BACKGROUNDWe assessed the risk of anxiety disorders in children of clinically anxious parents, focusing on the influence of parent and child sex, parental care level, depressive comorbidity, and anxiety subtype, while controlling for socioeconomic factors and other parental psychiatric conditions.METHODSWe conducted a population-based study utilizing comprehensive healthcare data. A cohort of children (N = 516,134), born in 1998-2015 and residing in Stockholm, Sweden, was followed until they were diagnosed with anxiety, moved, or turned 18. The primary and secondary exposures were parental specified and unspecified anxiety diagnoses, respectively. The outcome was child specified anxiety diagnosis. Associations were estimated using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTSAmong exposed children, 4.3% were diagnosed with specified anxiety disorders, compared to 3.0% of unexposed (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.51). Adjustment for socioeconomic factors and other parental psychiatric disorders attenuated the risk (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.34). The risk was higher when parental anxiety was recorded in specialized psychiatric care (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.60, 1.79) than in primary care (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.32). Maternal anxiety was linked to a higher risk (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.56) than paternal (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.42). Children were most likely to develop the same anxiety disorder as their parents, in cases of social anxiety, specific phobia, and panic disorder. Parental unspecified anxiety diagnoses were not associated with an increase in risk (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.07).CONCLUSIONSParental specified anxiety modestly increased the risk of child anxiety disorders. While the overall risk was lower than previously reported, it varied across diagnosis types and care levels.
{"title":"A detailed investigation of anxiety disorders in children of clinically anxious parents: a population-based study.","authors":"Sigrid Elfström,Susanne Wicks,Christina Dalman,Johan Åhlén","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70085","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDWe assessed the risk of anxiety disorders in children of clinically anxious parents, focusing on the influence of parent and child sex, parental care level, depressive comorbidity, and anxiety subtype, while controlling for socioeconomic factors and other parental psychiatric conditions.METHODSWe conducted a population-based study utilizing comprehensive healthcare data. A cohort of children (N = 516,134), born in 1998-2015 and residing in Stockholm, Sweden, was followed until they were diagnosed with anxiety, moved, or turned 18. The primary and secondary exposures were parental specified and unspecified anxiety diagnoses, respectively. The outcome was child specified anxiety diagnosis. Associations were estimated using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTSAmong exposed children, 4.3% were diagnosed with specified anxiety disorders, compared to 3.0% of unexposed (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.51). Adjustment for socioeconomic factors and other parental psychiatric disorders attenuated the risk (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.34). The risk was higher when parental anxiety was recorded in specialized psychiatric care (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.60, 1.79) than in primary care (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.32). Maternal anxiety was linked to a higher risk (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.56) than paternal (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.42). Children were most likely to develop the same anxiety disorder as their parents, in cases of social anxiety, specific phobia, and panic disorder. Parental unspecified anxiety diagnoses were not associated with an increase in risk (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.07).CONCLUSIONSParental specified anxiety modestly increased the risk of child anxiety disorders. While the overall risk was lower than previously reported, it varied across diagnosis types and care levels.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"198200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inger Hellerhoff,Daniel Geisler,Fabio Bernardoni,Arne Doose,Friederike I Tam,David M Poitz,Nina Chotjewitz,Veit Roessner,Katja Akgün,Tjalf Ziemssen,Stefan Ehrlich
BACKGROUNDAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder associated with drastic reductions in gray and white matter (WM) volume and structural connectivity alterations. However, the hypotheses regarding underlying mechanisms are inconclusive. The current study investigated the relationships of WM volume as well as WM network architecture with neurofilament light (NF-L), a marker of axonal damage.METHODSBlood samples and magnetic resonance imaging scans from 77 predominantly adolescent female participants with acute AN were used. Associations of WM volume with NF-L were tested using linear models. The relationship between NF-L and alterations in brain networks was evaluated using network-based statistic (NBS) models, which predicted connectivity associated with NF-L levels. Additionally, associations with clinical variables and leptin were tested. To test the specificity of the results, control analyses were conducted on 77 female healthy participants (HC).RESULTSWe found negative associations between NF-L concentrations and WM volume. NBS analyses identified seven components, where fractional anisotropy was positively associated with NF-L. In some components, mean connectivity was negatively associated with leptin concentrations. Mediation analyses suggested that the negative correlation of leptin and NF-L might be partially mediated by changes in WM microstructure. These effects were not observed in HC.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that WM volume reductions in acute AN might be related to axonal damage. The NBS results indicate, that the elevated fractional anisotropy previously found in AN might be related to damage processes leading to axonal swelling. All in all, the present study supports NF-L as a global blood marker for brain damage processes in acute AN.
{"title":"Elevated neurofilament light levels in acute anorexia nervosa are associated with alterations in white matter volume and connectivity networks.","authors":"Inger Hellerhoff,Daniel Geisler,Fabio Bernardoni,Arne Doose,Friederike I Tam,David M Poitz,Nina Chotjewitz,Veit Roessner,Katja Akgün,Tjalf Ziemssen,Stefan Ehrlich","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70083","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder associated with drastic reductions in gray and white matter (WM) volume and structural connectivity alterations. However, the hypotheses regarding underlying mechanisms are inconclusive. The current study investigated the relationships of WM volume as well as WM network architecture with neurofilament light (NF-L), a marker of axonal damage.METHODSBlood samples and magnetic resonance imaging scans from 77 predominantly adolescent female participants with acute AN were used. Associations of WM volume with NF-L were tested using linear models. The relationship between NF-L and alterations in brain networks was evaluated using network-based statistic (NBS) models, which predicted connectivity associated with NF-L levels. Additionally, associations with clinical variables and leptin were tested. To test the specificity of the results, control analyses were conducted on 77 female healthy participants (HC).RESULTSWe found negative associations between NF-L concentrations and WM volume. NBS analyses identified seven components, where fractional anisotropy was positively associated with NF-L. In some components, mean connectivity was negatively associated with leptin concentrations. Mediation analyses suggested that the negative correlation of leptin and NF-L might be partially mediated by changes in WM microstructure. These effects were not observed in HC.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that WM volume reductions in acute AN might be related to axonal damage. The NBS results indicate, that the elevated fractional anisotropy previously found in AN might be related to damage processes leading to axonal swelling. All in all, the present study supports NF-L as a global blood marker for brain damage processes in acute AN.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justin Russotti,Jennifer M Warmingham,Rachel Y Levin,Lauren Hutson,Hannah Swerbenski,Dante Cicchetti,Elizabeth D Handley
BACKGROUNDDiscrepancies between retrospective self-reports and official record data of child maltreatment (CM) are well-documented, yet few studies have examined how newer self-report instruments compare with record data or what factors influence inconsistencies across methods. This study addresses two primary aims: (1) to provide the first concordance estimates between prospective child protective services (CPS) records and the maltreatment and abuse chronology of exposure (MACE), a widely used retrospective CM assessment tool; and (2) to examine the influence of positive childhood experiences on discrepancies in CM assessment.METHODSWe utilize two maltreatment cohorts in which adults and adolescents with documented histories of CM and matched nonmaltreated controls were enrolled. Both cohorts included CM data from CPS records coded with the maltreatment classification system (MCS) and retrospective self-reports of CM and measures of positive childhood experiences. The cohorts vary in age at retrospective assessment (adults vs. adolescents), retrospective time lag (long vs. short), used different self-report measures (MACE vs. CTQ), and different methods for assessing positive experiences (explicit self-report vs. ratings of unconscious content). The rigorous dual-study design ensures findings are robust to study- and measurement-specific differences.RESULTSFindings revealed minimal agreement between MACE self-reports and MCS-coded CPS records for maltreatment occurring from ages 0-12. Discrepancies were primarily driven by retrospective reports of CM not documented in official records. Importantly, in both studies, individuals with more positive childhood experiences were less likely to self-report maltreatment (via MACE or CTQ) that was documented based on official records.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest that positive childhood experiences may help facilitate resilience among CM survivors by influencing memory and appraisal of childhood events. Clinical interventions that explore autobiographical memories may be particularly effective in mitigating the psychopathology sequelae of maltreatment.
背景：关于儿童虐待的回顾性自我报告和官方记录数据之间的差异是有证可循的，但很少有研究调查了更新的自我报告工具与记录数据的比较，或者是什么因素影响了方法之间的不一致性。本研究有两个主要目的：(1)提供前瞻性儿童保护服务（CPS）记录与虐待和虐待暴露年表（MACE）之间的首次一致性估计，MACE是一种广泛使用的回顾性CM评估工具；(2)检验童年积极经历对CM评估差异的影响。方法：我们使用了两个虐待队列，其中有CM病史的成人和青少年以及匹配的未受虐待的对照组。两个队列都包括来自CPS记录的虐待分类系统（MCS）编码的CM数据，以及CM的回顾性自我报告和积极童年经历的测量。在回顾性评估的年龄（成人vs青少年）、回顾性时间滞后（长vs短）、使用不同的自我报告测量（MACE vs. CTQ）和评估积极体验的不同方法（显性自我报告vs.无意识内容评分）方面，队列各不相同。严格的双研究设计确保了研究结果对研究和测量特定差异的稳健性。结果发现MACE自我报告与mcs编码的CPS记录在0-12岁发生的虐待行为之间的一致性很小。差异主要是由未在官方记录中记录的CM回顾性报告引起的。重要的是，在这两项研究中，有更积极童年经历的个体不太可能自我报告虐待（通过MACE或CTQ），这是根据官方记录记录的。结论积极的童年经历可能通过影响童年事件的记忆和评价来促进CM幸存者的恢复能力。探索自传式记忆的临床干预可能在减轻虐待的精神病理后遗症方面特别有效。
{"title":"Measurement congruence between record data and retrospective self-report measures of child maltreatment: do positive childhood experiences affect discrepancies?","authors":"Justin Russotti,Jennifer M Warmingham,Rachel Y Levin,Lauren Hutson,Hannah Swerbenski,Dante Cicchetti,Elizabeth D Handley","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70080","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDDiscrepancies between retrospective self-reports and official record data of child maltreatment (CM) are well-documented, yet few studies have examined how newer self-report instruments compare with record data or what factors influence inconsistencies across methods. This study addresses two primary aims: (1) to provide the first concordance estimates between prospective child protective services (CPS) records and the maltreatment and abuse chronology of exposure (MACE), a widely used retrospective CM assessment tool; and (2) to examine the influence of positive childhood experiences on discrepancies in CM assessment.METHODSWe utilize two maltreatment cohorts in which adults and adolescents with documented histories of CM and matched nonmaltreated controls were enrolled. Both cohorts included CM data from CPS records coded with the maltreatment classification system (MCS) and retrospective self-reports of CM and measures of positive childhood experiences. The cohorts vary in age at retrospective assessment (adults vs. adolescents), retrospective time lag (long vs. short), used different self-report measures (MACE vs. CTQ), and different methods for assessing positive experiences (explicit self-report vs. ratings of unconscious content). The rigorous dual-study design ensures findings are robust to study- and measurement-specific differences.RESULTSFindings revealed minimal agreement between MACE self-reports and MCS-coded CPS records for maltreatment occurring from ages 0-12. Discrepancies were primarily driven by retrospective reports of CM not documented in official records. Importantly, in both studies, individuals with more positive childhood experiences were less likely to self-report maltreatment (via MACE or CTQ) that was documented based on official records.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest that positive childhood experiences may help facilitate resilience among CM survivors by influencing memory and appraisal of childhood events. Clinical interventions that explore autobiographical memories may be particularly effective in mitigating the psychopathology sequelae of maltreatment.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unblocking the translational path between science and practice is a major priority for the field of child psychology and psychiatry. I have recently argued that key to this, going forward, will be our ability to come up with new framings of old challenges that allow us to develop new theories, hypotheses, methods and interpretations. I called this creative seeking-out of different perspectives, paradigm flipping. In this editorial, I argue that incorporating young people with neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions into the heart of our science, as co-investigators and not just advisors, can promote effective paradigm flipping in a way that can invigorate our science. I illustrate this by highlighting a recent programme of research, Regulating Emotion and Strengthening Adolescent Resilience (RE-STAR), which demonstrated not only that such a radical participatory approach is possible but that it can change the way we do science in demonstrably positive ways.
{"title":"Editorial: Probing the limits of youth participation in the translational science of neurodivergence","authors":"Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Unblocking the translational path between science and practice is a major priority for the field of child psychology and psychiatry. I have recently argued that key to this, going forward, will be our ability to come up with new framings of old challenges that allow us to develop new theories, hypotheses, methods and interpretations. I called this creative seeking-out of different perspectives, paradigm flipping. In this editorial, I argue that incorporating young people with neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions into the heart of our science, as co-investigators and not just advisors, can promote effective paradigm flipping in a way that can invigorate our science. I illustrate this by highlighting a recent programme of research, <i>Regulating Emotion and Strengthening Adolescent Resilience</i> (RE-STAR), which demonstrated not only that such a radical participatory approach is possible but that it can change the way we do science in demonstrably positive ways.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"67 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDSocial motor synchrony is critical for successful social interaction. It remains unclear whether autistic children exhibit distinct differences in intentional versus spontaneous social motor synchrony, as well as what underlying interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) mechanisms drive these potential differences.METHODFifty-four children (28 autistic) completed intentional (a delayed and synchronous imitation tasks in EX1) and spontaneous (a rhythmic hand-clapping task in EX2) tasks with an adult. Brain signals were collected by a portable multichannel fNIRS device and classified by GaussianNB machine learning approach.RESULTSCompared with non-autistic children, autistic children showed: (1) significantly lower behavioral synchrony across both two experiments; (2) reduced activation in the right temporoparietal junction (r-TPJ, CH18) during Ex1, with no significant group differences in activation observed across all 20 fNIRS channels during Ex2; (3) significantly lower INS values in task-specific brain regions, that left inferior parietal lobule (l-IPL, CH3) in the delayed imitation condition in EX1; left inferior frontal gyrus (l-IFG, CH2), l-IPL (CH9), and r-TPJ (CH18) in the synchronous imitation condition in Ex1, and in the IPL (CH8, CH10-14) and r-TPJ (CH18) in Ex2. The GaussianNB model successfully discriminated between autistic and non-autistic children using task-related INS values, with classification accuracy varying by task condition, reaching 55.56% in the delayed imitation condition of EX1, 57.41% in the time-lag analysis condition of EX1, 64.81% in the synchronous imitation condition of EX1, and 74.07% in Ex2. Notably, the SHAP toolkit identified key channels driving group distinction-and these channels fully overlapped with the statistically significant INS channels identified in the analyses.CONCLUSIONSAutistic children exhibit differences in both intentional and spontaneous social motor synchrony, and these differences are linked to reduced INS in key social cognitive brain regions (IFG, IPL, TPJ). This research advances understanding of social functioning variations in autistic individuals and provides a foundational foundation for developing INS-based diagnostic tools.
{"title":"The intentional and spontaneous social motor synchrony of pre-school autistic children: Evidence from fNIRS hyperscanning and machine learning.","authors":"Kaiyun Li,Caiyan Zheng,Yue Yang,Bang Du,Yaou Zhao,Yuehui Chen,Junqi Liu,Jiaxin Cai,Wenjing Cheng,Kezhen Lv,Liu Chen,Fanlu Jia,Shuhua Su,Wanzhi Tang","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70079","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSocial motor synchrony is critical for successful social interaction. It remains unclear whether autistic children exhibit distinct differences in intentional versus spontaneous social motor synchrony, as well as what underlying interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) mechanisms drive these potential differences.METHODFifty-four children (28 autistic) completed intentional (a delayed and synchronous imitation tasks in EX1) and spontaneous (a rhythmic hand-clapping task in EX2) tasks with an adult. Brain signals were collected by a portable multichannel fNIRS device and classified by GaussianNB machine learning approach.RESULTSCompared with non-autistic children, autistic children showed: (1) significantly lower behavioral synchrony across both two experiments; (2) reduced activation in the right temporoparietal junction (r-TPJ, CH18) during Ex1, with no significant group differences in activation observed across all 20 fNIRS channels during Ex2; (3) significantly lower INS values in task-specific brain regions, that left inferior parietal lobule (l-IPL, CH3) in the delayed imitation condition in EX1; left inferior frontal gyrus (l-IFG, CH2), l-IPL (CH9), and r-TPJ (CH18) in the synchronous imitation condition in Ex1, and in the IPL (CH8, CH10-14) and r-TPJ (CH18) in Ex2. The GaussianNB model successfully discriminated between autistic and non-autistic children using task-related INS values, with classification accuracy varying by task condition, reaching 55.56% in the delayed imitation condition of EX1, 57.41% in the time-lag analysis condition of EX1, 64.81% in the synchronous imitation condition of EX1, and 74.07% in Ex2. Notably, the SHAP toolkit identified key channels driving group distinction-and these channels fully overlapped with the statistically significant INS channels identified in the analyses.CONCLUSIONSAutistic children exhibit differences in both intentional and spontaneous social motor synchrony, and these differences are linked to reduced INS in key social cognitive brain regions (IFG, IPL, TPJ). This research advances understanding of social functioning variations in autistic individuals and provides a foundational foundation for developing INS-based diagnostic tools.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Schaubroeck,Ellen Demurie,Jannath Begum-Ali,Sven Bölte,Sofie Boterberg,Jan Buitelaar,Tony Charman,Terje Falck-Ytter,Sabine Hunnius,Mark H Johnson,Emily Jones,Iris Oosterling,Greg Pasco,Mirjam Pijl,Carlijn Van den Boomen,Petra Warreyn,Herbert Roeyers
BACKGROUNDThis study investigated the stability of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) classifications in a cohort of 304 siblings at elevated likelihood for autism (EL-siblings).METHODSADOS-2 assessments were conducted at 14, 24 and 36 months, with Clinical Best Estimate (CBE) autism diagnoses determined at 36 months.RESULTSOur findings indicate that while some children have stable ADOS-2 classifications from early on, a significant proportion of the children show inconsistent classifications over time. The overall stability of ADOS-2 autism spectrum classifications increased from 14 to 36 months and agreement with CBE autism clinical diagnosis was moderate and increased with age.CONCLUSIONSCaution is warranted when interpreting individual ADOS-2 results, as they should always complement, and can never replace, a comprehensive clinical evaluation. These findings highlight the importance of continued follow-up beyond 14 months in young EL-children, a group for whom early assessment may be both feasible and beneficial and emphasises the need to integrate multiple assessment measures and multiple informants for accurate early autism identification.
{"title":"The stability of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 in children aged 14-36 months with elevated likelihood for autism.","authors":"Sarah Schaubroeck,Ellen Demurie,Jannath Begum-Ali,Sven Bölte,Sofie Boterberg,Jan Buitelaar,Tony Charman,Terje Falck-Ytter,Sabine Hunnius,Mark H Johnson,Emily Jones,Iris Oosterling,Greg Pasco,Mirjam Pijl,Carlijn Van den Boomen,Petra Warreyn,Herbert Roeyers","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70078","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThis study investigated the stability of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) classifications in a cohort of 304 siblings at elevated likelihood for autism (EL-siblings).METHODSADOS-2 assessments were conducted at 14, 24 and 36 months, with Clinical Best Estimate (CBE) autism diagnoses determined at 36 months.RESULTSOur findings indicate that while some children have stable ADOS-2 classifications from early on, a significant proportion of the children show inconsistent classifications over time. The overall stability of ADOS-2 autism spectrum classifications increased from 14 to 36 months and agreement with CBE autism clinical diagnosis was moderate and increased with age.CONCLUSIONSCaution is warranted when interpreting individual ADOS-2 results, as they should always complement, and can never replace, a comprehensive clinical evaluation. These findings highlight the importance of continued follow-up beyond 14 months in young EL-children, a group for whom early assessment may be both feasible and beneficial and emphasises the need to integrate multiple assessment measures and multiple informants for accurate early autism identification.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145531261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDAutistic children are typically late to develop their expressive vocabulary, but little is known about their early word learning process. This study compared three network growth models on their ability to account for the trajectories of expressive vocabulary acquisition in autistic and non-autistic children.METHODSWe studied expressive vocabularies using item-level data from a child vocabulary checklist (n = 721 records from young autistic children; n = 2,166 records from non-autistic toddlers). We estimated vocabulary growth trajectories for autistic and non-autistic children and assessed the goodness of fit of three models of vocabulary growth, with varying sensitivity to the structure of the environment and the learner's existing vocabulary knowledge. To do so, we first computed word-level acquisition norms that indicate the vocabulary size at which individual words tend to be learned by each group. Then we evaluated how well network growth models, based on natural language co-occurrence structure and word associations, accounted for variance in the autistic and non-autistic acquisition norms.RESULTSOur word-level vocabulary size of acquisition norms closely aligned with age of acquisition data, indicating their utility when age of acquisition norms cannot be derived for neurodivergent populations. Furthermore, we extended key observations and demonstrated that the growth models explained similar amounts of variance in each group. Both groups are biased to learn words that have many connections to words that have been previously learned; however, even after accounting for this learning influence, autistic and non-autistic vocabulary growth trajectories receive an added boost in learning when words are connected to many other words in the learning environment, indicating a similar learning profile.CONCLUSIONSBoth groups preferentially acquire new words by leveraging the semantic structure in the learning environment, indicating an overlap in theoretical accounts of vocabulary growth.
{"title":"Vocabulary development in autistic children: a network growth analysis.","authors":"Eileen Haebig,Stanley West,Christopher R Cox","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70076","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAutistic children are typically late to develop their expressive vocabulary, but little is known about their early word learning process. This study compared three network growth models on their ability to account for the trajectories of expressive vocabulary acquisition in autistic and non-autistic children.METHODSWe studied expressive vocabularies using item-level data from a child vocabulary checklist (n = 721 records from young autistic children; n = 2,166 records from non-autistic toddlers). We estimated vocabulary growth trajectories for autistic and non-autistic children and assessed the goodness of fit of three models of vocabulary growth, with varying sensitivity to the structure of the environment and the learner's existing vocabulary knowledge. To do so, we first computed word-level acquisition norms that indicate the vocabulary size at which individual words tend to be learned by each group. Then we evaluated how well network growth models, based on natural language co-occurrence structure and word associations, accounted for variance in the autistic and non-autistic acquisition norms.RESULTSOur word-level vocabulary size of acquisition norms closely aligned with age of acquisition data, indicating their utility when age of acquisition norms cannot be derived for neurodivergent populations. Furthermore, we extended key observations and demonstrated that the growth models explained similar amounts of variance in each group. Both groups are biased to learn words that have many connections to words that have been previously learned; however, even after accounting for this learning influence, autistic and non-autistic vocabulary growth trajectories receive an added boost in learning when words are connected to many other words in the learning environment, indicating a similar learning profile.CONCLUSIONSBoth groups preferentially acquire new words by leveraging the semantic structure in the learning environment, indicating an overlap in theoretical accounts of vocabulary growth.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Boyle,Matthew R Sanders,Tianyi Ma,Julie Hodges,Kelly-Ann Allen,Vanessa E Cobham,Igusti Darmawan,Cassandra K Dittman,Karyn L Healy,Stevie-Jae Hepburn,Lynda M MacLeod,Jiachen Teng,Madilyn Trompf,William Warton
BACKGROUNDThis study evaluated the efficacy of three interconnected parenting seminars delivered online and through schools in promoting positive parenting practices and improving children's social, emotional and behavioural wellbeing.METHODSThe study employed an incomplete batched stepped wedged cluster randomised trial design, which tests systematic replication of effects across different batches and steps and allowed schools to be recruited throughout the project. Parents (n = 912) of children aged 4-13 years (M = 7.91) from 160 primary schools in three Australian states were included in the evaluation. A comprehensive set of measures was administered at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up to track changes in child- and family-related outcomes. Data analysis adopted an Intention to Treat (ITT) approach, and intervention effects were estimated with Latent Growth Curve Models (LGCMs).RESULTSITT analyses showed significant improvements in positive parenting practices, parental adjustment and parental self-regulation, as well as reductions in coercive parenting, child anxiety symptoms, emotional maladjustment, behavioural problems and peer relationship problems with small-to-medium effect sizes. Intervention effects were systematically replicated in seven randomly assigned cohorts. Null effects were found on measures of parental relationships and child depression symptoms.CONCLUSIONSA universally offered, brief, low-intensity, school-based parenting seminar series can produce meaningful improvements in parents' reports of their parenting practices and parental self-regulation, as well as their children's social, emotional and behavioural adjustment.
{"title":"Can a low-intensity evidence-based parenting seminar series promote the mental health and wellbeing of children and families? A cluster randomised trial.","authors":"Christopher Boyle,Matthew R Sanders,Tianyi Ma,Julie Hodges,Kelly-Ann Allen,Vanessa E Cobham,Igusti Darmawan,Cassandra K Dittman,Karyn L Healy,Stevie-Jae Hepburn,Lynda M MacLeod,Jiachen Teng,Madilyn Trompf,William Warton","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70066","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThis study evaluated the efficacy of three interconnected parenting seminars delivered online and through schools in promoting positive parenting practices and improving children's social, emotional and behavioural wellbeing.METHODSThe study employed an incomplete batched stepped wedged cluster randomised trial design, which tests systematic replication of effects across different batches and steps and allowed schools to be recruited throughout the project. Parents (n = 912) of children aged 4-13 years (M = 7.91) from 160 primary schools in three Australian states were included in the evaluation. A comprehensive set of measures was administered at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up to track changes in child- and family-related outcomes. Data analysis adopted an Intention to Treat (ITT) approach, and intervention effects were estimated with Latent Growth Curve Models (LGCMs).RESULTSITT analyses showed significant improvements in positive parenting practices, parental adjustment and parental self-regulation, as well as reductions in coercive parenting, child anxiety symptoms, emotional maladjustment, behavioural problems and peer relationship problems with small-to-medium effect sizes. Intervention effects were systematically replicated in seven randomly assigned cohorts. Null effects were found on measures of parental relationships and child depression symptoms.CONCLUSIONSA universally offered, brief, low-intensity, school-based parenting seminar series can produce meaningful improvements in parents' reports of their parenting practices and parental self-regulation, as well as their children's social, emotional and behavioural adjustment.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara Barcaccia,Matti Cervin,Davide Fausto Borrelli,Giulia Mignarri,Francesco Mancini,Andrea Pozza
BACKGROUNDObsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) often emerge during childhood and adolescence, and two aetiological models have been proposed. According to the first model, maladaptive cognitive beliefs facilitate the transformation of transient intrusive thoughts into OCS. The second model suggests that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs develop in response to increased levels of OCS. Few studies have contrasted these models, and no study has used a prospective design.METHODSIn this study, dysfunctional cognitive beliefs, OCS, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were measured repeatedly on three occasions during a year in a sample of 950 late-childhood children and early adolescents (Mage = 10.80 [SD = 1.23], 51% female). Network analysis was used to examine cross-sectional between-person associations, and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine prospective within-person associations.RESULTSCross-sectional network analyses indicated that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs were uniquely linked to OCS and significantly more strongly linked to these symptoms than to depression and anxiety. Prospective data did not support either model, but OCS and anxiety symptoms uniquely predicted each other. Sex-stratified analyses showed that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs predicted all types of symptoms at later time points in boys, while in girls, OCS and anxiety symptoms predicted each other. Assumptions of the two aetiological models of OCD were supported by cross-sectional but not prospective data.CONCLUSIONSDuring late childhood and early adolescence dysfunctional cognitive beliefs may play a more prominent role in the emergence of mental health symptoms in boys than in girls, but more prospective studies are needed.
{"title":"Cross-sectional and prospective relations between dysfunctional cognitive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms during late childhood and early adolescence: a test of two aetiological models.","authors":"Barbara Barcaccia,Matti Cervin,Davide Fausto Borrelli,Giulia Mignarri,Francesco Mancini,Andrea Pozza","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70077","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDObsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) often emerge during childhood and adolescence, and two aetiological models have been proposed. According to the first model, maladaptive cognitive beliefs facilitate the transformation of transient intrusive thoughts into OCS. The second model suggests that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs develop in response to increased levels of OCS. Few studies have contrasted these models, and no study has used a prospective design.METHODSIn this study, dysfunctional cognitive beliefs, OCS, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were measured repeatedly on three occasions during a year in a sample of 950 late-childhood children and early adolescents (Mage = 10.80 [SD = 1.23], 51% female). Network analysis was used to examine cross-sectional between-person associations, and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine prospective within-person associations.RESULTSCross-sectional network analyses indicated that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs were uniquely linked to OCS and significantly more strongly linked to these symptoms than to depression and anxiety. Prospective data did not support either model, but OCS and anxiety symptoms uniquely predicted each other. Sex-stratified analyses showed that dysfunctional cognitive beliefs predicted all types of symptoms at later time points in boys, while in girls, OCS and anxiety symptoms predicted each other. Assumptions of the two aetiological models of OCD were supported by cross-sectional but not prospective data.CONCLUSIONSDuring late childhood and early adolescence dysfunctional cognitive beliefs may play a more prominent role in the emergence of mental health symptoms in boys than in girls, but more prospective studies are needed.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanna C. Gustafsson, Hanna R. Wright, Jorden E. Jacinto Schreeder, Joel T. Nigg, Elinor L. Sullivan
Background Mounting evidence links increased adiposity during pregnancy and offspring risk for mental health disorders. Yet the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to design effective interventions. We hypothesize that alterations in the kynurenine system of the pregnant woman help to explain this association. Methods Participants were recruited during pregnancy with repeated assessments through 24 months postpartum. Maternal adiposity was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure kynurenine system metabolites in maternal plasma. Child negative affect was assessed via maternal report at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results Participants ( N = 302) included mother–child dyads (70% non‐Hispanic White, 51% female). The ratio of picolinic to quinolinic acid (PA:QA) predicted child fear (β = −.15, 95% CI −0.27, −0.03, p = .02) and sadness (β = −.14, 95% CI −0.28, 0.003, p = .045) at 6 months. PA:QA mediated the effect of pregnancy adiposity on child fear (β = .03, bootstrapped 95% CI 0.009, 0.07) and sadness (β = .04, bootstrapped 95% CI 0.006, 0.08). Similar associations were observed when children were 12 and 24 months old, suggesting enduring effects. The ratio of kynurenic to quinolinic acid (KA:QA) was not associated with child negative affect. Conclusions This is the first evidence reporting that alterations in the kynurenine system during pregnancy are associated with increased child negative affectivity, an early life risk factor for psychopathology. Results further suggest that these kynurenine metabolites are a mechanistic link between pregnancy adiposity and child negative affect. Though observed effect sizes were small, results suggest that picolinic and quinolinic acid during pregnancy may be novel biomarkers for offspring behavioral risk.
背景越来越多的证据表明，孕期肥胖增加与后代患精神疾病的风险有关。然而，这种关联背后的机制仍然知之甚少，限制了我们设计有效干预措施的能力。我们假设孕妇犬尿氨酸系统的改变有助于解释这种关联。方法在怀孕期间招募参与者，并在产后24个月进行重复评估。采用空气置换体积脉搏图评估产妇肥胖。采用液相色谱串联质谱法测定孕妇血浆中犬尿氨酸系统代谢物。在6个月、12个月和24个月时通过母亲报告评估儿童的负面影响。结果参与者（N = 302）包括母子二人组（70%为非西班牙裔白人，51%为女性）。吡啶酸与喹啉酸的比值（PA:QA）预测儿童恐惧（β =−）。15 95% CI 0.27−−0.03,p = .02点)和悲伤(β=−。14, 95% CI为- 0.28,0.003,p = 0.045)。PA:QA介导妊娠肥胖对儿童恐惧（β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.009, 0.07）和悲伤（β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.006, 0.08）的影响。在12个月和24个月大的孩子身上也观察到类似的关联，表明这种影响是持久的。犬尿酸与喹啉酸的比值（KA:QA）与儿童负面情绪无关。结论：这是首次有证据表明孕期犬尿氨酸系统的改变与儿童负性情感的增加有关，负性情感是早期精神病理的危险因素。结果进一步表明，这些犬尿氨酸代谢物是妊娠期肥胖和儿童负面影响之间的机制联系。虽然观察到的效应量很小，但结果表明，picolinic和quinolinic酸在怀孕期间可能是后代行为风险的新生物标志物。
{"title":"Gestational kynurenine metabolites mediate effects of pregnancy adiposity on child negative affect","authors":"Hanna C. Gustafsson, Hanna R. Wright, Jorden E. Jacinto Schreeder, Joel T. Nigg, Elinor L. Sullivan","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70071","url":null,"abstract":"Background Mounting evidence links increased adiposity during pregnancy and offspring risk for mental health disorders. Yet the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to design effective interventions. We hypothesize that alterations in the kynurenine system of the pregnant woman help to explain this association. Methods Participants were recruited during pregnancy with repeated assessments through 24 months postpartum. Maternal adiposity was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure kynurenine system metabolites in maternal plasma. Child negative affect was assessed via maternal report at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results Participants ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 302) included mother–child dyads (70% non‐Hispanic White, 51% female). The ratio of picolinic to quinolinic acid (PA:QA) predicted child fear (β = −.15, 95% CI −0.27, −0.03, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .02) and sadness (β = −.14, 95% CI −0.28, 0.003, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .045) at 6 months. PA:QA mediated the effect of pregnancy adiposity on child fear (β = .03, bootstrapped 95% CI 0.009, 0.07) and sadness (β = .04, bootstrapped 95% CI 0.006, 0.08). Similar associations were observed when children were 12 and 24 months old, suggesting enduring effects. The ratio of kynurenic to quinolinic acid (KA:QA) was not associated with child negative affect. Conclusions This is the first evidence reporting that alterations in the kynurenine system during pregnancy are associated with increased child negative affectivity, an early life risk factor for psychopathology. Results further suggest that these kynurenine metabolites are a mechanistic link between pregnancy adiposity and child negative affect. Though observed effect sizes were small, results suggest that picolinic and quinolinic acid during pregnancy may be novel biomarkers for offspring behavioral risk.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145484832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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