, Christine M. Freitag
Background
Restricted and repetitive behaviour (RRB) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be assessed by different measures, which diverge in item quantity, dimensionality or source of information. However, change sensitivity has not been systematically investigated among commonly used measures, albeit its importance for clinical trials and longitudinal studies.
Methods
Longitudinal data resulting from behavioural observation (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, ADOS-2; Brief Observation of Social Communication Change, BOSCC) and parent report (Restricted Behaviour Scale-Revised, RBS-R) was collected for 134 toddlers and preschoolers aged 25–65 months diagnosed with ASD by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and ADOS-2. Change sensitivity was estimated using the reliable-change index and developmental trajectories of RRB by linear mixed models and k-means clustering.
Results
The RBS-R identified significantly more reliable change in RRB severity compared to ADOS-2 and BOSCC. For all measures, except the RBS-R self-injurious behaviour subscale, three distinct RRB trajectories were found as follows: increasing, stable and decreasing RRB severity. Overlap was low between trajectory group assignment across measures, as were cross-sectional correlations between ADI-R, ADOS-2, BOSCC and RBS-R. Trajectory group comparisons among measures mostly showed lower baseline RRB severity in the increasing trajectory groups and higher baseline RRB severity in the decreasing trajectory groups. The trajectory groups did not differ in age or nonverbal IQ across RRB measures, except for the RBS-R compulsive behaviour subscale, which had higher nonverbal IQ in the decreasing trajectory group.
Conclusions
The dimensional questionnaire RBS-R compared to ADOS-2 and BOSCC is superior in capturing subtle changes in RRB during preschool age.
{"title":"Capturing change in restricted and repetitive behaviour in preschoolers with ASD: A comparison of direct behavioural observation and parent report","authors":"Naisan Raji, Janina Kitzerow-Cleven, Ziyon Kim, Solvejg K. Kleber, Leonie Polzer, Christian Lemler, Melanie Ring, Regina Taurines, Julia Geißler, Ulrike Fröhlich, Michele Noterdaeme, Nico Bast, Christine M. Freitag","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Restricted and repetitive behaviour (RRB) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be assessed by different measures, which diverge in item quantity, dimensionality or source of information. However, change sensitivity has not been systematically investigated among commonly used measures, albeit its importance for clinical trials and longitudinal studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Longitudinal data resulting from behavioural observation (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, ADOS-2; Brief Observation of Social Communication Change, BOSCC) and parent report (Restricted Behaviour Scale-Revised, RBS-R) was collected for 134 toddlers and preschoolers aged 25–65 months diagnosed with ASD by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and ADOS-2. Change sensitivity was estimated using the reliable-change index and developmental trajectories of RRB by linear mixed models and k-means clustering.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The RBS-R identified significantly more reliable change in RRB severity compared to ADOS-2 and BOSCC. For all measures, except the RBS-R self-injurious behaviour subscale, three distinct RRB trajectories were found as follows: increasing, stable and decreasing RRB severity. Overlap was low between trajectory group assignment across measures, as were cross-sectional correlations between ADI-R, ADOS-2, BOSCC and RBS-R. Trajectory group comparisons among measures mostly showed lower baseline RRB severity in the increasing trajectory groups and higher baseline RRB severity in the decreasing trajectory groups. The trajectory groups did not differ in age or nonverbal IQ across RRB measures, except for the RBS-R compulsive behaviour subscale, which had higher nonverbal IQ in the decreasing trajectory group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The dimensional questionnaire RBS-R compared to ADOS-2 and BOSCC is superior in capturing subtle changes in RRB during preschool age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 11","pages":"1736-1747"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madeleine Curtis, Lucia Colodro-Conde, Sarah E. Medland, Scott Gordon, Nicholas G. Martin, Tracey D. Wade, Sarah Cohen-Woods
Background
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of developing disordered eating, with twin studies demonstrating environmental factors moderate genetic susceptibility. To date, gene–environment interactions leveraging polygenic risk scores (PRS) have not been studied in disordered eating phenotypes beyond anorexia nervosa (AN). This study investigated if polygenic risk for AN interacts with established environmental eating disorder risk factors (parental expectations, parental criticism, parental conflict, parental care and weight-related peer teasing) to predict overall levels of disordered eating in the general population or specific lifetime disordered eating behaviours (avoidance of eating, objective bulimic episodes, self-induced vomiting and driven exercise).
Methods
PRS were calculated using summary statistics from the largest AN genome-wide association study. Environmental factors were assessed via telephone interview using standardized measures. Analyses were performed using genome-wide complex trait analysis to test whether parental expectations, criticism, conflict or care, or weight-related peer teasing interacted with AN PRS to predict disordered eating outcomes in our sample (n = 383).
Results
The analyses revealed significant main effects of parental expectations, parental criticism, parental care, and weight-related peer teasing on at least one disordered eating outcome. All environmental variables moderated the association between AN PRS and at least one disordered eating outcome by either increasing risk (parental expectations, parental criticism, parental conflict, weight-related peer teasing) or lowering risk (parental care).
Conclusions
Findings highlight the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in disordered eating development and emphasize the importance of personalized interventions that consider both genetic predisposition and environmental influences.
{"title":"Predicting adolescent disordered eating and behaviours: exploring environmental moderators of polygenic risk","authors":"Madeleine Curtis, Lucia Colodro-Conde, Sarah E. Medland, Scott Gordon, Nicholas G. Martin, Tracey D. Wade, Sarah Cohen-Woods","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of developing disordered eating, with twin studies demonstrating environmental factors moderate genetic susceptibility. To date, gene–environment interactions leveraging polygenic risk scores (PRS) have not been studied in disordered eating phenotypes beyond anorexia nervosa (AN). This study investigated if polygenic risk for AN interacts with established environmental eating disorder risk factors (parental expectations, parental criticism, parental conflict, parental care and weight-related peer teasing) to predict overall levels of disordered eating in the general population or specific lifetime disordered eating behaviours (avoidance of eating, objective bulimic episodes, self-induced vomiting and driven exercise).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PRS were calculated using summary statistics from the largest AN genome-wide association study. Environmental factors were assessed via telephone interview using standardized measures. Analyses were performed using genome-wide complex trait analysis to test whether parental expectations, criticism, conflict or care, or weight-related peer teasing interacted with AN PRS to predict disordered eating outcomes in our sample (<i>n</i> = 383).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analyses revealed significant main effects of parental expectations, parental criticism, parental care, and weight-related peer teasing on at least one disordered eating outcome. All environmental variables moderated the association between AN PRS and at least one disordered eating outcome by either increasing risk (parental expectations, parental criticism, parental conflict, weight-related peer teasing) or lowering risk (parental care).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings highlight the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in disordered eating development and emphasize the importance of personalized interventions that consider both genetic predisposition and environmental influences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 12","pages":"1795-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep has historically been undervalued, with its significance in public health and child development often disregarded. More recently, there has been immense and growing public interest in sleep. Guidelines emphasise the amount and quality of sleep that we should obtain. However, some people, and notably parents and caregivers of children and youth, and particularly those with special needs, are not able to achieve this and are becoming distressed and worried. Whereas some people have ‘sleep privilege’ in that they are able to sleep under optimal circumstances and conditions, others do not. Here we offer six research and clinical recommendations for this important yet underconsidered area.
{"title":"Editorial: Sleep privilege – research and clinical recommendations for when sleep cannot be optimal","authors":"Alice M. Gregory, Allison G. Harvey, Roz Shafran","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sleep has historically been undervalued, with its significance in public health and child development often disregarded. More recently, there has been immense and growing public interest in sleep. Guidelines emphasise the amount and quality of sleep that we should obtain. However, some people, and notably parents and caregivers of children and youth, and particularly those with special needs, are not able to achieve this and are becoming distressed and worried. Whereas some people have ‘sleep privilege’ in that they are able to sleep under optimal circumstances and conditions, others do not. Here we offer six research and clinical recommendations for this important yet underconsidered area.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"66 8","pages":"1101-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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